Internet of Things and Enabling Technologies

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1 Internet of Things and Enabling Technologies Sunita Suralkar Computer Engineering Department Vivekanand Education Society s Institute of Technology Mumbai, India Abstract Internet is a global computer network providing a variety of information and communication facilities, consisting of interconnected networks using standardized communication protocols. It is a living entity, always changing and evolving. Broadband connectivity is becoming cheap and ubiquitous; devices are becoming more powerful and smaller with a variety of on-board sensors. The rapid increase in connecting more devices is leading to a new paradigm: the Internet of Things. IoT can be defined as things belonging to the Internet to supply and access all of real-world information. Billions of devices are expected to be associated into the system and that shall require huge distribution of networks as well as the process of transforming raw data into meaningful inferences. The Internet of Things offers great potential for organizations and societies. A connected world where billions, or even trillions, of devices are connected to the Internet and communicating with each other. Keywords Internet of Things; RFID, I. INTRODUCTION Internet of Things (IoT) is seen as billions of smart, connected "things" ("intelligent" devices) to the Internet or network of networks. Things, in the IoT, can refer to a wide variety of devices such as heart monitoring implants, biochip transponders on farm animals, intelligent shopping systems, automobiles with built-in sensors, or field operation devices that assist fire-fighters in search and rescue. These devices collect useful data with the help of various existing technologies and then autonomously flow the data between other devices. Rupali Hande Computer Engineering Department Vivekanand Education Society s Institute of Technology Mumbai, India Besides the plethora of new application areas for Internet connected automation to expand into, IoT is also expected to generate large amounts of data from diverse locations that is aggregated very quickly, thereby increasing the need to better index, store and process such data. The IoT describes a vision where objects become part of the Internet: where every object is uniquely identified, and accessible to the network, its position and status known, where services and intelligence are added to this expanded Internet, fusing the digital and physical world, ultimately impacting on our professional, personal and social environments. The IoT is a scenario in which objects, animals or people are provided with unique identifiers and the capability to transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer communication. IoT has evolved from the convergence of wireless technologies, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and the Internet. The Internet started as the Internet of Computers, a global network with services such as the World Wide Web built on top of the original platform. Over the last number of years the Internet has changed into an Internet of People creating concepts such as the Social Web (or Web 2.0), where content is created and consumed by connected people (an estimated 1 billion people make up the Internet of People). This trend is also evidenced by the exponential growth of social networking services. Recent milestones such as Facebook achieving 500 million subscribers and Hotmail.com counting more than 300 million active accounts, together with the explosive growth of mobile Internet access and applications, illustrate that the Internet has matured significantly away from an Internet (work) of computers

2 The definition of things in the IoT vision is very wide and includes a variety of physical elements. These include personal objects we carry around such as smart phones, tablets and digital cameras. It also includes elements in our environments (be it home, vehicle or work) as well as things fitted with tags (RFID or other) which become connected via a gateway device (e.g. a smart phone). Based on the above view of things an enormous number of devices and things will be connected to the Internet, each providing data and information and some even services. Figure 1: IoT as network of networks. (Source: Cisco IBSG April 2011) The Internet is not only a network of computers, but it has evolved into a network of devices of all types and sizes, vehicles, smartphones, home appliances, toys, cameras, medical instruments and industrial systems, all connected, all communicating and sharing information all the time as presented in Figure 2. II. NEED The IoT vision enhances connectivity from anytime, any-place for any-one into any-time, anyplace for any-thing. Once these things are plugged into the network, more and more smart processes and services are possible which can support our economies, environment and health. The primary value that IoT creates is a direct result of the data that can be captured from connected things and the resulting insights that drive business and operational transformation. In 2003, there were approximately 6.3 billion people living on the planet and 500 million devices connected to the Internet. By dividing the number of connected devices by the world population, we find that there was less than one (0.08) device for every person. Based on Cisco IBSG s definition, IoT didn t yet exist in 2003 because the number of connected things was relatively small given that ubiquitous devices such as smart phones were just being introduced. [2] Explosive growth of smartphones and tablet PCs brought the number of devices connected to the Internet to 12.5 billion in 2010, while the world s human population increased to 6.8 billion, making the number of connected devices per person more than 1 (1.84 to be exact) for the first time in history.[2] III. ARCHITECHURE IoT architecture can be represented by four categories of interconnected systems: things, gateways, network and cloud, and services-creation and solutions layers, as depicted in figure 3. Things: Today there are billions of things found in commercial and industrial setting, in the home, and in the hands of mobile users. Already, cars, device sensors, wearables and mobile phones are connecting directly through broadband wireless networks and accessing the internet. An IoT solution requires things to either be intelligent so they can filter and manage data locally, or connect to gateways that provide this functionality. Figure 2: Internet of Everything (Source: Cisco) 881

