WCDMA FOR UMTS. HSPA Evolution and LTE. )WILEY A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Publication. Fifth Edition. Edited by Harri Holma and Antti Toskala

Transcription

1 WCDMA FOR UMTS HSPA Evolution and LTE Fifth Edition Edited by Harri Holma and Antti Toskala Nokia Siemens Networks, Finland )WILEY A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Publication

2 Contents Preface Acknowledgements Abbreviations xvii xix xxi 1 Introduction 1 Harri Holma and Antti Toskala 1.1 WCDMA Early Phase HSPA Introduction and Data Growth HSPA Deployments Globally HSPA Evolution HSPA Network Product HSPA Future Outlook 7 References 8 2 UMTS Services 9 Harri Holma, Martin Kristensson, Jouni Salonen, Antti Toskala and Tommi Uitto 2.1 Introduction Voice Narrowband AMR and Wideband AMR Voice Services Circuit-Switched over HSPA Push-to-Talk over Cellular (PoC) Voice-over IP Key Performance Indicators for Voice Video Telephony Multimedia Architecture for Circuit Switched Connections Video Codec Messaging Short Messaging Service (SMS) Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) Voice Mail and Audio Messaging Instant Messaging Mobile Browsing Application and Content Downloading Streaming Gaming 26

3 vi Contents 2.10 Mobile Broadband for Laptop and Netbook Connectivity End-to-End Security Impact of Latency on Application Performance Social Networking Mobile TV Location-Based Services Cell Coverage-Based Location Calculation Assisted GPS (A-GPS) Machine-to-Machine Communications Quality of Service (QoS) Differentiation Maximum Air Interface Capacity Terminals Tariff Schemes 45 References 45 3 Introduction to WCDMA 47 Peter Muszynski and Harri Holma 3.1 Introduction Summary of the Main Parameters in WCDMA Spreading and Despreading Multipara Radio Channels and Rake Reception Power Control Softer and Soft Handovers 57 References 59 4 Background and Standardization of WCDMA 61 Antti Toskala 4.1 Introduction Background in Europe Wideband CDMA Wideband TDMA Wideband TDMA/CDMA OFDMA ODMA ETSI Selection Background in Japan Background in Korea Background in the United States W-CDMA N/A UWC cdma TR WP-CDMA Creation of 3GPP How Does 3GPP Operate? Creation of 3GPP Harmonization Phase IMT-2000 Process in ITU Beyond 3GPP Release 99 WCDMA Industry Convergence with LTE and LTE-Advanced 72 References

4 Contents Vll 5 Radio Access Network Architecture 75 Fabio Longoni, Atte Länsisalmi and Antti Toskala 5.1 Introduction UTRAN Architecture The Radio Network Controller (RNC) The Node В (Base Station) General Protocol Model for UTRAN Terrestrial Interfaces General Horizontal Layers Vertical Planes Iu, the UTRAN-CN Interface Protocol Structure for Iu CS Protocol Structure for Iu PS RANAP Protocol Iu User Plane Protocol Protocol Structure oflu ВС, and the Service Area Broadcast Protocol UTRAN Internal Interfaces RNC-RNC Interface (Iur Interface) and the RNSAP Signaling RNC-Node В Interface and the NBAP Signaling UTRAN Enhancements and Evolution IP Transport in UTRAN Iu Flex Stand-Alone SMLC and Iupc Interface Interworking between GERAN and UTRAN, and the lur-g Interface IP-Based RAN Architecture UMTS CN Architecture and Evolution / Release 99 CN Elements Release 5 CN and IP Multimedia Subsystem 94 References 95 6 Physical Layer 97 Antti Toskala 6.1 Introduction Transport Channels and Their Mapping to the Physical Channels Dedicated Transport Channel Common Transport Channels Mapping of Transport Channels onto the Physical Channels Frame Structure of Transport Channels Spreading and Modulation Scrambling Channelization Codes Uplink Spreading and Modulation Downlink Spreading and Modulation Transmitter Characteristics User Data Transmission Uplink Dedicated Channel Uplink Multiplexing User Data Transmission with the Random Access Channel Uplink Common Packet Channel Downlink Dedicated Channel Downlink Multiplexing 117

