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1 WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS A Networking Perspective Edited by Jun Zheng Abbas Jamalipour A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION

3 WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

4 IEEE Press 445 Hoes Lane Piscataway, NJ IEEE Press Editorial Board Lajos Hanzo, Editor in Chief R. Abari T. Chen B. M. Hammerli J. Anderson T. G. Croda O. Malik S. Basu M. El-Hawary S. Nahavandi A. Chatterjee S. Farshchi W. Reeve Kenneth Moore, Director of IEEE Book and Information Services (BIS) Jeanne Audino, Project Editor

5 WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS A Networking Perspective Edited by Jun Zheng Abbas Jamalipour A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION

6 Copyright 2009 by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. Published simultaneously in Canada. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) , fax (978) , or on the web at Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) , fax (201) , or online at Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) , outside the United States at (317) or fax (317) Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic formats. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available. ISBN: Printed in the United States of America

7 To our parents and family

9 CONTENTS Preface Acknowledgments About the Editors Contributors xxiii xxv xxvii xxix 1. INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS 1 Jun Zheng and Abbas Jamalipour 1.1 Overview of Wireless Sensor Networks Network Characteristics Network Applications Environmental Monitoring Military Applications Health Care Applications Industrial Process Control Security and Surveillance Home Intelligence Network Design Objectives Network Design Challenges Technological Background MEMS Technology Wireless Communication Technology Hardware and Software Platforms Hardware Platforms Software Platforms Wireless Sensor Network Standards The IEEE Standard The ZigBee Standard The IEEE 1451 Standard 13 vii

10 viii CONTENTS 1.3 Features of This Book Organization of This Book 15 References NETWORK ARCHITECTURES AND PROTOCOL STACK 19 Jun Zheng 2.1 Introduction Network Architectures for Wireless Sensor Networks Sensor Node Structure Network Architectures Flat Architecture Hierarchical Architecture Classifications of Wireless Sensor Networks Protocol Stack for Wireless Sensor Networks Application Layer Transport Layer Network Layer Data Link Layer Physical Layer Summary 31 References MEDIUM ACCESS CONTROL 35 Jun Zheng 3.1 Introduction Fundamental MAC Protocols Contention-Based MAC Protocols Contention-Free MAC Protocols MAC Design for Wireless Sensor Networks Network Characteristics Objectives of MAC Design Energy Efficiency in MAC Design MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks Contention-Based Protocols S-MAC DS-MAC MS-MAC D-MAC Sift 49

11 CONTENTS ix T-MAC WiseMAC CSMA Based MAC with Adaptive Rate Control Contention-Free Protocols Traffic-Adaptive Medium Access Self-Organizing Medium Access Control Distributed Energy-Aware MAC Implicit Prioritized MAC Contention-Free Scheduling TDMA MAC CDMA Sensor MAC Hybrid Protocols Spatial TDMA and CSMA Preamble Sampling Z-MAC Funneling-MAC Summary and Future Directions 61 References ROUTING AND DATA DISSEMINATION 67 Sajal K. Das and Habib M. Ammari 4.1 Introduction Fundamentals and Challenges Fundamentals Terminology Energy Model Challenges Sensor Characteristics Field Nature Network Characteristics Sensing Application Requirements Taxonomy of Routing and Data Dissemination Protocols Location Information Network Layering and In-Network Processing Data Centricity Path Redundancy Network Dynamics Quality of Service Requirements Network Heterogeneity 77

12 x CONTENTS 4.4 Overview of Routing and Data Dissemination Protocols Location-Aided Protocols Geographic Adaptive Fidelity Geographic and Energy-Aware Routing Coordination of Power Saving with Routing Trajectory-Based Forwarding Bounded Voronoi Greedy Forwarding Geographic Random Forwarding Minimum Energy Communication Network Small Minimum-Energy Communication Network Layered and In-Network Processing-Based Protocols Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy Power-Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information Systems Threshold Sensitive Energy Efficient Sensor Network Protocol Adaptive Periodic TEEN Data-Centric Protocols Sensor Protocols for Information via Negotiation Directed Diffusion Rumor Routing The Cougar Approach Active Query Forwarding Energy-Aware Data-Centric Routing Information-Directed Routing Quorum-Based Information Dissemination Home Agent-Based Information Dissemination Multipath-Based Protocols Disjoint Paths Braided Paths N-to-1 Multipath Discovery 110

