CS177 Recitation. Graphics. Python Programming, 2/e 1

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1 CS177 Recitation Graphics Python Programming, 2/e 1

2 Objectives To be familiar with the various graphic objects available in the graphics library. To understand the fundamental concepts of computer graphics, especially the role of coordinate systems To be able to write simple graphics programs using the graphics library. Python Programming, 2/e 2

3 Simple Graphics Programming This chapter uses the graphics.py library supplied with the supplemental materials. Two location choices for graphics.py In Python s Lib directory with other libraries In the same folder as your graphics program Python Programming, 2/e 3

4 Simple Graphics Programming Since this is a library, we need to import the graphics commands >>> import graphics Python Programming, 2/e 4

5 Graphical components GraphWin object Defines a window where drawing can occur Graphics objects Point, Line, Circle, Oval, Rectangle, Polygon, and Text Can be customized and drawn Entry objects Allow designing graphical user interfaces, i.e. GUIs Images Can be loaded from file, modified, displayed, saved Colors created with color_rgb(red, green, blue)

6 Simple Graphics Programming A graphics window is a place on the screen where the graphics will appear. >>> win = graphics.graphwin() This command creates a new window titled Graphics Window. Windows can be closed/destroyed by issuing the command >>> win.close() Python Programming, 2/e 6

7 Simple Graphics Programming It s tedious to use the graphics. notation to access the graphics library routines. from graphics import * The from statement allows you to load specific functions from a library module. * will load all the functions, or you can list specific ones. Python Programming, 2/e 7

8 Simple Graphics Programming Doing the import this way eliminates the need to preface graphics commands with graphics. >>> from graphics import * >>> win = GraphWin() Python Programming, 2/e 8

9 Simple Graphics Programming A graphics window is a collection of points called pixels (picture elements). The default GraphWin is 200 pixels tall by 200 pixels wide (40,000 pixels total). One way to get pictures into the window is one pixel at a time, which would be tedious. The graphics routine has a number of predefined routines to draw geometric shapes. Python Programming, 2/e 9

10 Point The simplest object is the Point. Like points in geometry, point locations are represented with a coordinate system (x, y), where x is the horizontal location of the point and y is the vertical location. The origin (0,0) in a graphics window is the upper left corner. X values increase from right to left, y values from top to bottom. Lower right corner is (199, 199) Python Programming, 2/e 10

11 Point Example >>> p = Point(50, 60) >>> p.getx() 50 >>> p.gety() 60 >>> win = GraphWin() >>> p.draw(win) >>> p2 = Point(140, 100) >>> p2.draw(win) Python Programming, 2/e 11

12 Circles Given a 2-Dimensional plane, what two things do you need to draw a circle? Python Programming, 2/e 12

13 Circles Like circles in geometry, circles in graphics library are represented by the center of the circle which is a Point and the radius of the circle Python Programming, 2/e 13

14 Circle Example >>> center = Point(100, 100) >>> win = GraphWin() >>> cir = Circle(center, 40) >>> cir.draw(win) Python Programming, 2/e 14

15 Rectangle Rectangles are the graphics object in graphics module which take the two points as parameters These two points are the two ends of the diagonals of the rectangle Python Programming, 2/e 15

16 Rectangle Example >>> p1 = Point(100, 100) >>> p2 = Point(150,150) >>> win = GraphWin() >>> rect = Rectangle(p1,p2) >>> rect.draw(win) Python Programming, 2/e 16

17 Lines We can interpret lines as a series of points connecting the origin point to the destination point in one direction in a single dimension. Lines in graphics library are represented in the same way and Line() takes two points as parameters and draws a line between those two points. Python Programming, 2/e 17

18 Line Example >>> p1 = Point(100, 100) >>> p2 = Point(150,150) >>> win = GraphWin() >>> line = Line(p1,p2) >>> line.draw(win) Python Programming, 2/e 18

19 Graphics Objects To explore more Graphics objects by yourselves Oval, Polygon, Text, etc.

20 Generic methods supported by every Graphics object setfill(color) : Fills the interior of object with specified color setoutline(color): Sets the outline of object to the given colot setwidth(pixels): Sets the width of the outline to specified pixels. draw(graphwin): Draws the object to the given window undraw(): Undraws the graphics object from a graphics window move(dx,dy): Moves the graphics object dx units in x direction and dy units in y direction clone(): returns the duplicate of that graphics object. The clones are always in undrawn state. You need to call draw() on those objects to draw them on window. Python Programming, 2/e 20

21 Entry Example >>> win=graphwin() >>> box=entry(point(100,100),10) >>> box.settext('abc') >>> box.draw(win) >>> win.getmouse() <graphics.point object at 0x E1208> >>> #change the text to 'xyz' in this step >>> box.gettext() 'xyz' Python Programming, 2/e 21

$Image Example >>> win=graphwin('lenna',512,512) >>> myimage=image(point(256,256),'.\lenna.gif') >>> myimage.draw(win) >>> myimage.$

22 Image Example >>> win=graphwin('lenna',512,512) >>> myimage=image(point(256,256),'.\lenna.gif') >>> myimage.draw(win) >>> myimage.undraw() >>> for i in range(100): for j in range(100): myimage.setpixel(i,j,'black') >>> myimage.draw(win) Python Programming, 2/e 22

23 Colors Colors are indicated by strings 'red', 'purple', 'green', 'cyan', etc. The graphics module also provides a function for mixing your own colors numerically. The function color_rgb(red, green, blue) will return a string representing a color that is a mixture of the intensities of red, green and blue specified. For example: color_rgb(255, 0, 0) is a bright red, while color_rgb(130, 0, 130) is a medium magenta.

24 Colors >>> p = Point(100, 100) >>> win = GraphWin() >>> circle = Circle(p,20) >>> mycolor = color_rgb(10,100,200) >>> circle.setfill(mycolor) >>> circle.draw(win) >>> win.close()

25 Any question?

Comp 151. Using Objects (and the beginning of graphics)

Comp 151. Using Objects (and the beginning of graphics) Comp 151 Using Objects (and the beginning of graphics) Admin New project coming Assignment Read chapter 4 in the Zelle book The Object of Objects Basic idea view a complex system as the interaction of