Module 5a: Introduction To Memory System (MAIN MEMORY)
|
|
- Shanon Chase
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Module 5a: Introduction To Memory System (MAIN MEMORY) R E F E R E N C E S : S T A L L I N G S, C O M P U T E R O R G A N I Z A T I O N A N D A R C H I T E C T U R E M O R R I S M A N O, C O M P U T E R O R G A N I Z A T I O N A N D A R C H I T E C T U R E P A T T E R S O N A N D H E N N E S S Y, C O M P U T E R O R G A N I Z A T I O N A N D D E S I G N N U L L A N D L O B U R, T H E E S S E N T I A L S O F C O M P U T E R O R G A N I Z A T I O N A N D A R C H I T E C T U R E
2 Memory Used to store information within a computer, either programs or data. 2 Programs and data cannot be used directly from a disk or CD, but must first be moved in memory Main memory & cache memory referred as internal memory because it is place at the main board. Communicates directly with CPU immediately. Secondary & tertiary memory referred as external memory (or auxiliary memory) because it is not located at the main board. Usually for back-up purpose.
3 Internal vs External Memory 3 Primary Secondary Tertiary Fast Slow Slow Directly connected to CPU Not directly connected to CPU Not directly connected to CPU Expensive Cheap Cheap Small volume Large volume Large volume Eg. Cache/RAM Eg: Disk Eg: Tape
4 Memory Locations Address Values 4 Each part of memory has a separate memory location, which can be referred to using a memory address.
5 Unit Terms Size of memory is measured in bytes (or multiples such as kilobytes (KB) or megabytes (MB). 5 Number of bits for an address to uniquely access a memory location. no of log memory capacity bits log 2 Number of locations = 2 (no of bits in the address)
6 Memory Characteristic Location Capacity Unit of transfer Access method Performance Physical type Physical characteristics Organisation 6
7 Memory Location 7 CPU Internal External
8 Memory Capacity Word size The natural unit of organisation Common word size: 8, 16, 32 bits. 9 Number of words or Bytes Eg: Memory (a) and (b) have the same number of locations but different size.
9 Internal Memory Unit of Transfer The number of bits read-out of or written into memory at a time. Usually governed by data bus width External Usually a block which is much larger than a word Addressable unit Smallest location which can be uniquely addressed Word internally 10
10 Sequential Memory Access Methods Start at the beginning and read through in order 11 Access time depends on location of data and previous location e.g. tape Direct Individual blocks have unique address Access is by jumping to vicinity/location plus sequential search Access time depends on location and previous location e.g. disk
11 Random... Access Methods Individual addresses identify locations exactly Access time is independent of location or previous access e.g. RAM Associative 12 Data is located by a comparison with contents of a portion of the store Access time is independent of location or previous access e.g. cache
12 Access time Memory Performance Time between presenting the address and getting the valid data Memory Cycle time 13 Time may be required for the memory to recover before next access Cycle time is access + recovery Transfer Rate Rate at which data can be moved
13 Memory Transfer Rate Transfer rate for random-access memory Transfer rate for non-random-access memory = T N = T A + N/R where T N = average time to read or write N bits T A = average access time N = number of bits 1 cycle time R = transfer rate, in bits per second (bps) 14
14 Semiconductor RAM & ROM Magnetic Disk & Tape Optical CD & DVD Others Bubble Hologram Memory Physical Types 15
15 Memory Hierarchy Memory systems (a collection of various forms of memory) are constructed in a hierarchy Why? Rule of thumb: the faster the memory the higher the cost in terms of price, making it very expensive to make all the memory out of the fastest memory devices. Slower technologies are less expensive, making it more practical to make larger memories out of these devices Goal of a memory hierarchy Keep the data that is accessed most high up the hierarchy, so it can be accessed quickly Least used at the bottom of the hierarchy. 17
16 Cache memory relatively small semiconductor memory operating at a speed that matches the processor Main memory semiconductor random access memory Disk memory not random access but not volatile.
17 Type of Main Memory It s a relatively large and fast memory used to store programs and data during the computer operation. The principle technology used for the main memory is based on semiconductor integrated circuits Two main types Read Only Memory (ROM) contents are not lost (a.k.a. non-volatile memory) Random Access Memory (RAM) 22 contents of memory are lost if the machine is switched off (a.k.a. volatile memory)
18 ROM 23 Programmable ROM (PROM) Programmed after manufacture Once they are programmed, cannot be changed (One Time Programmable) Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM) can be erase by exposing to Ultraviolet (UV) radiation for a few minutes can be reprogrammed Electrically Erasable and Programmable ROM (EEPROM) Erase electrically not UV No need to take out the IC to erase Flash memory Erase whole memory electrically
19 Permanent storage Nonvolatile ROM Usage Microprogramming Library subroutines Systems programs (BIOS) Function tables 24 HP-35 ROMs. The array contains 2560 bits.