5 viii Contents Downlink Shared Channel Forward Access Channel for User Data Transmission Channel Coding for User Data Coding for TFCI Information Signaling Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) Synchronization Channel (SCH) Primary Common Control Physical Channel (Primary CCPCH) Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (Secondary CCPCH) Random Access Channel (RACH) for Signaling Transmission Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH) Paging Indicator Channel (PICH) Physical Layer Procedures Fast Closed-Loop Power Control Procedure Open-Loop Power Control Paging Procedure RACH Procedure Cell Search Procedure Transmit Diversity Procedure Handover Measurements Procedure Compressed Mode Measurement Procedure Other Measurements Operation with Adaptive Antennas Site Selection Diversity Transmission, Terminal Radio Access Capabilities Conclusion 138 References Radio Interface Protocols 141 Jukka Vialin and Antti Toskala 7.1 Introduction Protocol Architecture The Medium Access Control Protocol MAC Layer Architecture MAC Functions Logical Channels Mapping between Logical Channels and Transport Channels Example Data Flow Through the MAC Layer The Radio Link Control Protocol RLC Layer Architecture RLC Functions Example Data Flow Through the RLC Layer The Packet Data Convergence Protocol PDCP Layer Architecture PDCP Functions The Broadcast/Multicast Control Protocol BMC Layer Architecture BMC Functions Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service The Radio Resource Control Protocol 153

6 Contents ix RRC Layer Logical Architecture RRC Service States RRC Functions and Signaling Procedures Early UE Handling Principles Improvements for Call Set-up Time Reduction 170 References Radio Network Planning 173 Harri Holma, Zhi-Chun Honkasalo, Seppo Hämalainen, Jaana Laiho, Kari Sipilä and Achim Wacker 8.1 Introduction Dimensioning Radio Link Budgets Load Factors Capacity Upgrade Paths Capacity per km Soft Capacity Network Sharing Capacity and Coverage Planning and Optimization Iterative Capacity and Coverage Prediction Planning Tool Case Study Network Optimization GSM Co-planning Inter-Operator Interference Introduction Uplink Versus Downlink Effects Local Downlink Interference Average Downlink Interference Path Loss Measurements Solutions to Avoid Adjacent Channel Interference WCDMA Frequency Variants UMTS Refarming to GSM Band Coverage of UMTS Interference between GSM and UMTS v Remaining GSM Voice Capacity Shared Site Solutions with GSM and UMTS Interworking of UMTS900 and UMTS References Radio Resource Management 219 Harri Holma, Klaus Pedersen, Jussi Reunanen, Janne Laakso and Oscar Salonaho 9.1 Introduction Power Control Fast Power Control Outer Loop Power Control Handovers Intra-Frequency Handovers Inter-System Handovers between WCDMA and GSM 241

7 X Contents Inter-Frequency Handovers within WCDMA Summary of Handovers Measurement of Air Interface Load Uplink Load Downlink Load Admission Control Admission Control Principle Wideband Power-Based Admission Control Strategy Throughput-Based Admission Control Strategy Load Control (Congestion Control) 252 References Packet Scheduling 255 Jeroen Wigard, Harri Holma, Renaud Сипу, Nina Madsen, Frank Frederiksen and Martin Kristensson 10.1 Introduction Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Round Trip Time User-Specific Packet Scheduling Common Channels (RACH/FACH) Dedicated Channel (DCH) Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH) Uplink Common Packet Channel (CPCH) Selection of Transport Channel Paging Channel States Cell-Specific Packet Scheduling Priorities Scheduling Algorithms 21A Packet Scheduler in Soft Handover Packet Data System Performance Link Level Performance System Level Performance Packet Data Application Performance Introduction to Application Performance Person-to-Per son Applications Content-to-Person Applications Business Connectivity Conclusions on Application Performance 289 References Physical Layer Performance 293 Harri Holma, Jussi Reunanen, Leo Chan, Preben Mogensen, Klaus Pedersen, Kari Horneman, Jaakko Vihriälä and Markku Juntti 11.1 Introduction Cell Coverage Uplink Coverage Downlink Coverage Downlink Cell Capacity Downlink Orthogonal Codes 305

