Emerging Trends in Vehicular Communications

Transcription

1 Emerging Trends in Vehicular Communications Rajeev Shorey (Ph.D) Fellow Indian National Academy of Engineering Senior Member IEEE President, NIIT University, India (Formerly GM Research Labs) Forward radar IEEE New York (With collaboration with IEEE Delhi, India) June 8, 2011 Display Event data recorder (EDR) Positioning system Computing platform 1 Communication facility Rear radar

2 Acknowledgement Chair, IEEE Delhi Section Prof. S. K. Koul, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India IEEE New York Section Dr. Amitava Dutta-Roy 2

3 Structure of the Talk Introduction Convergence in the Automotive Sector A peek at OnStar by GM Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) Standardization Efforts Emergence of DSRC Dedicated Short Range Communications Emerging Applications and Services Technical & Research Challenges in VANETs Conclusion 3

4 Welcome to the World of Smart Vehicles 4

5 Introduction & Motivation Vehicles are becoming smarter by the day Electronics, Controls, Software (ECS) is now the dominant component in vehicles! Advent of smart Computing & Communications Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) Safety Applications are the Key enablers for VANETs There are a plethora of challenges in VANETs Several OEMs need to collaborative to succeed in the highly competitive market 5

6 Electronics, Controls & Software in Automotive Sector Increasing role of Electronics and Software in the automotive sector From 15% in 1990s to 37% in the current decade, an exponential increase of 146% Automotive electronics and control systems Key properties High-integrity Real-time Distributed Hybrid systems Requiring development processes with robust verification and validation The activities in this thrust area are centered on formal methods based design and verification of control software 6

7 Electronics, Controls & Software 7

8 Automotive Software 8

9 On-Board Systems (Smart Car) 9

10 Convergence in the Automotive Sector Applications Emerging Services Automotive Manufacturers Emergency call Breakdown call Vehicle diagnostics Stolen vehicle tracking Remote immobilization Remote lock/unlock Online services New Business Models & Demands Safety Infotainment Heterogeneous Technologies (Hardware, Software, Middleware) 3G WLANs ZigBee RFID Sensors GPS XM Radio, 10

11 Convergence of Technologies 11

12 Next Generation of Real Time Control, Communication and Computation for Wireless Systems Computation Internet Communication Added Dimension Control Sensors and Actuators RFID Technology

13 A Peek at OnStar Vehicle to Infrastructure Communications 13

14 OnStar System Enterprise Telematics Platform OnStar Channel Backend Cellular Communication V2V Communications DSRC Communication (IEEE p Standard) 14

15 What is OnStar (by GM)? Provides multiple Telematics related services Leverages Cellular Channel Supports Data Audio Customers subscribe to a set of services Cost depends upon the number of subscribed services 15

16 Select OnStar Services Automatic Crash Response Automatic Air Bag Deployment Response Emergency Services 16

17 Vehicular Communications V2V or C2C or VANETs 17

18 Approaches Vehicle to Infrastructure Roadside Units WLAN technologies Base stations Cellular technology Vehicle to Vehicle DSRC standard In Vehicle ZigBee Vehicular Communications 18

19 Enabling Technologies 19

20 Vehicular Positioning Accurate autonomous geo-spatial positioning finds itself at the core of most VANET applications All Safety applications GPS: m accuracy DGPS: approx 1 m positional accuracy 20

21 On-Board Computation Platforms Capabilities of Computation Platforms Processing large amounts of sensor data High-bandwidth communications Highly integrated sensor fusion filters Complicated path prediction and application logic Computation platforms in the Automotive domain pose a tradeoff Cost & Performance 21

22 A Modern Vehicle is a Computer on Wheels Forward radar Event data recorder (EDR) Positioning system (GPS) Communication facility - Human-Machine Display Interface - Navigation system Computing platform Rear radar Processing power: comparable with a Personal Computer + a few dozens of specialized processors Communication: typically over a dedicated channel: Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) In the US, 75 MHz at 5.9 GHz; In Europe, 20 MHz requested but not yet allocated) Envisioned protocol: IEEE p Penetration will be progressive (over 2 decades or so) 22

23 Sensor Networks for Automotive Applications 23

24 Traditional Sensors in a Vehicle Radar Ultrasonic systems Vision and LIDAR systems Traditional sensors have their natural limits They only sense the immediate vehicle environment (short-haul) Mostly passive (radar has limited data capabilities) Relatively expensive and typically not versatile 24

25 Vehicular Sensors Long Range Sensors Sensor Strategy Short-Range Blind-Spot Sensors Forward Vision System Lane tracking Object detection Far IR capability Long-Range Scanning Sensor Short Range Sensors Rear Vision System Object detection Far IR capability Enhanced Digital Map System Short-Range Sensors 25

26 VANETs 26

27 Approaches Vehicle to Infrastructure Roadside Units WLAN technologies Base stations Cellular technology Vehicle to Vehicle DSRC standard In Vehicle ZigBee Vehicular Communications 27