13 CONTENTS xi Mobility-Based Protocols Joint Mobility and Routing Protocol Data MULES Based Protocol Two-Tier Data Dissemination Scalable Energy-Efficient Asynchronous Dissemination Dynamic Proxy Tree-Based Data Dissemination QoS Based Protocols Trade-Off between Energy Savings and Delay Trade-Off between Energy Savings and Robustness Trade-Off between Traffic Overhead and Reliability Heterogeneity-Based Protocols Benefits of Heterogeneity in Wireless Sensor Networks Information-Driven Sensor Query Constrained Anisotropic Diffusion Routing Cluster-Head Relay Routing Comparisons Summary and Future Directions 137 References BROADCASTING, MULTICASTING, AND GEOCASTING 145 Baoxian Zhang and Guoliang Xue 5.1 Introduction Concepts and Major Challenges Basic Concepts Design Guidelines and Challenges Broadcasting Mechanisms Simple Broadcasting Mechanisms Blind Broadcast Probability-Based Broadcast Distance-Based Broadcast Area-Based Broadcast Counter-Based Broadcast 150

14 xii CONTENTS Neighborhood-Aware Broadcasting Mechanisms Neighbor Elimination Strategy Connected-Dominating-Set-Based Broadcasting Strategy Cluster-Based Broadcasting Strategy Location-Aided Broadcasting Mechanisms Integrated Distance and Angle-Based Broadcast Geographic Adaptive Fidelity Grid-Based Routing Structure Energy-Efficient Broadcasting Mechanisms Broadcast Incremental Power Near-Maximum Lifetime Broadcast Min-Hop Maximum Residual Energy Broadcast Localized Power-Efficient Broadcast Reliable Broadcasting Mechanisms Recursive Reliable Unicast Most Reliable Spanning Tree Integrated Round-Robin Reliable Unicast and Promiscuous Listening Broadcast with Selective Acknowledgments and Double Coverage TDMA Based Broadcast Multicasting Mechanisms Tree-Based Multicasting Mechanisms Multicast-Enabled Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing Centralized Power-Aware Multicast Localized Power-Aware Multicast Location-Based Multicasting Mechanisms Scalable Energy-Efficient Asynchronous Dissemination Geographic Multicast Routing Two-Tier Data Dissemination Geocasting Mechanisms Nonguaranteed Geocasting Mechanisms Unicast Routing with Area Delivery Directed-Flooding-Based Geocasting Performance Comparison 165

15 CONTENTS xiii Guaranteed Geocasting Mechanisms Simple Flooding Geocasting via Efficient Broadcasting Geocasting via Face Routing Summary and Future Directions 167 Acknowledgments 168 References NODE CLUSTERING 173 Chao Zhang, Edwin Hou, and Nirwan Ansari 6.1 Introduction Wireless Sensor Network Architectures Homogenous Sensor Networks Heterogeneous Sensor Networks Hybrid Sensor Networks Node Clustering Structures Regularly Placed Nodes Deployment Randomly Distributed Nodes Deployment Node Clustering Algorithms Cluster-Head Election Algorithms Lowest ID Clustering Algorithm Highest Connectivity Clustering Algorithm Least Cluster Change Algorithm Weighted Clustering Algorithm Node Clustering Algorithms in Ad Hoc Networks Linked Cluster Algorithm Max Min D-Clustering Algorithm Mobility-Based Clustering Algorithm Node Clustering Algorithms for Wireless Sensor Networks Specialties for Clustering in Wireless Sensor Networks Passive Clustering for Efficient Flooding Energy-Efficient Adaptive Clustering Energy-Efficient Distributed Clustering Energy-Efficient Hierarchical Clustering Multitier Hierarchical Clustering Energy-Efficient Hierarchical Clustering Distributed Weight-Based Hierarchical Clustering 199

Practical Database Programming with Visual Basic.NET

Practical Database Programming with Visual Basic.NET IEEE Press 445 Hoes Lane Piscataway, NJ 08854 IEEE Press Editorial Board Lajos Hanzo, Editor in Chief R. Abari M. El-Hawary S. Nahavandi J. Anderson