20 Dynamic RAM (DRAM) RAM 25 Commonly used as main memory Use capacitor to store data, 1- charged, 0 discharged Capacitor will lose its charge with time need to recharge (refresh) Static RAM (SRAM) Used for cache memory. Use flip-flop to store data no need refresh Compare to DRAM faster but more expensive, more complex and low capacity Non-volatile RAM (NVRAM) RAM that is not volatile use internal power source to keep data in RAM during power off
21 SRAM VERSUS DRAM Both static and dynamic RAMs are volatile Power must be continuously supplied to the memory to preserve the bit values. A dynamic memory cell is simpler and smaller than a static memory cell. Thus, a DRAM is more dense (smaller cells more cells per unit area) and less expensive than a corresponding SRAM. On the other hand, a DRAM requires the supporting refresh circuitry. For larger memories, the fixed cost of the refresh circuitry is more than compensated for by the smaller variable cost of DRAM cells. Thus, DRAMs tend to be favored for large memory requirements. A final point is that SRAMs are generally somewhat faster than DRAMs. Because of these relative characteristics, SRAM is used for cache memory (both on and off chip), and DRAM is used for main memory.
22 Semiconductor Memory Types
23 Main Memory Capacity Memory capacity = 34 Total no. of memory locations (words) X size of memory word Total no. of memory locations (words) =No. of memory blocks X size of memory word Memory locations/words can be grouped into block. Memory capacity usually measured in bits: Total no. of memory locations (words) size of memory word
24 Example 1: Main Memory Capacity 35 Main memory is divided into blocks. The memory word is 8 bit and the size of a block is 8 words. What is the capacity of the main memory, if the total number of blocks in the memory is 128? How many blocks in the main memory if the memory capacity is 32 Kbit?
25 Example 1: Main Memory Capacity The memory word is 8 bit and the size of a block is 8 words Memory capacity = Total no. of memory locations (words) X size of memory word = 1024 x 8 bit = 8192 bits = (8192/1024) Kbits = 8 Kbits Total no. of memory locations (words) = Total no. of memory blocks X size of memory word = 128 block x 8 word = Q1: What is the capacity of the main memory, if the total number of blocks in the memory is 128? 1Kbit = 1024 bit
26 Example 1: Main Memory Capacity The memory word is 8 bit and the size of a block is 8 words Memory capacity = Total no. of memory locations (words) X size of memory word 32Kbit = TML X 8 TML = 32Kbit / 8 = (32 x 1024)/8 = 4096 bits Total no. of memory locations (words) = Total no. of memory blocks X size of memory word 4096 bits = memory blocks x 8 Memory blocks = 4096/8 = 512 blocks 37 Q2: How many blocks in the main memory if the memory capacity is 32 Kbit TML = Total no. of memory locations
27 Example 2: Main Memory Capacity Main memory contains 8K blocks of 512 words each. Each word is 8 bit (1 byte). Total no. of memory locations (words) = Total no. of memory blocks X size of memory word = 8K x 512 word = 4096 Kwords Memory capacity = Total no. of memory locations (words) X size of memory word = 4096 K x 8 = Kbits = 32Mbit 39 Q: What is the capacity of the main memory? 1Kbit = 1024 bit 1Mbit = 1024 Kbit
28 Memory Interleaving 41 A single memory module causes sequential access (only one memory access performed at a time) not efficient Memory interleaving Splits memory across multiple memory modules (or banks) Can increase efficiency can issue memory requests to all banks at the same time. Access is more efficient when memory is organized into banks of chips with the addresses interleaved across the chips Low-order interleaving (LOI) the low order bits of the address are used to select the memory bank. High-order interleaving (HOI) the high order bits of the address are used to select the memory bank.
29 Memory Banks/Modules 42 Memory usually implemented in module/interleave (SIMM and DIMM) SIMM is single in-line memory module while DIMM is dual in-line memory module. A DIMM (dual in-line memory module) is a double SIMM.
30 Memory Interleaving Say we have a byte-addressable memory consisting of 8 modules/banks of 4 bytes each. To identify each memory unit This gives a total of = 4 * 8 = 32 bytes of memory. To identify each byte, we need 5 bits ( 2 5 = 32) 3 bits is used to determine 3 bits to the module there are 8 modules, so 2 3 determine module we need 5 bits ( 2 5 = 32) Given 8 modules we need 3 bits ( 2 3 = 8) Module capacity = (2 (5-3) = 2 2 = 4) 2 bits to determine offset 001 within the module module capacity = 2 2 = 4 2 bits to determine offset 00 3 bits to determine module 110
31 Memory Interleaving: HOI HOI distributes the addresses so that each module contain consecutive addresses The address = The address = The address = The address = Address 3, in binary (remember we need 5 bits) = High order bits the module So, address 3 is at module 0, offset 3 The address = The address = The address = The address = 11111
32 Memory Interleaving: LOI LOI places the consecutive address in different memory The modules. address = The address = The address = The address = Address 3, in binary (remember we need 5 bits) = So, address 3 is at module 3, offset 0 Low order bits the module The address = The address = The address = The address = 11111
33 Example 2 Given a memory capacity = 64 and a total main module of 4. Determine the module capacity 46 To identify each memory unit we need 6 bits ( 2 6 = 64) Where can addresses 25, 32 and 55 be found in HOI and LOI? Draw the HOI and LOI memory interleaving Given 4 modules we need 2 bits ( 2 2 = 4) Module capacity = (2 (6-2) = 2 4 = 16)
34 Example 2 Given a memory capacity = 64 and a total main module of 4. Determine the module capacity 47 Where can addresses 25, 32 and 55 be found in HOI and LOI? HOI: Address 25 (011001) module 1, offset 9 Address 32(100000) module 2, offset 0 Address 55 (110111) module 3, offset 7 LOI: Address 25 (011001) module 1, offset 6 Address 32(100000) module 0, offset 8 Address 55 (110111) module 3, offset 13 Draw the HOI and LOI memory interleaving
35 HOI Example 2 48 LOI Please remember that these are NOT CONTENT. These are the address (used by memory to get the content).
