Mastering OSF/Motif Widgets

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1 Mastering OSF/Motif Widgets SECOND EDITION Donald L McMinds TV Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. Reading, Massachusetts Menlo Park, California New York Don Mills, Ontario Wokingham, England Amsterdam Bonn Paris Milan Madrid Sydney Singapore Tokyo Seoul Taipei Mexico City San Juan

Contents 1. Getting Started About the Programs 2 Introduction to X 3 Widgets and Gadgets 6 Hierarchy 6 Combining Widgets 12 Other Documentation 13 Summary 14 2.

2 Contents 1. Getting Started About the Programs 2 Introduction to X 3 Widgets and Gadgets 6 Hierarchy 6 Combining Widgets 12 Other Documentation 13 Summary A Widget Program Introduction 15 Using Widgets in an Application 15 Steps in Writing a Widget Program 16 Include Required Header Files 16 Initialize the Xt Intrinsics 17 Creating the Widgets 19 Creating the Bulletin Board Widget 19 Compound Strings 20 Creating the Pushbutton Widget 20 Adding a Callback 23 Writing a Callback 23 Adding the Callback Procedure to the Callback List Making the Widgets Visible 25 Compiling and Linking the Program 25 Creating Defaults Files 26 App-Defaults File 27.Xdefaults File 31 Which Defaults File to Use 31 Setting Defaults in the Command Line 32 Summary 34 vii

3. Appearance Introduction 35 Some Examples 36 Pushbutton Widget 36 Frame Widget 36 Colors 38 Setting Colors in Defaults Files 39 Setting Colors Programmatically 42 Fonts 43 Setting Fonts in Defaults

3 3. Appearance Introduction 35 Some Examples 36 Pushbutton Widget 36 Frame Widget 36 Colors 38 Setting Colors in Defaults Files 39 Setting Colors Programmatically 42 Fonts 43 Setting Fonts in Defaults Files 44 Setting Fonts Programmatically 44 Shadows 46 Borders, Highlighting, Default Shadows, and Traversal Borders 48 Highlighting 50 Default Shadows 51 Traversal 53 Tiling 55 Using the Available Tiles 56 Creating Custom Pixmaps for Tiling 58 Frame Widget 61 Summary Shell Widgets Introduction 67 The Shells 70 Shell 70 OverrideShell 70 XmMenuShell 70 WMShell 70 VendorShell 71 TopLevelShell 71 ApplicationShell 71 TransientShell 71 XmDialogShell 74 Using Shells 74 Shells Created by Convenience Functions 74 Creating a Shell Directly 77 viii

/ Creating XmDialogShell 78 Positioning XmDialogShell 79 Summary 79 5.

4 / Creating XmDialogShell 78 Positioning XmDialogShell 79 Summary Containers Introduction 81 Bulletin Board Widget 81 Form Widget 84 Main Window Widget 90 Menu Bar 92 Command Area 93 Work Area 94 Message Area 95 Using XmMainWindowSetAreas 98 Paned Window Widget 98 Row Column Widget 103 Scrolled Window Widget 107 Summary Controls Introduction 113 Gadgets 113 Buttons 115 Arrow Button 115 Cascade Button 120 Drawn Button 122 Pushbutton 123 Toggle Button 125 List Widget 128 getdlog.c 129 listdemo.c 134 Scale 140 scaledemo.c 140 scalecolors.c 143 Summary 151 ix

Text and Text Field Widgets Introduction 153 Using Text and Text Field Widgets 154 Button and Key Functions 154 Cursors 157 Insertion Cursor 158 Destination Cursor 158 Selections 158 Primary

