Computer Communication Networks
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1 Contents ELL 785 Computer Communication Networks Introduction Lecture 1 Taxonomy of communication works Computer Communication Networks Building a work ed work architecture 1-1 Introduction PC server wireless laptop millions of connected 1-2 Taxonomy of communication works Communication works mobile work computing devices: hosts = end systems running work apps global ISP Switched works Broadcast works Network core Mostly, works smartphone communication wireless links wired links links fiber, copper, radio, satellite transmission rate: bandwidth (Shannon Capacity) Simplex, half-duplex, fullduplex regional ISP Circuit switched works Packet switched works Datagram works Virtual circuit works Packet router switches: forward packets (chunks of data) routers and switches home work institutional work
2 Access works I Nodes share a common channel via broadcasting Shared wireless work connects end-system to router Information transmitted by any node is received by every node in the work: one-to-many, many-to-one Coordinate the to the shared medium: medium control WiFi Ether Ether switch institutional link to ISP (Inter) institutional router institutional mail, web servers 1-5 Access works II Use existing telephone line to central office DSLAM (not boradcasting) data over DSL phone line goes to Inter voice over DSL phone line goes to telephone Asymmetric transmission rate: e.g., upstream < 1 Mbps and downstream < 10 Mbps DSL modem splitter voice, data transmitted at different frequencies over dedicated line to central office central office DSLAM DSL multiplexer telephone work ISP 1-6 Packet switching e.g., Inter L bits per packet Switched work I source destination R bps R bps Access work Network core Access work A message is segmented into blocks of data, called packets reassembled at the destination Packet header contains address and sequence #. Packets are transmitted without prior reservation of link/switch capacity. When a packet is received at a switch (or router), it is inspected to determine the appropriate output link. If the output link is available, it is transmitted. Otherwise, it is stored (queued) and then forwarded to the next switch on its way to the destination. (Store-&-Forward work) 1-7 Switched work II Dynamic sharing of work resources: statistical multiplexing Statistical fluctuations of demand for work resources cause buffer overflow at the switch and delay variations (queueing delay) A B R = 100 Mb/s queue of packets waiting for output link R = 1.5 Mb/s Two important roles of work core: routing and forwarding routing algorithm local forwarding table header value output link dest address in arriving packet s header Forwarding C Network D E 1-8
3 Switched work III Circuit (line) switching e.g., telephone system Switched work IV A comparison of switching techniques A path from a source to a destination is established before a message is transmitted. All links along the path between the source and the destination are used during the entire transmission. Circuit establishment data transfer circuit release When the traffic is bursty (the use of links is sporadic) the work resources (links and switches) tend to be poorly utilized In a switch, TDM, FDM, or WDM etc. are used Switched work V Timing of events in circuit/message/packet switching works. [Tanenbaum] Network of Networks I Given millions of Inter service providers (ISPs), how can we connect them together?? Circuit switching Message switching Packet switching Message switching (eg. telegram): use the store-&-forward method without segmentaton/reassembly at the end users
4 Network of Networks II Network of Networks III Connect each ISP to every other ISP? connecting each ISP to each other directly doesn t scale: connections. One global ISP or interconnecting several ISPs? Global ISP ISP A ISP C regional IXP ISP B Inter exchange point IXP peering link Building a work I Building a work II Selection of media 데이터통신 EIEN 368 (2013 년 2 학기 ) INTRODUCTION 13 point-to-point link: interconnect a pair of nodes shared (broadcast) link: interconnect more than two nodes Performance measure Throughput amount of information (successfully) transferred per file size unit time, e.g., total time needed, number of files total time needed, etc. Topology design reliability (fault-tolerant), scalability, delay topology design R s bits/sec R c bits/sec star loop tree mesh Error control over a point-to-point transmission capacity assignment routing, congestion, flow control Multiple control problem in a shared medium Broadcast work Capacity assignment & scheduling at multiplexer traffic characterization needed bus radio work - ground radio, satellite optical star multi/medium- control (MAC) problem Routing, congestion & flow control 1-15 file size Latency = propagation delay + transmission delay ( link speed ) + queueing delay (+ processing delay) A B nodal processing delay free (available) buffers: arriving packets dropped (loss) if no free buffers packet being transmitted (transmission speed) propagation packets queueing (delay) 1-16