36 Example 3 Given a memory address as 29Ch (10 bits) and there are 4 memory banks/modules. Determine the memory bank/module address and the address of the word in the bank/module, for both HOI and LOI. Given the memory address of 10 bits, 29Ch represented as in binary 49 Given 4 modules we need 2 bits ( 2 2 = 4) Module capacity = (2 (10-2) )= 2 8 = 256 So 8 bits is used for this LOI HOI
37 Example 3 Given the memory address of 10 bits, 29Ch represented as in binary 50 Given 4 modules we need 2 bits ( 2 2 = 4) Module capacity = (2 (10-2) )= 2 8 = 256 So 8 bits is used for this LOI Memory bank/module address = 00 Address of the word in the bank/module = = A7h HOI Memory bank/module address = 10 Address of the word in the bank/module = = 9Ch
38 Example 4 A main memory has 32 Mwords. There are 16 memory banks (modules). Draw the modular memory address format if the system is implemented with HOI. To identify each 32M memory we need 25 bits ( 2 5 * 2 20 = 32M) Given 16 modules we need 4 bits ( 2 4 = 16) Module capacity = (2 (25-4) = 2 21 = 16) We will use 21 bits for offset 52 bank/module address word in the bank/module 4 bits 21 bits
39 Advantages & Disadvantages (LOI) Advantages It produces memory interference. LOI allows for concurrent access of data stored sequentially in memory 53 Disadvantages A failure of any single module would be catastrophic to the whole system.
40 Advantages of HOI Easy memory extension by the addition of one or more memory modules to a maximum of M-1. Provides better reliability, since a failed module affects only a localized area of the address space. This scheme would be used without conflict problems in multiprocessors if the modules are partitioned according to disjoint or noninterleaving processes ( programs should be disjoint for its success). 54
41 Disadvantages of HOI 55 Scheme will cause memory conflicts in case of pipelined, vector processors. The sequentiality of instructions and data to be placed in the same module. Since memory cycle time is much greater than pipelined clock time, a previous memory request would not have completed its access before the arrival of next request, thereby resulting in a delay. Process interacting and sharing instructions and data in multiprocessor system will encounter considerable conflicts. This technique is useful only in one single user system/ single user multitasking system.
42 Example 5 Given a 32K memory with 16 modules. Determine the module capacity To identify each 32K memory we need 15 bits ( 2 5 * 2 10 = 32K) Using HOI, determine the module and offset for the address Using LOI, determine Given the 16 modules and offset for the address we need 4 bits ( 2 4 = 16) Module capacity = (2 (15-4) = 2 11 = 2 1 * 2 10 = 2K)
43 Example 5 Given a 32K memory with 16 modules. Determine the module capacity Using HOI, determine the module and offset for the address Using LOI, determine the module and offset for the address HOI MODULE OFFSET MODULE 2, OFFSET 39
44 Example 5 Given a 32K memory with 16 modules. Determine the module capacity Using HOI, determine the module and offset for the address Using LOI, determine the module and offset for the address LOI OFFSET MODULE MODULE 7, OFFSET 258
45 Example 6 Requirement : 32 word of memory and module capacity of 4 words each. Each word contains 8 bits. Calculate the number of address bit for the memory To identify each 32 word memory we need 5 address bits ( 2 5 = 32) How many modules are needed? Given module capacity of 4 words we need 2 bits for offset ( 2 2 = 2) The number of bits needed to identify each module Total modules needed 2 (5-2) = 2 3 = 8 we need 8 modules
46 Example 6 For both HOI and LOI formats, draw and label the sequence of address for the first and last module. HOI LOI The size of this word is 8 bits. E.g. content is GGh, b
47 OR YOU CAN DRAW IT AS For both HOI and LOI formats, draw and label the sequence of address for the first and last module. Example 6 HOI LOI
Computer Organization
University of Pune S.E. I.T. Subject code: 214442 Computer Organization Part 20 : Memory Organization Basics UNIT IV Tushar B. Kute, Department of Information Technology, Sandip Institute of Technology
More informationComputer Organization
University of Pune S.E. I.T. Subject code: 214442 Computer Organization Part 20 : Memory Organization Basics UNIT IV Tushar B. Kute, Department of Information Technology, Sandip Institute of Technology
More informationOrganization. 5.1 Semiconductor Main Memory. William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture 6th Edition
William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture 6th Edition Chapter 5 Internal Memory 5.1 Semiconductor Main Memory 5.2 Error Correction 5.3 Advanced DRAM Organization 5.1 Semiconductor Main Memory
More informationMemory Overview. Overview - Memory Types 2/17/16. Curtis Nelson Walla Walla University
Memory Overview Curtis Nelson Walla Walla University Overview - Memory Types n n n Magnetic tape (used primarily for long term archive) Magnetic disk n Hard disk (File, Directory, Folder) n Floppy disks
More informationComputer Organization and Assembly Language (CS-506)
Computer Organization and Assembly Language (CS-506) Muhammad Zeeshan Haider Ali Lecturer ISP. Multan ali.zeeshan04@gmail.com https://zeeshanaliatisp.wordpress.com/ Lecture 2 Memory Organization and Structure
More informationInternal Memory. Computer Architecture. Outline. Memory Hierarchy. Semiconductor Memory Types. Copyright 2000 N. AYDIN. All rights reserved.