5 Text and Text Field Widgets Introduction 153 Using Text and Text Field Widgets 154 Button and Key Functions 154 Cursors 157 Insertion Cursor 158 Destination Cursor 158 Selections 158 Primary Selection 158 Secondary Selection 159 Editing 160 Inserting Text 160 Copying Text 161 Deleting Text 165 Replacing Text 165 Creating Text and Text Field Widgets 166 Scrolled Text 166 Single-line Text Widget 168 Multi-line Text Widget 168 Text Field Widget 169 Using the Clipboard 170 Copying Text 173 Copying Text by Name 178 Cutting Text 183 Pasting Text 184 Convenience Functions 185 Summary 190 Menu Widgets Introduction 191 Types of Menus 191 Pulldown Menus 192 Popup Menus 192 Option Menus 193 Organization and Construction of Menus 194 Panes 194 Types of Menu Panes 195 Buttons, Labels, and Separators 196

6 Organizing Menu Source Code 196 Assembling a Pulldown Menu System 197 Creating a Menu Bar 198 Creating the Pulldown Menu Panes 199 Right-Justifying the Help Menu 200 Assembling a Popup Menu 201 Creating the Primary (Toplevel) Pane 201 Posting (Displaying) a Popup Menu 202 Assembling an Option Menu 204 Adding Behavior to a Menu 206 Keeping Menus Posted 207 Using Tearoff Menus 208 Providing Tearoff Capability 208 Providing Keyboard Traversal 210 Using Toggle Buttons in Menus 211 Choosing an Appropriate Label 211 Creating a Group of Check Boxes 212 Creating a Group of Radio Buttons 213 Summary 215 Dialog Widgets Introduction 217 Dialog Widgets and Menus 218 Dialog Widgets 219 Convenience Dialogs 220 BulletinBoardDialog 220 ErrorDialog 220 FileSelectionDialog 221 FormDialog 222 InformationDialog 222 PromptDialog 223 QuestionDialog 223 SelectionDialog 223 WarningDialog 224 WorkingDialog 225 Summary of Dialogs 225 Using Dialogs and Convenience Functions 226 XmDialogShell 226 xi

XmBulletinBoard 227 XmCommand 228 XmCommandAppendValue( ) 231 XmCommandSetValue( ) 231 XmCommandError( ) 231 XmCommandGetChild( ) 231 XmFileSelectionBox 232 XmForm 235 XmMessageBox 238 XmSelectionBox

7 XmBulletinBoard 227 XmCommand 228 XmCommandAppendValue( ) 231 XmCommandSetValue( ) 231 XmCommandError( ) 231 XmCommandGetChild( ) 231 XmFileSelectionBox 232 XmForm 235 XmMessageBox 238 XmSelectionBox 240 Summary 245 Compound Strings, Fonts, and Fontlists Introduction 247 Compound String Format 247 How to Build a Compound String 250 Examples 251 XmFontListCreate( ) and XmFontListAdd( ) 251 XmStringCreate( ) 252 XmStringCreateLtoR( ) 254 XmStringCreateSimple( ) 255 XmStringSegmentCreate( ) 255 With Separators 255 Without Separators 256 Other Functions 257 XmStringBaseline( ) 259 XmStringByteCompare( ) and XmStringCompare( ) XmStringConcat( ) and XmStringNConcat( ) 260 XmStringCopy( ) and XmStringNCopy( ) 261 XmStringDraw( ), XmStringDrawImage( ), and XmStringDrawUnderline( ) 261 XmStringEmpty( ) 262 XmStringExtent( ) 262 XmFontListFree( ) and XmStringFree( ) 263 XmStringInitContext( ) and XmStringFreeContext( ) Summary 264

11. Behavior Introduction 265 Callback Lists 265 Using a Callback 266 Writing a Callback 266 Registering a Callback 267 Passing Client Data to a Callback Procedure 268 Using Widget Data Within a