8 Contents Downlink Transmit Diversity Downlink Voice Capacity Capacity Trials Single Cell Capacity Trials Multicell Capacity Trials Summary GPP Performance Requirements E b /No Performance RF Noise Figure Performance Enhancements Smart Antenna Solutions Multiuser Detection 340 References High-Speed Downlink Packet Access 353 Antti Toskala, Harri Holma, Troels Kolding, Preben Mogensen, Klaus Pedersen and Jussi Reunanen 12.1 Introduction Release 99 WCDMA Downlink Packet Data Capabilities The HSDPA Concept HSDPA Impact on Radio Access Network Architecture Release 4 HSDPA Feasibility Study Phase HSDPA Physical Layer Structure High-Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH) High-Speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH) Uplink High-Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel (HS-DPCCH) HSDPA Physical Layer Operation Procedure HSDPA Terminal Capability and Achievable Data Rates Mobility with HSDPA Measurement Event for Best Serving HS-DSCH Cell Intra-Node В HS-DSCH to HS-DSCH Handover Inter-Node-Node В HS-DSCH to HS-DSCH Handover HS-DSCH to DCH Handover HSDPA Performance 370 ; Factors Governing Performance Spectral Efficiency, Code Efficiency and Dynamic Range User Scheduling, Cell Throughput and Coverage HSDPA Network Performance with Mixed Non-HSDPA and HSDPA Terminals HSPA Link Budget HSDPA Iub Dimensioning HSPA Round Trip Time Terminal Receiver Aspects Evolution in Release Conclusion 388 References High-Speed Uplink Packet Access 391 Antti Toskala, Harri Holma and Karri Ranta-aho 13.1 Introduction Release 99 WCDMA Downlink Packet Data Capabilities 391

9 xü Contents 13.3 The HSUPA Concept HSUPA Impact on Radio Access Network Architecture HSUPA Iub Operation HSUPA Feasibility Study Phase HSUPA Physical Layer Structure E-DCH and Related Control Channels E-DPDCH E-DPCCH E-HICH E-RGCH E-AGCH HSUPA Physical Layer Operation Procedure HSUPA and HSDPA Simultaneous Operation HSUPA Terminal Capability HSUPA Performance Increased Data Rates Physical Layer Retransmission Combining Node B-Based Scheduling HSUPA Link Budget Impact Delay and QoS Overall Capacity Conclusion 408 References Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS) 409 Harri Holma, Martin Kristensson and Jorma Kaikkonen 14.1 Introduction MBMS Impact on Network Architecture High Level MBMS Procedures MBMS Radio Interface Channel Structure Logical Channels Transport Channels Physical Channels Point-to-Point and Point-to-Multipoint Connections Example Radio Interface Procedure during MBMS Session Start MBMS Terminal Capability Selective Combining and Soft Combining MBMS Performance GPP Performance Requirements Simulated MBMS Cell Capacity Iub Transport Capacity MBMS Deployment and Use Cases Benchmarking of MBMS with DVB-H GPP MBMS Evolution in Release Why Did MBMS Fail? Integrated Mobile Broadcast (1MB) in Release Conclusion 428 References 429