3 Figure 3: IoT Solutions join together a wide variety of systems (Source: Intel White Paper on Internet of Things) Examples: Mobile: smart phones, tablets, GPS systems, wearables Home: security alarms, energy consumption monitors, lighting switches, thermostats Industrial: smart buildings, factory automation, energy grids, fleets Similarly, networked things with sensors become smaller, weaving themselves into our daily lives, while sensor and actuator networks act on the local environment, communicating status and events to a higher level service. Smart things sense activity and status, linking it to the IoT. Middleware and frameworks enabling application and service development which utilize data as received from (or about) things, most often living in the cloud provide the capability to add intelligence resulting in better services, which ultimately impact on the environment. It is projected that almost everything will be connected to the network, even individual objects will be tracked, its condition and location communicated in real time to a higher level service. Gateways: A major barrier to realizing the full promise of IoT is that around 85 percent of existing things were not designed to connect to the internet and cannot share data with the cloud. Addressing this issue, gateways for mobile, home, and industrial act as intermediaries between legacy things and the cloud, providing the needed connectivity, security and manageability. Network and cloud: Network Infrastructure: The internet is a global system of interconnected IP networks that link computer systems together. This network infrastructure, comprising routers, aggregators, gateways repeaters and other devices that control data traffic flow, also connects to telecom and cable networks(e.g. 3G,4G/LTE) operated by service providers. Figure 4 provides a view of the IoT ecosystem. Things could be tagged, and through scanners, identified, and the relevant location information could be communicated. Figure 3: General architecture for IoT In this context, it is important to note the envisioned scale of the IoT. Billions of things are network connected, each one providing data, many of them with the ability to act and influence their environment. Once these masses of data are intelligently processed, smarter services enhancing decision making and action could be created. The technologies that enable this evolution from the Internet as we know it today towards an Internet of Things exist already, some in less than optimized form, but nonetheless, the basis has been created. While continuous technical innovation in the IoT space is a given, the key drivers for the sensible evolution toward the IoT are the applications