Computer Architecture Prof. Dr. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr nizamettinaydin@gmail.com Internal Memory http://www.yildiz.edu.tr/~naydin 1 2 Outline Semiconductor main memory Random Access Memory
More informationChapter 4 Main Memory
Chapter 4 Main Memory Course Outcome (CO) - CO2 Describe the architecture and organization of computer systems Program Outcome (PO) PO1 Apply knowledge of mathematics, science and engineering fundamentals
More informationWilliam Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture 6th Edition. Chapter 5 Internal Memory
William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture 6th Edition Chapter 5 Internal Memory Semiconductor Memory Types Semiconductor Memory RAM Misnamed as all semiconductor memory is random access
More informationChapter 5 Internal Memory
Chapter 5 Internal Memory Memory Type Category Erasure Write Mechanism Volatility Random-access memory (RAM) Read-write memory Electrically, byte-level Electrically Volatile Read-only memory (ROM) Read-only
More informationComputer Organization. 8th Edition. Chapter 5 Internal Memory
William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture 8th Edition Chapter 5 Internal Memory Semiconductor Memory Types Memory Type Category Erasure Write Mechanism Volatility Random-access memory (RAM)
More informationWilliam Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture 8th Edition. Chapter 5 Internal Memory
William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture 8th Edition Chapter 5 Internal Memory Semiconductor Memory The basic element of a semiconductor memory is the memory cell. Although a variety of
More informationCOMPUTER ARCHITECTURE AND ORGANIZATION
Memory System 1. Microcomputer Memory Memory is an essential component of the microcomputer system. It stores binary instructions and datum for the microcomputer. The memory is the place where the computer
More informationBasic Organization Memory Cell Operation. CSCI 4717 Computer Architecture. ROM Uses. Random Access Memory. Semiconductor Memory Types
CSCI 4717/5717 Computer Architecture Topic: Internal Memory Details Reading: Stallings, Sections 5.1 & 5.3 Basic Organization Memory Cell Operation Represent two stable/semi-stable states representing
More informationConcept of Memory. The memory of computer is broadly categories into two categories:
Concept of Memory We have already mentioned that digital computer works on stored programmed concept introduced by Von Neumann. We use memory to store the information, which includes both program and data.
More informationContents. Memory System Overview Cache Memory. Internal Memory. Virtual Memory. Memory Hierarchy. Registers In CPU Internal or Main memory
Memory Hierarchy Contents Memory System Overview Cache Memory Internal Memory External Memory Virtual Memory Memory Hierarchy Registers In CPU Internal or Main memory Cache RAM External memory Backing
More informationComputer & Microprocessor Architecture HCA103
Computer & Microprocessor Architecture HCA103 Cache Memory UTM-RHH Slide Set 4 1 Characteristics Location Capacity Unit of transfer Access method Performance Physical type Physical characteristics Organisation
More informationCS 265. Computer Architecture. Wei Lu, Ph.D., P.Eng.
CS 265 Computer Architecture Wei Lu, Ph.D., P.Eng. Part 4: Memory Organization Our goal: understand the basic types of memory in computer understand memory hierarchy and the general process to access memory
More informationMEMORY BHARAT SCHOOL OF BANKING- VELLORE
A memory is just like a human brain. It is used to store data and instructions. Computer memory is the storage space in computer where data is to be processed and instructions required for processing are
More informationMemory classification:- Topics covered:- types,organization and working
Memory classification:- Topics covered:- types,organization and working 1 Contents What is Memory? Cache Memory PC Memory Organisation Types 2 Memory what is it? Usually we consider this to be RAM, ROM
More informationCharacteristics. Microprocessor Design & Organisation HCA2102. Unit of Transfer. Location. Memory Hierarchy Diagram
Microprocessor Design & Organisation HCA2102 Cache Memory Characteristics Location Unit of transfer Access method Performance Physical type Physical Characteristics UTM-RHH Slide Set 5 2 Location Internal
More informationMemory Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.
1 Memory + 2 Location Internal (e.g. processor registers, cache, main memory) External (e.g. optical disks, magnetic disks, tapes) Capacity Number of words Number of bytes Unit of Transfer Word Block Access
More informationSemiconductor Memory Types Microprocessor Design & Organisation HCA2102
Semiconductor Memory Types Microprocessor Design & Organisation HCA2102 Internal & External Memory Semiconductor Memory RAM Misnamed as all semiconductor memory is random access Read/Write Volatile Temporary
More informationMemory memories memory
Memory Organization Memory Hierarchy Memory is used for storing programs and data that are required to perform a specific task. For CPU to operate at its maximum speed, it required an uninterrupted and
More informationSir Sadiq s computer notes for class IX. Chapter no 4. Storage Devices
17 Q: Define Computer memory or storage. Ans: Memory: Memory refers to the place where data is kept for later use. For example, a human being has a memory where he/she stores the things that can be recalled
More informationk -bit address bus n-bit data bus Control lines ( R W, MFC, etc.)