8 11. Behavior Introduction 265 Callback Lists 265 Using a Callback 266 Writing a Callback 266 Registering a Callback 267 Passing Client Data to a Callback Procedure 268 Using Widget Data Within a Callback Procedure 271 Actions and Translations 275 Actions 277 Translations 278 Summary Drag-and-Drop Introduction 283 Using Drag-and-Drop 284 Built-in Drag-and-Drop 286 Drag Icon 287 Drag States 288 Drag Actions 288 Visual Effects 289 Programming With Drag-and-Drop 290 Drag-and-Drop Programs 290 Registering A Drop Site Programmatically 291 Drop Site Requirements 291 Drag-and-Drop Header File 293 Global Variable 293 Code Added to main() 293 Subroutine ProcessDrop() 294 Subroutine TransferData() 297 Executing buttondnd 297 Drag-and-Drop Functions, Objects, and Widgets 300 Summary 301 xiii

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PrintOpt.c 463 Protocols.с 465 pushbtns.c 467 rcdemo.c 475 scalecolors.c 476 scaledemo.c 488 scrolledtext.c 495 seldlog.c 497 septest.c 500 setcolors.c 502 sheldraw.c 504 swindemo.c 513 textdemo.

10 PrintOpt.c 463 Protocols.с 465 pushbtns.c 467 rcdemo.c 475 scalecolors.c 476 scaledemo.c 488 scrolledtext.c 495 seldlog.c 497 septest.c 500 setcolors.c 502 sheldraw.c 504 swindemo.c 513 textdemo.c 522 textfield.c 526 tiling.c 528 toggles.с 530 xmbutton.c 539 xmeditor.c 541 xmfonts.c 572 C. Motif Motif 1.1 Differences What's in This Appendix 583 Virtual Key Cross-Reference 585 Porting Applications to Motif Recompiling 587 In Case of Difficulty 587 Motif 1.1 General Changes 588 Xt Intrinsics 589 Application Contexts and Initializing the Xt Intrinsics XtToolkitInitialize( ) 590 XtCreateApplicationContext( ) 590 XtOpenDisplay( ) 590 XtAppCreateShell( ) 591 XtAppMainLoop( ) 591 XtAppInitialize( ) 592 VendorShell 593 Event Management Changes 593 Improved Memory Utilization 593 xv

11 Specifying a Resource Value 593 Performance Enhancements 593 Enforcement of ANSI С Standards 594 Change Position and Dimension Types 594 Changes to Metaclass Widgets 594 Changes to XmManager Class 594 XmNnavigationType 595 XmNstringDirection 595 Changes to XmGadget Class 595 XmNnavigationType 595 Gadget Instance-Caching System 595 Changes to XmPrimitive Class 596 Changes to VendorShell 596 Default Font Resource 596 Move VendorShell to Xm Library 596 Changes to Primitive Widgets and Gadgets 596 Some Common Changes 597 Default Fontlist 597 Multi-click 597 Style Guide Conformance for Button Behavior 598 Changes to XmArrowButton and XmArrowButtonGadget Changes to XmDrawnButton 599 Changes to XmLabel and XmLabelGadget 599 XmNmnemonic 599 XmNmnemonicCharSet 599 Default Fontlist Behavior 600 New String Direction Behavior 600 Changes to XmList 600 Default Fontlist Behavior 600 New String Direction Behavior 600 New Functions 600 XmListItemPos( ) 600 XmListGetMatchPos( ) 601 XmListGetSelectedPos( ) 601 XmListAddItems( ) 601 XmListDeleteItems( ) 602 XmListDeleteItemsPos( ) 602 XmListDeleteAllItems( ) 602

12 XmListReplaceItems( ) 603 XmListReplaceItemsPos( ) 603 XmListSetAddMode( ) 603 Changes to XmListCallbackStruct 604 Changes to Key Bindings 604 A New Selection Mode 605 Rubber Band Deselection Behavior 606 XmNdoubleClicklnterval Default Value 607 New Appearance for Location/Selection Interaction Automatic Tab Group Initialization 607 Changes to XmPushButton and XmPushButtonGadget Changes in Common with Other Widgets 608 Default Button Shadow 608 Highlight Area Space 609 Changes to XmScrollBar 609 Style Guide Conformance 609 Improved Appearance 611 New Default Behavior for XmNprocessingDirection Automatic Tab Group Initialization 611 Changes to XmSeparator and XmSeparatorGadget 612 Changes to XmText 612 Changes to XmText Behavior 613 New Cursors 613 Selection Behavior 613 Primary Paste 616 Quick Paste 616 Add Mode 617 Changes in Common with Other Widgets 617 New Functionality 618 Clipboard Cut and Paste 618 Keyboard Bindings 619 New Functions 620 XmTextInsert( ) 620 XmTextGetBaseline( ) 621 XmTextGetSource( ) 621 XmTextSetSource( ) 621 XmTextGetTopCharacter( ) 622 XmTextSetTopCharacter( ) 622 xvii