5 erally, TCP/IP works) makes two transport protocols available to applications, UDP and TCP. When you (as an application developer) create a new work application for the Inter, one of the first decisions you have to make is whether to use UDP or Building TCP. Each of athese work protocols III offers a different set of services to the invoking applications. Figure 2.4 shows the service requirements for some selected applications. Quality of Service (QoS) requirement Data Loss Throughput Time-Sensitive File transfer/download No loss Elastic No No loss Elastic No Web documents No loss Elastic (few kbps) No Inter telephony/ Video conferencing Loss-tolerant Audio: few kbps 1Mbps Video: 10 kbps 5 Mbps Figure 2.4 Requirements of selected work applications Yes: 100s of msec Streaming stored Loss-tolerant Same as above Yes: few seconds audio/video Interactive games Loss-tolerant Few kbps 10 kbps Yes: 100s of msec Instant messaging No loss Elastic Yes and no Cost: capital (CAPEX), operational expenditure (OPEX) Reliability & Security ed work architectures I ing: partitions related communications functions into groups that are manageable hierarchical modularity Each layer provides a service to the higher layer above it 2/3 interface Interpreter (English) Telephone (Electrical signal) Korean virtual comm. virtual comm. physical communication Hindi (Black box to layer 2 entities) (Black box to layer 3 entities) layer 3 layer 2 layer 1 Module (process) Higher layer black box communication system Peer processes Lower layer black box communication system Module Module Lower layer peer processes Module Protocol a set of rules that the peer modules use in exchanging messages to provide the required services to the next higher layer d work architecture II s, services, and protocols Processes at layer k (called layer k entities) communicate with their peer by exchanging k PDUs Peer-to-peer communication Peer-to-peer communication Actual information transfer Virtual information transfer SAP : service point SDU: service data unit PDU: Protocol data unit k + 1 transfers information by invoking the services provided by layer k: Connection-oriented (telephone), connectionless (postal) service 1-19 d work architecture III The information between layer k and layer k + 1 entities is passed through k SAP The data passed to the layer below is called an SDU SDU k can be fragmented and reassembled when necessary. Or, some small SDUs can be blocked (combined) and unblocked. Upon receiving PDU k, the layer k peer entity uses the header to execute the layer k protocol and, if appropriate, to deliver the k SDU (which is the k + 1 PDU) to the k + 1 peer entity. Why layering? Simplify design, implementation, and testing Design protocol in each layer separately from those in other layers Protocol makes calls for services from layer below Provide flexibility for modifying and evolving protocols and services without having to change layers below Monolithic non-layered architectures are costly, inflexible, and soon obsolete 1-20
6 Reference Models Open System Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model 20 Introduction and ed Network Architecture Virtual work service Virtual session Virtual link for end to end messages Virtual link for end to end packets Chap. 1 Virtual link for reliable packets Virtual bit pipe Physical layer (unit: bit) OSI model I Provides a link for transmitting bits between any pair of nodes Maps incoming bits from data link layer into signals appropriate to the channel modulation/demodulation Definition & specification of the physical aspects of a communications link Mechanical: cable, plugs, pins Electrical: modulation, signal strength, voltage levels, bit times Functional/procedural: how to activate, maintain, and deactivate physical links Data link layer (unit: frame) External site Physical link Sub node Sub node External site Framing: grouping bits into frames, and transferring frames across direct connections Error detection Figure 1.8 Seven-layer OSI work architecture. Each layer presents a virtual communication link with given properties to the next-higher layer. different layers than this proposed standard. However, the OSI layers have a relatively clean structure that helps in understanding the concept of layering. Some of the variations used by these other works are discussed later The Physical The function of the physical layer is to provide a virtual link for transmitting a sequence of bits between any pair of nodes (or any node and external site) joined by a physical communication channel. Such OSI a virtual model link is called IIa virtual bit pipe. To achieve this function, there is a physical interface module on each side of the communication channel whose function is to map the incoming bits from the next higher layer [i.e., the data link control (DLC) layer] into signals appropriate for the channel, and at the receiving end, to map the signals back into bits. The physical interface module that Flow control: coordinates transmitter and receiver Activation, maintenance, & deactivation of data link connections Medium control (MAC) sublayer: coordinating users to a common channel in a broadcast work Network layer (unit: packet) Provides a transparent pipe for transport layer entities nodes jointly execute routing algorithm to determine paths across the work Sending host Sending process Router A Packet B C D Sub E Router C makes a choice to forward packets to E and not to D Receiving host Receiving process OSI model III Addressing must scale to large works Congestion control to deal with traffic surges Transport layer (end-to-end protocol) (unit: TPDU, segment) Transfers data end-to-end from process in a machine to process in another machine Segmentation/reassembly End to end error recovery (in sequence, flow control) Multiplexing/demultiplexing sessions Depending on the type of services it receives from layer 3, various transport layer protocols are defined eg. TCP, UDP Session layer: merged into layer Controls the dialogue between applications. - Allows two applications to establish and use a connection (session) - Authentication, billing
7 OSI model IV Presentation layer: merged into layer Resolves differences in data representation code conversion, whether an integer is 16, 32, or 64 bits long, and whether the most significant byte is transmitted first or last, or how a video stream is formatted Provides data transformation text compression, encryption. layer: eg. file transfer protocol (FTP), , HTTP APP DATA AH APP DATA Transport TH AH APP DATA Transport Network NH TH AH APP DATA Network Data Link DH NH TH AH APP DATA CRC Data Link Physical bits Physical 1-25
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