THE MEMORY SYSTEM SOME BASIC CONCEPTS Maximum size of the Main Memory byte-addressable CPU-Main Memory Connection, Processor MAR MDR k -bit address bus n-bit data bus Memory Up to 2 k addressable locations
More informationMicrocontroller Systems. ELET 3232 Topic 11: General Memory Interfacing
Microcontroller Systems ELET 3232 Topic 11: General Memory Interfacing 1 Objectives To become familiar with the concepts of memory expansion and the data and address bus To design embedded systems circuits
More informationSemiconductor Memories: RAMs and ROMs
Semiconductor Memories: RAMs and ROMs Lesson Objectives: In this lesson you will be introduced to: Different memory devices like, RAM, ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, etc. Different terms like: read, write,
More informationLecture Objectives. Introduction to Computing Chapter 0. Topics. Numbering Systems 04/09/2017
Lecture Objectives Introduction to Computing Chapter The AVR microcontroller and embedded systems using assembly and c Students should be able to: Convert between base and. Explain the difference between
More informationmachine cycle, the CPU: (a) Fetches an instruction, (b) Decodes the instruction, (c) Executes the instruction, and (d) Stores the result.
Central Processing Unit (CPU) A processor is also called the CPU, and it works hand in hand with other circuits known as main memory to carry out processing. The CPU is the "brain" of the computer; it
More informationUNIT-V MEMORY ORGANIZATION
UNIT-V MEMORY ORGANIZATION 1 The main memory of a computer is semiconductor memory.the main memory unit is basically consists of two kinds of memory: RAM (RWM):Random access memory; which is volatile in
More informationDIGITAL SYSTEM FUNDAMENTALS (ECE421) DIGITAL ELECTRONICS FUNDAMENTAL (ECE422)
COURSE / CODE DIGITAL SYSTEM FUNDAMENTALS (ECE421) DIGITAL ELECTRONICS FUNDAMENTAL (ECE422) Memory In computing, memory refers to the computer hardware devices used to store information for immediate use
More informationCharacteristics of Memory Location wrt Motherboard. CSCI 4717 Computer Architecture. Characteristics of Memory Capacity Addressable Units
CSCI 4717/5717 Computer Architecture Topic: Cache Memory Reading: Stallings, Chapter 4 Characteristics of Memory Location wrt Motherboard Inside CPU temporary memory or registers Motherboard main memory
More informationRISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer)
RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC), is a microprocessor CPU design philosophy that favors a smaller and simpler set of instructions that all take about the
More informationLecture-7 Characteristics of Memory: In the broad sense, a microcomputer memory system can be logically divided into three groups: 1) Processor
Lecture-7 Characteristics of Memory: In the broad sense, a microcomputer memory system can be logically divided into three groups: 1) Processor memory 2) Primary or main memory 3) Secondary memory Processor
More informationCREATED BY M BILAL & Arslan Ahmad Shaad Visit:
CREATED BY M BILAL & Arslan Ahmad Shaad Visit: www.techo786.wordpress.com Q1: Define microprocessor? Short Questions Chapter No 01 Fundamental Concepts Microprocessor is a program-controlled and semiconductor
More informationCOSC 243. Memory and Storage Systems. Lecture 10 Memory and Storage Systems. COSC 243 (Computer Architecture)
COSC 243 1 Overview This Lecture Source: Chapters 4, 5, and 6 (10 th edition) Next Lecture Control Unit and Microprogramming 2 Electromagnetic Induction Move a magnet through a coil to induce a current
More informationCOMP2121: Microprocessors and Interfacing. Introduction to Microprocessors
COMP2121: Microprocessors and Interfacing Introduction to Microprocessors http://www.cse.unsw.edu.au/~cs2121 Lecturer: Hui Wu Session 2, 2017 1 1 Contents Processor architectures Bus Memory hierarchy 2
More informationLarge and Fast: Exploiting Memory Hierarchy
CSE 431: Introduction to Operating Systems Large and Fast: Exploiting Memory Hierarchy Gojko Babić 10/5/018 Memory Hierarchy A computer system contains a hierarchy of storage devices with different costs,
More information8051 INTERFACING TO EXTERNAL MEMORY
8051 INTERFACING TO EXTERNAL MEMORY Memory Capacity The number of bits that a semiconductor memory chip can store Called chip capacity It can be in units of Kbits (kilobits), Mbits (megabits), and so on
More informationUnit 2. Chapter 4 Cache Memory
Unit 2 Chapter 4 Cache Memory Characteristics Location Capacity Unit of transfer Access method Performance Physical type Physical characteristics Organisation Location CPU Internal External Capacity Word
More informationAdvanced Parallel Architecture Lesson 4 bis. Annalisa Massini /2015
Advanced Parallel Architecture Lesson 4 bis Annalisa Massini - 2014/2015 Internal Memory RAM Many memory types are random access individual words of memory are directly accessed through wired-in addressing
More informationCS 320 February 2, 2018 Ch 5 Memory
CS 320 February 2, 2018 Ch 5 Memory Main memory often referred to as core by the older generation because core memory was a mainstay of computers until the advent of cheap semi-conductor memory in the
More informationMemory Study Material
Computer memory refers to the devices that are used to store data or programs on a temporary or permanent basis for use in a computer. Any data or instruction entered into the memory of a computer is considered
More informationMain Memory (RAM) Organisation
Main Memory (RAM) Organisation Computers employ many different types of memory (semi-conductor, magnetic disks, USB sticks, DVDs etc.) to hold data and programs. Each type has its own characteristics and
More informationWilliam Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture 8th Edition. Cache Memory
William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture 8th Edition Chapter 4 Cache Memory Characteristics Location Capacity Unit of transfer Access method Performance Physical type Physical characteristics
More informationOverview IN this chapter we will study. William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture 6th Edition
William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture 6th Edition Chapter 4 Cache Memory Overview IN this chapter we will study 4.1 COMPUTER MEMORY SYSTEM OVERVIEW 4.2 CACHE MEMORY PRINCIPLES 4.3 ELEMENTS
More informationCOMP3221: Microprocessors and. and Embedded Systems. Overview. Lecture 23: Memory Systems (I)
COMP3221: Microprocessors and Embedded Systems Lecture 23: Memory Systems (I) Overview Memory System Hierarchy RAM, ROM, EPROM, EEPROM and FLASH http://www.cse.unsw.edu.au/~cs3221 Lecturer: Hui Wu Session
More information(Advanced) Computer Organization & Architechture. Prof. Dr. Hasan Hüseyin BALIK (5 th Week)
+ (Advanced) Computer Organization & Architechture Prof. Dr. Hasan Hüseyin BALIK (5 th Week) + Outline 2. The computer system 2.1 A Top-Level View of Computer Function and Interconnection 2.2 Cache Memory
More informationMEMORY. Computer memory refers to the hardware device that are used to store and access data or programs on a temporary or permanent basis.