13 XmTextGetCursorPosition( ) 622 XmTextSetCursorPosition( ) 623 XmTextGetLastPosition( ) 623 XmTextGetSelectionPosition( ) 623 XmTextSetHighlight( ) 623 XmTextShowPosition( ) 624 XmTextScroll( ) 624 XmTextPosToXY( ) 625 XmTextXYToPos( ) 625 XmText Resource Changes 625 XmNsource 626 XmNselectionArray and XmNselectionArrayCount XmNverifyBell 626 XmNtopPosition Name Change 627 New Callbacks for Edit Menus 627 XmNgainPrimaryCallback 627 XmNlosePrimaryCallback 627 XmTextField 628 XmTextField Performance 628 XmTextField Convenience Functions 628 XmTextFieldInsert( ) 628 XmTextFieldGetBaseline( ) 629 XmTextFieldGetCursorPosition( ) 629 XmTextFieldSetCursorPosition( ) 629 XmTextFieldGetLastPosition( ) 629 XmTextFieldGetSelectionPosition( ) 630 XmTextFieldSetHighlight( ) 630 XmTextFieldShowPosition( ) 631 XmText FieldXYToPos( ) 631 XmTextFieldPosToXY( ) 631 XmTextFieldGetAddMode( ) 632 XmTextFieldSetAddMode( ) 632 XmTextFieldCopy( ) 632 XmTextFieldCut( ) 633 XmTextFieldPaste( ) 633 XmTextFieldRemove( ) 633 Changes to XmToggleButton and XmToggleButtonGadget Default Fontlist Behavior 634

14 XmNindicatorSize 634 Enhancement of the Diamond Indicator 634 Widget and Gadget State Independence 634 Changes to Manager Widgets 635 Changes to XmBulletinBoard 635 Changes to XmDrawingArea 635 Changes to XmMainWindow 636 XmNcommandWindowLocation 636 XmNmessageWindow 637 XmMainWindowSep3() 637 Changes to XmPanedWindow 637 Sash Keyboard Traversal 637 Traversal Between Panes 638 Resource Name Changes 638 Mouse Button 2 Bindings 639 Sash Actions 639 Changes to XmScale 640 Scale Movement 640 XmNscaleMultiple 640 Revised Bindings for Style Guide Conformance 641 New Default for XmNprocessingDirection 642 Automatic Tab Group Initialization 642 Changes to XmScrolledWindow 642 New Translations for Automatic Mode 642 Passing Resources 643 Changes to Dialog Widgets 643 General Changes 644 Default Button Tracking 644 Fontlist Resource Initialization 644 Changes to XmDialogShell 645 Changes to XmFileSelectionBox 645 Directory Traversal Mechanism 645 Horizontal Scrolling at Initialization 648 Changes to XmForm 648 Calculate a Default Size 648 Add Shadow Drawing 649 Changes to XmMessageBox and XmSelectionBox 649 Changes to Menu Widgets 649

xx General Changes 649 Posting Menu Panes 650 XmAddToPostFromList( ) 650 XmGetPostedFromWidget( ) 650 XmRemoveFromPostFromList( ) 650 Menu Creation Convenience Functions 651 XmCreateSimpleMenuBar( )