28 VANET: Freeway Topology 28

29 Unique Characteristics of V2V Networks V2V is a special case of ad hoc network Predictable, high mobility that can be exploited for system optimization Dynamic, rapidly changing topology Due to high mobility Constrained Largely one-dimensional movement due to static roadway geometry Potentially large-scale No significant power constraints Unlike sensor and other types of mobile networks Limited battery life is a major concern Broadcasting takes precedence over Unicast routing V2V networks are All Broadcast Networks 29

30 V2X Communications Active Safety Applications 30

31 Categories of Applications Active Safety Early Applications Later Applications Congestion Notification Infotainment 31

32 VANET Applications Use Cases VANET communications (V2V and V2I) can be used for dozens of potential applications with highly diverse requirements 32

33 Most Representative VANET Applications Assist driver with signage Traffic Signal/Stop Sign/Rail Crossing Violation Warning Assist Driver at Intersections Left Turn Assistance Intersection Collision Warning Assist Driver on Special Road Conditions Work Zone Warning Rollover Warning Road Condition Warning (vehicle sensor based e.g. obstacles, unpaved road, black ice, etc.) Road Condition Warning (infrastructure based) 33

34 VANET Applications Assist Driver in Potentially Dangerous Situations Forward Collision Warning Emergency Brake Lights Blind Spot Warning Lane Change Warning Wrong Way Driver Warning Rail Collision Warning Assist Driver in Normal Situations Highway Merge Assistance Visibility Enhancer (through obtaining data from other cars) High Beam Turnoff request Assist Driver in Accident Situations Crash/breakdown Warning Pre-crash sensing (imminent or unavoidable collisions) Event Data Recording 34

35 V2X Active Safety Applications Event reporting applications Generate messages only for the duration of the event Report events based only on information present at sending vehicle Examples: EEBL (Emergency Electronic Brake Lights), RCHA (Road Condition Hazard Ahead) Persistent applications Require repeated exchange of vehicle kinematics in a local neighborhood Predict and report events by processing exchanged information Examples: CCW (Cooperative Collision Warning), BSW (Blind Spot Warning) Driver Interaction: Applications raise advisories or warnings to help the driver avoid accidents ` ` 35

36 Vehicle Safety Scenarios Avoiding lane change collision Collision mitigation Vehicle brakes Avoiding rear-end hard collision Avoiding intersection collision Traffic signal 36

37 Vehicle Safety Scenarios V2V Messages Collision mitigation Vehicle brakes Avoiding rear-end hard collision Traffic signal Avoiding intersection collision Solution : Vehicle to vehicle/ Infrastructure / Roadside communication of information Very Adhoc ( > 40 MPH speeds) Low latency High reliability (low PER) Authenticated & Secure Multihop 37

38 V2X Communications Key Challenges 38

39 Challenges Design and Development of VANET is a technically and economically challenging endeavour What are the Key Technical challenges? 39

40 Key Technical Challenges Inherent characteristics of the Radio channel VANET presents scenarios with unfavorable characteristics for developing wireless communications Multipath Fading effects Very high speed 40

41 Key Technical Challenges Lack of an online centralized management and coordination entity Totally decentralized and self-organizing network Fair and Efficient use of the available BW of the Wireless channel is a hard task Lack of an entity that is able to synchronize and manage the transmission events of different nodes 41

42 Key Technical Challenges High mobility, scalability requirements and wide variety of environmental conditions High mobility presents a challenge to most iterative optimization algorithms aimed at making better use of the channel bandwidth 42

43 Key Technical Challenges Security and Privacy needs and concerns Challenge in balancing Security and Privacy needs Rx want to make sure that they can trust the source of information The availability of such trust might contradict the privacy requirements of the sender! 43

44 Key Technical Challenges Standardization versus Flexibility There is a need for standardizing communications to allow VANET to work across various makes and brands of OEM OEMs would want to create product differentiation with their VANET IP These goals are somewhat in tension! 44

45 Key Challenges from an Application and Socio-Economic Perspective Analyzing and Quantifying the benefit of VANET for traffic safety and transport efficiency Analyzing and Quantifying the cost-benefit relationship of VANET Designing deployment strategies for VANET that are not based on a single infrastructure and/or service provider Embedding VANET in ITS architectures Truly cooperative systems need to be developed 45

46 PKI Design for Secure V2X Communications for Safety 46

47 Security Threats in V2V &V2I Figure Source : 47

48 Example Attack: Generate intelligent collisions SLOW DOWN The way is clear 48

49 Security Attributes for V2X Safety Apps Message Integrity and Entity Authentication Message has been transmitted by a genuine vehicle, and has not been tampered with in transit Non-repudiation The receiver of a message is able to prove afterwards that the sender in fact did transmit this message Privacy: Multiple notions of privacy Anonymity: Not possible to determine the identity of the vehicle from a message transmitted by the vehicle Unlinkability: Not possible to deduce that multiple transmissions were from the same vehicle. Correctness based on non-cryptographic techniques For detecting compromised/malfunctioning units Design Objective: Satisfy above attributes without affecting performance of V2X Safety Apps 49

50 A successful authentication mechanism should fulfill several properties Secure Authentication Non-repudiation Denial of Service (DoS) resilience Support for multi-hop communication 50