MEMORY Computer memory refers to the hardware device that are used to store and access data or programs on a temporary or permanent basis. There are TWO TYPE of nature of memory in a computer. Temporary/
More informationMEMORY. Objectives. L10 Memory
MEMORY Reading: Chapter 6, except cache implementation details (6.4.1-6.4.6) and segmentation (6.5.5) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/probability 2 Objectives Understand the concepts and terminology of hierarchical
More informationOverview. Memory Classification Read-Only Memory (ROM) Random Access Memory (RAM) Functional Behavior of RAM. Implementing Static RAM
Memories Overview Memory Classification Read-Only Memory (ROM) Types of ROM PROM, EPROM, E 2 PROM Flash ROMs (Compact Flash, Secure Digital, Memory Stick) Random Access Memory (RAM) Types of RAM Static
More informationMemory Hierarchy. Cache Memory. Virtual Memory
MEMORY ORGANIZATION Memory Hierarchy Main Memory Cache Memory Virtual Memory MEMORY HIERARCHY Memory Hierarchy Memory Hierarchy is to obtain the highest possible access speed while minimizing the total
More informationP-2 Digital Design & Applications
P-2 Digital Design & Applications Semiconductor Memory (Unit-V) By: A K Verma SOS in Electronics & Photonics Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur (C.G.) 1 What is Memory? In computing, memory refers
More informationLogic and Computer Design Fundamentals. Chapter 8 Memory Basics
Logic and Computer Design Fundamentals Memory Basics Overview Memory definitions Random Access Memory (RAM) Static RAM (SRAM) integrated circuits Arrays of SRAM integrated circuits Dynamic RAM (DRAM) Read
More informationContents. Main Memory Memory access time Memory cycle time. Types of Memory Unit RAM ROM
Memory Organization Contents Main Memory Memory access time Memory cycle time Types of Memory Unit RAM ROM Memory System Virtual Memory Cache Memory - Associative mapping Direct mapping Set-associative
More informationChapter 5. Internal Memory. Yonsei University
Chapter 5 Internal Memory Contents Main Memory Error Correction Advanced DRAM Organization 5-2 Memory Types Memory Type Category Erasure Write Mechanism Volatility Random-access memory(ram) Read-write
More informationLecture 13: Memory and Programmable Logic
Lecture 13: Memory and Programmable Logic Syed M. Mahmud, Ph.D ECE Department Wayne State University Aby K George, ECE Department, Wayne State University Contents Introduction Random Access Memory Memory
More informationAnother fundamental component of the computer is the main memory.
Another fundamental component of the computer is the main memory. The main memory of the computer is called random-access memory (abbreviated to RAM). According to the Von Neumann architecture, the RAM
More informationSemiconductor Memory Types. Computer & Microprocessor Architecture HCA103. Memory Cell Operation. Semiconductor Memory.
Semiconductor Memory Types Computer & Microprocessor Architecture HCA103 Internal & External Memory UTM-RHH Slide Set 5 1 UTM-RHH Slide Set 5 2 Semiconductor Memory RAM Misnamed as all semiconductor memory
More informationGrundlagen Microcontroller Memory. Günther Gridling Bettina Weiss
Grundlagen Microcontroller Memory Günther Gridling Bettina Weiss 1 Lecture Overview Memory Memory Types Address Space Allocation 2 Memory Requirements What do we want to store? program constants (e.g.