15 xx General Changes 649 Posting Menu Panes 650 XmAddToPostFromList( ) 650 XmGetPostedFromWidget( ) 650 XmRemoveFromPostFromList( ) 650 Menu Creation Convenience Functions 651 XmCreateSimpleMenuBar( ) 651 XmCreateSimplePopupMenu( ) 651 XmCreateSimplePulldownMenu( ) 651 XmCreateSimpleOptionMenu( ) 651 Button Resources for Menu Creation Convenience Functions 652 Keyboard Traversal 655 Changes to XmCascadeButtonGadget 655 Changes to XmRowColumn 655 General Changes 656 Positioning an Option Menu's Submenu 656 Cascade Buttons in a Menu Bar 656 New Convenience Functions 656 XmCreateWorkArea( ) 656 XmCreateSimpleRadioBox( ) 656 XmCreateSimpleWorkArea( ) 657 New Resources 657 XmNmenuPost 657 XmNmnemonicCharSet 658 Changes to Existing Resources 658 Miscellaneous Changes 658 Dynamic Color Defaults 659 Access to Secondary Resource Lists 660 Keyboard Traversal 661 Default Settings 662 Virtual Keys 662 Default Keyboard Navigation 663 XmNnavigationType 663 Navigation Order 665 XmNtraversalOn Default 665 XmProcessTraversal() 666 Modal Mouse-Based Selection of a Component 668

16 Resolution Independence 668 External Resource Conversion 668 Type Converter XmConvertUnitsQ 669 D. Motif 1.1 -Motif 1.2 Differences General Changes 671 Changes to "Include" Files 671 Link Changes 671 Additions 671 Deletions 672 ANSI С Compliance 672 Internationalization 672 Displays and Screens 673 Drag-and-Drop 673 Tearoff Menus 673 Insensitive Visual Indications 673 Frame Title 674 Audible Warning 674 Color Enhancements 674 Baseline Alignment 674 Expanded Traversal Set 674 Input Focus 675 Virtual Keys 675 Resource Management 675 Button Activating 676 Clipboard Changes 676 Changes to Widgets 677 XmCommand 677 XmFileSelectionBox, XmSelectionBox 677 XmList 677 XmMessageBox 678 XmRowColumn and Menus 679 XmScrollBar 679 XmScrolledWindow 679 XmText 679 XmTextField 680 XmToggleButton, XmToggleButtonGadget 680 Motif Window Manager Changes 681 xxi

E. Preventing Memory Leaks Some General Rules 683 If You Create It, You Free It 683 Using Compound Strings 683 Using XtGetValues 684 Compound Strings 684 Copies of Data 685 Using Motif and Xt

17 E. Preventing Memory Leaks Some General Rules 683 If You Create It, You Free It 683 Using Compound Strings 683 Using XtGetValues 684 Compound Strings 684 Copies of Data 685 Using Motif and Xt Functions 685 Xt Intrinsics Memory Allocating Functions 690 F. A Look Ahead: Interactive Development Tools How an IDT Can Help 694 Interactive Visual Layout 694 Usefulness Throughout the Project Lifecycle 694 Rapid Prototyping 695 A Good Way to Learn Motif 695 Good Design and Style 695 Reusable Work 696 IDTs Cannot Solve Some Problems 696 What to Look for in an Interactive Development Tool 697 IDTs Make Impressive Demonstrations 699 Suggestions for Further Reading on IDTs 699 Glossary Index

Xm Widget Classes. XmArrowButton. XmArrowButtonGadget. XmBulletinBoard. XmCascadeButton. XmCascadeButtonGadget. XmComboBox. XmCommand.

Xm Widget Classes. XmArrowButton. XmArrowButtonGadget. XmBulletinBoard. XmCascadeButton. XmCascadeButtonGadget. XmComboBox. XmCommand. Xm Widget Classes XmArrowButton XmArrowButtonGadget XmBulletinBoard XmCascadeButton XmCascadeButtonGadget XmComboBox XmCommand XmContainer XmDialogShell XmDisplay XmDragContext XmDragIcon XmDrawingArea