10 xiii 15 HSPA Evolution 431 Harri Holma, Karri Ranta-aho and Antti Toskala 15.1 Introduction Discontinuous Transmission and Reception (DTX/DRX) Circuit Switched Voice on HSPA Enhanced EACH and Enhanced RACH Latency, Fast Dormancy Downlink 64QAM Downlink MIMO Transmit Diversity (TxAA) Uplink 16QAM UE Categories Layer 2 Optimization Architecture Evolution Conclusion 452 References HSPA Multicarrier Evolution 455 Harri Holma, Karri Ranta-aho and Antti Toskala 16.1 Introduction Dual Cell HSDPA in Release Dual Cell HSUPA in Release Dual Cell HSDPA with MIMO in Release Dual Band HSDPA in Release Three and Four Carrier HSDPA in Release UE Categories Conclusion 465 References UTRAN Long-Term Evolution 467 Antti Toskala and Harri Holma 17.1 Introduction Multiple Access and Architecture Decisions LTE Impact on Network Architecture LTE Multiple Access OFDMA Principles SC-FDMA Principles LTE Physical Layer Design and Parameters LTE Physical Layer Procedures Random Access Data Reception and Transmission CQI Procedure Downlink Transmission Modes Uplink Transmission Modes LTE Physical Layer Compared to WCDMA LTE Protocols 483

11 xiv Contents 17.8 Performance Peak Bit Rates Spectral Efficiency Link Budget and Coverage LTE Device Categories LTE-Advanced Outlook Conclusion 494 References TD-SCDMA 495 Antti Toskala and Harri Holma 18.1 Introduction TDD Differences in the Network-Level Architecture TD-SCDMA Physical Layer Transport and Physical Channels Modulation and Spreading Physical Channel Structures, Slot and Frame Format TD-SCDMA Data Rates TD-SCDMA Physical Layer Procedures Power Control TD-SCDMA Receiver Uplink Synchronization Dynamic Channel Allocation Summary of the TD-SCDMA Physical Layer Operation TD-SCDMA Interference and Co-existence Considerations TDD-TDD Interference TDD and FDD Co-existence Conclusions on TDD and TD-SCDMA Interference Conclusion and Future Outlook on TD-SCDMA 512 References Home Node В and Femtocells 515 Troels Kolding, Hanns-Jürgen Schwarzbauer, Johanna Pekonen, Karol Drazynski, Jacek Gora, Maciej Pakulski, Patryk Pisowacki, Harri Holma and Antti Toskala 19.1 Introduction Home Node В Specification Work Technical Challenges of Uncoordinated Mass Deployment Home Node В Architecture Home Node В Protocols and Procedures for Network Interfaces Femtocell Indication on a Terminal Display Closed Subscriber Group Closed Subscriber Group Management Closed Subscriber Group Access Control Home Node B-Related Mobility Idle Mode Mobility Outbound Relocations Inbound Relocations Relocations between HNB Cells Paging Optimization 527

12 Contents XV Home Node B to Macro Handover Macro to Home Node В Handover Home Node В Cell Identification Ambiguity Summary of Home Node B-Related Mobility Home Node В Deployment and Interference Mitigation Home Node В Radio Frequency Aspects Recommended 3G Home Node В Measurements Home Node В Interference Considerations Adaptive Control of Home Node В Transmit Powers Femtocell Interference Simulations Network Planning Aspects Summary of Home Node В Frequency Usage Home Node В Evolution Conclusion 545 References Terminal RF and Baseband Design Challenges 547 Laurent Noel, Dominique Brunei, Antti Toskala and Harri Holma 20.1 Introduction Transmitter Chain System Design Challenges The Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio/Power Consumption Trade-Off Phase Discontinuity Receiver Chain Design Challenges UE Reference Sensitivity System Requirements Inter-Operator Interference Impact ofrf Impairments on HSDPA System Performance Improving Talk-Time with DTX/DRX Talk-Time Benchmark of Recent WCDMA Handsets Trend in RF-IC Power Consumption and Model Power Amplifier Control Schemes and Power Consumption Model UE Power Consumption Models Talk-Time Improvements in Circuit Switched Voice over HSPA with DTX/DRX Multi-Mode/Band Challenges From Mono-Mode/Mono-Band to Multi-Mode/Multi-Band and Diversity New Requirements Due to Co-existence Front End Integration Strategies and Design Trends Impact on Today's Architectures Conclusion 590 References 590 Index 593