More informationDesign and Implementation of an AHB SRAM Memory Controller
Design and Implementation of an AHB SRAM Memory Controller 1 Module Overview Learn the basics of Computer Memory; Design and implement an AHB SRAM memory controller, which replaces the previous on-chip
More informationEmbedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction. Outline. Chapter 5 Memory. Introduction. Memory: basic concepts
Hardware/Software Introduction Chapter 5 Memory Outline Memory Write Ability and Storage Permanence Common Memory Types Composing Memory Memory Hierarchy and Cache Advanced RAM 1 2 Introduction Memory:
More informationEmbedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction. Chapter 5 Memory. Outline. Introduction
Hardware/Software Introduction Chapter 5 Memory 1 Outline Memory Write Ability and Storage Permanence Common Memory Types Composing Memory Memory Hierarchy and Cache Advanced RAM 2 Introduction Embedded
More information+ Random-Access Memory (RAM)
+ Memory Subsystem + Random-Access Memory (RAM) Key features RAM is traditionally packaged as a chip. Basic storage unit is normally a cell (one bit per cell). Multiple RAM chips form a memory. RAM comes
More informationChapter 6 Objectives
Chapter 6 Memory Chapter 6 Objectives Master the concepts of hierarchical memory organization. Understand how each level of memory contributes to system performance, and how the performance is measured.
More information5 Computer Organization
5 Computer Organization 5.1 Foundations of Computer Science ã Cengage Learning Objectives After studying this chapter, the student should be able to: q List the three subsystems of a computer. q Describe
More informationComputer Organization & Architecture M. A, El-dosuky
4.1-storage systems and technology Memory as a Linear Array Computer Organization & Architecture M. A, El-dosuky A byte-addressable memory with N bytes is the logical equivalent of a C++ array, declared
More informationUNIT:4 MEMORY ORGANIZATION
1 UNIT:4 MEMORY ORGANIZATION TOPICS TO BE COVERED. 4.1 Memory Hierarchy 4.2 Memory Classification 4.3 RAM,ROM,PROM,EPROM 4.4 Main Memory 4.5Auxiliary Memory 4.6 Associative Memory 4.7 Cache Memory 4.8
More informationAn Overview of the Computer System. Kafui A. Prebbie 24
An Overview of the Computer System Kafui A. Prebbie -kafui@kafui.com 24 The Parts of a Computer System What is a Computer? Hardware Software Data Users Kafui A. Prebbie -kafui@kafui.com 25 The Parts of
More informationLecture 18: Memory Systems. Spring 2018 Jason Tang
Lecture 18: Memory Systems Spring 2018 Jason Tang 1 Topics Memory hierarchy Memory operations Cache basics 2 Computer Organization Computer Processor Memory Devices Control Datapath Input Output So far,
More informationCOA. Prepared By: Dhaval R. Patel Page 1. Q.1 Define MBR.
Q.1 Define MBR. MBR( Memory buffer register) A Memory Buffer Register (MBR) is the register in a computers processor that stores the data being transferred to and from the devices It allowing the processor
More informationIntroduction to File Structures
1 Introduction to File Structures Introduction to File Organization Data processing from a computer science perspective: Storage of data Organization of data Access to data This will be built on your knowledge
More informationECEN 449 Microprocessor System Design. Memories. Texas A&M University
ECEN 449 Microprocessor System Design Memories 1 Objectives of this Lecture Unit Learn about different types of memories SRAM/DRAM/CAM Flash 2 SRAM Static Random Access Memory 3 SRAM Static Random Access
More informationMemory & Simple I/O Interfacing
Chapter 10 Memory & Simple I/O Interfacing Expected Outcomes Explain the importance of tri-state devices in microprocessor system Distinguish basic type of semiconductor memory and their applications Relate
More information1. Explain in detail memory classification.[summer-2016, Summer-2015]
1. Explain in detail memory classification.[summer-2016, Summer-2015] RAM The memory is a basic component of a microcomputer system. It stores binary instructions and data for the microprocessor. There
More informationCPEG300 Embedded System Design. Lecture 3 Memory
CPEG300 Embedded System Design Lecture 3 Memory Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Spring 2018 Review Von Neumann vs. Harvard architecture? System on Board, system on chip? Generic Hardware Architecture of
More informationUNIT V (PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC DEVICES)
UNIT V (PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC DEVICES) Introduction There are two types of memories that are used in digital systems: Random-access memory(ram): perform both the write and read operations. Read-only memory(rom):
More informationChapter One. Introduction to Computer System
Principles of Programming-I / 131101 Prepared by: Dr. Bahjat Qazzaz -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Chapter One Introduction to Computer System
More informationCHAPTER 6 Memory. CMPS375 Class Notes Page 1/ 16 by Kuo-pao Yang
CHAPTER 6 Memory 6.1 Memory 233 6.2 Types of Memory 233 6.3 The Memory Hierarchy 235 6.3.1 Locality of Reference 237 6.4 Cache Memory 237 6.4.1 Cache Mapping Schemes 239 6.4.2 Replacement Policies 247
More informationECE 485/585 Microprocessor System Design
Microprocessor System Design Lecture 4: Memory Hierarchy Memory Taxonomy SRAM Basics Memory Organization DRAM Basics Zeshan Chishti Electrical and Computer Engineering Dept Maseeh College of Engineering
More informationAnnouncement. Computer Architecture (CSC-3501) Lecture 20 (08 April 2008) Chapter 6 Objectives. 6.1 Introduction. 6.