51 Authentication Authenticated data ensures receivers can verify that the message received was sent by the appropriate entity and that it has not been modified in transit If an attacker can pose as another entity or modify another entity s packets without being detected, the mechanism fails to provide secure authentication 51

52 Non-Repudiation Non-repudiation allows a receiver to prove to a third party that the sender is accountable for generating a message What happens if the broadcast mechanism lacks non-repudiation? A malicious party can claim another party generated the message 52

53 Denial of Service (Dos) Resistant A mechanism should require little computational or memory resources such that other OBU operations may proceed unimpaired Given the relatively expensive nature of digital signature verification (7 ms for ECDSA), an attacker can launch a computational DoS by flooding a receiver with invalid signatures such that the receiver wastes processing power to verify the signatures 53

54 Multi-Hop Authentication There should be a provision for Multi-Hop Authentication Inherent Challenges 54

55 Node Node Reference Solution: Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) CA Node Node Message payload (m) Digital signature on m Digital certificate PKI High-level Architecture Message Structure How PKI enables nodes to talk to one another: Asymmetric Key Cryptography: A message is signed using the Private key of the sender and verified using the Public key of the sender. Certificate: A message signed by a trusted entity called the Certificate Authority (CA) that binds a principal and its public key How PKI evicts compromised/malfunctioning nodes from system: Certificate Revocation List (CRL): A message signed by the CA that lists all the revoked principals 55

56 Design drivers for a PKI for V2X Communications for Active Safety Resource-constrained Platform Participants have limited computational prowess Limited memory and storage System-wide Scalability Issues Large number of participants Interactions are expected to be spatially localized Communication Aspects Connection to Infrastructure is expected to be either intermittent or costly Message transmissions are likely to be lossy and unreliable Interoperability Security Architecture needs to be extensible 56

57 Efforts in Standardization WAVE Wireless Access in a Vehicle Environment 57

58 Peek at Various Wireless Standards IEEE IEEE IEEE e IEEE (Zigbee Alliance) IEEE d WiMAX IEEE Wi-Fi Alliance Sensors RAN WAN MAN LAN RFID (AutoID Center) 3GPP (GPRS/UMTS) 3GPP2 (1X--/CDMA2000) GSMA, OMA ETSI HiperMAN & HIPERACCESS ETSI-BRAN HiperLAN2 IEEE UWB, Bluetooth Wi-Media, BTSIG, MBOA PAN ETSI HiperPAN

59 Standardization Efforts Vehicular Infrastructure Integration (VII) Vehicle Safety Communications (VSC) Backed up by Crash Avoidance Metrics Partnership (CAMP) US Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) 59

60 WAVE Communications Architecture & Standards Management Plane Data Plane WSMLME IPLME WME Other Apps Safety Apps WSMP (IEEE ) General Apps UDP IP Security Standard LLCME LLC (IEEE 802.2) MLME MAC (IEEE ) PLME PHY (IEEE p) IEEE P1609 committee for DSRC standardization P Resource Manager P Security Services for Applications and Management Messages P Network Services - Intermediate Layers P Medium Access Control (MAC) Extension Services p -- WAVE physical and lower MAC layers 60

61 802.11p PHY as extension of a GHz for WAVE in NA. Licensed ITS radio service bands IEEE a/RA WB - 52 carrier OFDM /w 48 data carriers, 10 MHz channels Optional 20 MHz Uplink Control Channel Optional 20 MHz Downlink Ch 172 Ch 174 Ch 176 Ch 178 Ch 180 Ch 182 Ch 184 Frequency (GHz) OFDM with BPSK, n-qpsk & n-qam and varied datarates 61

62 Frequency Bands 62

63 CAMP Consortium CAMP Vehicle Safety Communications 2 2 Research Research & Development & Development North America, North America, Inc. Inc. A Daimler A Daimler Company Company Intelligent Transportation Systems Systems 63

64 Conclusion Vehicular Communications is a highly challenging area Slow penetration makes connectivity more difficult Security leads to a substantial overheads Must be taken into account from the beginning of the design process The field offers plenty of novel technical challenges Enabling PKI Scalability VANET Performance with multiple simultaneous applications Interoperability Infrastructure related issues Need for Multi-hop communications (?) 64

65 Business Challenges Telematics Platform Low cost Light weight Capable of supporting heterogeneous applications/services with low footprint Key Question What should be the most appropriate Architecture for the Telematics Platform? Interfaces Technologies? WiMax, WiFi, ZigBee, 4G, LTE, 65

66 Conclusion: Technology Emergence of multi-modal distributed sensors for automotive applications Important Trends Combination of Data/Audio/Video 3D Machine Vision/Video Imaging Technologies Key Challenges Low cost Low complexity Management, Maintenance, Overheads Security 66

67 Concluding Remarks OEMs will need more and more flexibility Ever changing technologies Newly emerging solutions/services Future vehicles are likely to be plug and play At least as far as ECS is concerned The sector is highly sensitive to cost Even a $1 addition is a huge challenge in the highly competitive market! 67

68 Thank you 68