COMPUTER GRAPHICS, MULTIMEDIA AND ANIMATION, Second Edition (with CD-ROM) Malay K. Pakhira

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2 Computer Graphics, Multimedia and Animation SECOND EDITION Malay K. Pakhira Assistant Professor Department of Computer Science and Engineering Kalyani Government Engineering College Kalyani New Delhi

3 COMPUTER GRAPHICS, MULTIMEDIA AND ANIMATION, Second Edition (with CD-ROM) Malay K. Pakhira 2010 by PHI Learning Private Limited, New Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the publisher. The author and publisher make no warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, with regard to C programs contained on the CD-ROM. The author and publisher shall not be liable in any event of incidental or consequential damages in connection with, or arising out of, the furnishing, performance, or use of these programs. ISBN The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher. Fifth Printing (Second Edition) August 2010 Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, M-97, Connaught Circus, New Delhi and Printed by Mudrak, 30-A, Patparganj, Delhi

4 in memory of my father

6 Contents Preface...xiii Preface to the First Edition... xv 1. INTRODUCTION Applications of Computer Graphics Operations of Computer Graphics Graphics Software Packages Requirements of a Graphical System Graphical User Interfaces Questions GRAPHICAL INPUT-OUTPUT DEVICES Graphical Input Devices Common Input Devices Other Input Devices Graphical Output Devices Raster Scan Video Principles Raster Scan CRT Monitors Colour Raster Scan Systems Plasma Panel Display LCD Panels Hard Copy Raster Devices Random Scan Devices Memory Tube Displays Plotters Graphic Accelerators and Graphic Co-processors Questions SCAN CONVERSION Scan Conversion Scan Conversion Methods Polynomial Method Polynomial Method for Line Polynomial Method for Circles Scan Conversion of Circles using Polar Coordinates v

7 vi Contents 3.3 DDA Algorithms DDA for a Line DDA for Circle Generation DDA for Ellipse DDA for Parabola Bresenham s Algorithms Bresenham s Line Drawing Algorithm Bresenham s Circle Algorithm Midpoint Methods Midpoint Line Algorithm Midpoint Circle Algorithm Midpoint Ellipse Algorithm Problems of Scan Conversion Questions SCAN CONVERSION OF SOLIDS Solid Areas or Polygons Inside-Outside Test Odd-Even Method Winding Number Method Solid Area Filling Algorithms Boundary Fill Algorithm Flood Fill Algorithm Scan Line Fill Algorithm Scan Line Seed Fill Algorithm Ordered Edge List Algorithm Questions D GEOMETRICAL TRANSFORMATIONS Some Basic Transformations Translation Scaling Rotation Transformation of Points and Objects Homogeneous Coordinate System Transformations in Homogeneous Notation Inverse of Basic Transformations Scaling about a Reference Point Rotation about an Arbitrary Point Other Transformations Reflection Reflection about any Arbitrary Line Shearing Combined Transformation Computational Efficiency Visual Reality

8 Contents vii 5.5 Inverse of Combined Transformations Questions DISPLAY FILES AND SEGMENTS Display File Segments Segment Table Creation of a Segment Deleting a Segment Temporary Segments Setting Transformation Parameters Algorithms for Segment Table and Display File Questions D GEOMETRICAL TRANSFORMATIONS Basic 3-D Transformations D Translation D Scaling D Rotation Rotation about an Arbitrary Axis in Space Other 3-D Transformations D Reflection Reflection about any Arbitrary Plane D Shearing Questions PROJECTION Parallel Projection Orthographic Projection Axonometric Projection Oblique Projection Perspective Projection Standard Perspective Projection Vanishing Points General Perspective Projection Vanishing Points for General Perspective Projection Image Formation Inside a Camera Questions D VIEWING AND CLIPPING Windows and Viewports Viewing Transformation Viewing Transformation Matrix Clipping of Lines in 2-D Cohen Sutherland Clipping Algorithm Midpoint Subdivision Method

9 viii Contents 9.4 Concepts of Parametric Clipping Liang Barsky Clipping Algorithm Generalized 2-D Line Clipping Cyrus Beck Clipping Algorithm Polygon Clipping Sutherland Hodgman Polygon Clipping Clipping against Concave Windows Questions D VIEWING AND CLIPPING Viewing Transformation Matrix in 3-D Clipping of Lines in 3-D Cohen Sutherland Clipping Algorithm in 3-D Clipping in Homogeneous Coordinates Clipping Using Normalized Windows Liang Barsky 3-D Clipping Algorithm View Volumes and General Normalization Transformation Questions CURVE DESIGN Classical Techniques for Designing Curves and Object Surfaces Modern Curve Representations Mathematics of Parametric Curves Advantages of Parametric Curves Parametric Continuity Conditions Geometric Continuity Conditions Lagrange Interpolation Curves Parametric Spline Curves Natural Cubic Spline Curves Hermite Cubic Spline Bézier Curve Derivation of Cubic Bézier Functions Drawing Piecewise Continuous Bézier Curves Properties of Bézier Curves Rendering Bézier Curves Subdividing Bézier Curves Invariance of Bézier Curves B-Spline Curves Properties of B-spline Curves Finding Knot Vectors Calculating Basis Functions Alternative Derivation of Uniform Cubic B-splines Bézier Surfaces Fractal Models Fractats Different Types of Fractals

10 Contents ix Fractal Generation Procedure Fractal Geometry and Dimension Construction of Fractals Questions HIDDEN SURFACE ELIMINATION Back Face Removal Algorithm Back Faces Using Dot Product Computing Surface Normals Insufficiency of Object Space Methods The Z-Buffer Algorithm Incrementally Calculating Depth Warnock s Algorithm Painter s Algorithm BSP Tree Method Questions LIGHT, SHADES AND COLOURS Modelling Illumination Illumination Due to Ambient Light Illumination Due to Point Source Specularly Reflected Light Shading Constant Shading Gourad Shading Phong Shading Determining Surface Normals Shadow Assigning Intensity Levels to Grey Shades Gamma Correction and Lookup Tables Creating Grey Shades for Bi-level Displays Concept of Colours Colour Models for Images Classiffication of Colour Models Additive vs Subtractive Colour Models CIE Colour Standard XYZ Colour Model RGB Colour Model CMY Colour Model YIQ Colour Model HSV Colour Model HSI Colour Model YC b C r Colour Model YUV Colour Model CIE L*a*b Model Questions

11 Computer Graphics,Multimedia And Animation 25% OFF Publisher : PHI Learning ISBN : Author : PAKHIRA, MALAY K. Type the URL : 81 Get this ebook

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