Announcement Computer Architecture (CSC-350) Lecture 0 (08 April 008) Seung-Jong Park (Jay) http://www.csc.lsu.edu/~sjpark Chapter 6 Objectives 6. Introduction Master the concepts of hierarchical memory
More informationECE 341. Lecture # 16
ECE 341 Lecture # 16 Instructor: Zeshan Chishti zeshan@ece.pdx.edu November 24, 2014 Portland State University Lecture Topics The Memory System Basic Concepts Semiconductor RAM Memories Organization of
More informationMemory hierarchy and cache
Memory hierarchy and cache QUIZ EASY 1). What is used to design Cache? a). SRAM b). DRAM c). Blend of both d). None. 2). What is the Hierarchy of memory? a). Processor, Registers, Cache, Tape, Main memory,
More informationOverview. EE 4504 Computer Organization. Historically, the limiting factor in a computer s performance has been memory access time
Overview EE 4504 Computer Organization Section 3 Computer Memory Historically, the limiting factor in a computer s performance has been memory access time Memory speed has been slow compared to the speed
More informationLECTURE 10: Improving Memory Access: Direct and Spatial caches
EECS 318 CAD Computer Aided Design LECTURE 10: Improving Memory Access: Direct and Spatial caches Instructor: Francis G. Wolff wolff@eecs.cwru.edu Case Western Reserve University This presentation uses
More informationEECS 3201: Digital Logic Design Lecture 7. Ihab Amer, PhD, SMIEEE, P.Eng.
EECS 3201: Digital Logic Design Lecture 7 Ihab Amer, PhD, SMIEEE, P.Eng. 2x2 binary multiplier 2 4x4 Array Multiplier 3 Multiplexer (MUX) 4 MUX Implementations 5 Wider MUXes 6 Logic with MUXes 7 Reducing
More informationCOSC 6385 Computer Architecture - Memory Hierarchies (III)
COSC 6385 Computer Architecture - Memory Hierarchies (III) Edgar Gabriel Spring 2014 Memory Technology Performance metrics Latency problems handled through caches Bandwidth main concern for main memory
More informationInternal Memory Cache Stallings: Ch 4, Ch 5 Key Characteristics Locality Cache Main Memory
Lecture 3 Internal Memory Cache Stallings: Ch 4, Ch 5 Key Characteristics Locality Cache Main Memory Key Characterics of Memories / Storage (Sta06 Table 4.1) 26.1.2010 2 Goals I want my memory lightning
More informationChapter 6 Objectives
Chapter 6 Memory Chapter 6 Objectives Basic memory concepts, such as RAM and the various memory devices Master the concepts of hierarchical memory organization. Understand how each level of memory contributes
More informationPDF created with pdffactory Pro trial version How Computer Memory Works by Jeff Tyson. Introduction to How Computer Memory Works
Main > Computer > Hardware How Computer Memory Works by Jeff Tyson Introduction to How Computer Memory Works When you think about it, it's amazing how many different types of electronic memory you encounter
More informationChapter 7: Processor and Memory
Slide 1/27 Learning Objectives In this chapter you will learn about: Internal structure of processor Memory structure Determining the speed of a processor Different types of processors available Determining
More informationUMBC. Select. Read. Write. Output/Input-output connection. 1 (Feb. 25, 2002) Four commonly used memories: Address connection ... Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
Memory Types Two basic types: ROM: Read-only memory RAM: Read-Write memory Four commonly used memories: ROM Flash (EEPROM) Static RAM (SRAM) Dynamic RAM (DRAM) Generic pin configuration: Address connection
More information1.1 Bits and Bit Patterns. Boolean Operations. Figure 2.1 CPU and main memory connected via a bus. CS11102 Introduction to Computer Science
1.1 Bits and Bit Patterns CS11102 Introduction to Computer Science Data Storage 1.1 Bits and Their Storage 1.2 Main Memory 1.3 Mass Storage 1.4 Representation of information as bit patterns Bit: Binary
More informationComputer Organization
INF 101 Fundamental Information Technology Computer Organization Assistant Prof. Dr. Turgay ĐBRĐKÇĐ Course slides are adapted from slides provided by Addison-Wesley Computing Fundamentals of Information
More informationPRATHYUSHA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
PRATHYUSHA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Staff Name: Prof. S. Athinarayanan UNIT IV PART A Branch: ECE / V Sem 1. Define Memory Access Time and Memory Cycle
More informationMemories. Design of Digital Circuits 2017 Srdjan Capkun Onur Mutlu.
Memories Design of Digital Circuits 2017 Srdjan Capkun Onur Mutlu http://www.syssec.ethz.ch/education/digitaltechnik_17 Adapted from Digital Design and Computer Architecture, David Money Harris & Sarah
More informationThe Central Processing Unit
The Central Processing Unit All computers derive from the same basic design, usually referred to as the von Neumann architecture. This concept involves solving a problem by defining a sequence of commands
More informationEE414 Embedded Systems Ch 5. Memory Part 2/2
EE414 Embedded Systems Ch 5. Memory Part 2/2 Byung Kook Kim School of Electrical Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Overview 6.1 introduction 6.2 Memory Write Ability and Storage
More informationBCN1043. By Dr. Mritha Ramalingam. Faculty of Computer Systems & Software Engineering
BCN1043 By Dr. Mritha Ramalingam Faculty of Computer Systems & Software Engineering mritha@ump.edu.my http://ocw.ump.edu.my/ authors Dr. Mohd Nizam Mohmad Kahar (mnizam@ump.edu.my) Jamaludin Sallim (jamal@ump.edu.my)
More informationBasic Computer Architecture
Basic Computer Architecture Some of slides are referred to: [1] Basic Computer Architecture, slideshare. Yong Heui Cho @ Mokwon University Basic Computer Design 1. History of Computers 2. Introduction
More information