4 IV. ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES The development of enabling technologies such as nanoelectronics, communications, sensors, smart phones, embedded systems, cloud networking, network virtualization and software is crucial to provide things the capability to be connected all the time everywhere. IoT devices are independent and distributed, connected directly and require multiple protocols. Communications between these devices involve networking and addressing. Example: Raspberry Pi, Arduino, ZigBee, Home Hubs & Gateways, NFC, Bluetooth etc. An IoT device is an electronic device, generally connected to other devices or networks via different wireless protocols such as Bluetooth, NFC, WiFi, 3G, etc., that can operate to some extent interactively and autonomously. IoT devices are purchased through different channels having different versions. They need device identification and management. The various protocols that can be used for IoT are: TCP, UDP, HTTP/HTTPS & WebSockets (and RESTful approaches on those), Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), MQTT, etc. Integration with the Internet implies that devices will utilize an IP address as a unique identifier. Objects in the IoT will not only be devices with sensory capabilities, but also provide actuation capabilities (e.g., bulbs or locks controlled over the Internet). To a large extent, the future of the Internet of Things will not be possible without the support of IPv6; and consequently the global adoption of IPv6 in the coming years will be critical for the successful development of the IoT in the future. Data management is a crucial aspect in the Internet of Things. When considering a world of objects interconnected and constantly exchanging all types of information, the volume of the generated data and the processes involved in the handling of those data become critical. There are many technologies and factors involved in the data management within the IoT context. Data Collection and Analysis capabilities are the essential components of any IoT platform or system, and they are constantly evolving in order to support more features and provide more capacity to external components. Big data is about the processing and analysis of large data repositories, so disproportionately large that it is impossible to treat them with the conventional tools of analytical databases. Big data requires exceptional technologies to efficiently process large quantities of data within a tolerable amount of time. Technologies being applied to big data include massively parallel processing (MPP) databases, data-mining grids, distributed file systems, distributed databases, cloud platforms, the Internet, and scalable storage systems. These technologies are linked with many aspects derived from the analysis of natural phenomena such as climate and seismic data to environments such as health, safety or, of course, the business environment. Companies focused on the big data topic, such as Google, Yahoo!, Facebook or some specialised startups, currently do not use Oracle tools to process their big data repositories, and they opt instead for an approach based on distributed, cloud and open source systems. An extremely popular example is Hadoop, an Open Source framework in this field that allows applications to work with huge repositories of data and thousands of nodes. These have been inspired by Google tools such as the MapReduce and Google File system, or NoSQL systems, which in many cases do not comply with the ACID (atomicity, consistency, isolation, durability) characteristics of conventional databases. In future, it is expected a huge increase in adoption, and many, many questions that must be addressed. Among the imminent research targets in this field are: Privacy. Big data systems must avoid any suggestion that users and citizens in general perceive that their privacy is being invaded. Integration of both relational and NoSQL systems. More efficient indexing, search and processing algorithms, allowing the extraction of results in reduced time and, ideally, near to real time scenarios. Optimized storage of data. Given the amount of information that the new IoT world may generate, it is essential to avoid that the storage requirements and costs increase exponentially

5 The information collected from the physical world in combination with the existing resources and services on the Web facilitate enhanced methods to obtain business intelligence, enabling the construction of new types of front-end application and services which could revolutionise the way organizations and people use Internet services and applications in their daily activities. As the IoT becomes a key element of the Future Internet and a critical national/international infrastructure, the need to provide adequate security for the IoT infrastructure becomes ever more important. Large-scale applications and services based on the IoT are increasingly vulnerable to disruption from attack or information theft. Advances are required in several areas to make the IoT secure from those with malicious intent. V. DISCUSSION IoT products can be classified broadly into five different categories: smart wearable, smart home, smart city, smart environment, and smart enterprise. The IoT products and solutions in each of these markets have different characteristics. A. Smart Wearables Make it Wearable challenge recently issued by Intel. This challenge will reward both visionaries and builders who conceive of or construct wearable applications that can shift personal computing into new innovative directions. Wearable devices are now at the heart of just about every discussion related to the Internet of Things (IoT), and the full range of new capabilities pervasive connectivity can bring. Some of the first functions that wearable devices are already delivering are related to identification and security. Health- and fitness-oriented wearable devices that offer biometric measurements such as heart rate, perspiration levels, and even complex measurements like oxygen levels in the bloodstream are also becoming available. Technology advancements may even allow alcohol levels or other similar measurements to be made via a wearable device. B. Smart Home Headings, or heads, are organizational devices that guide the reader through your paper. There are two types: component heads and text heads. Home automation systems include the following types of devices. Sensors to measure or detect things like temperature, humidity, daylight or motion. Controllers such as a PC or a dedicated home automation controller, Actuators such as motorized valves, light switches and motors. Buses for communication that can be wired or wireless. Interfaces for human-machine and/or machine-tomachine interaction. One or more human-machine and/or machine-tomachine interface devices are required, so that the residents of the home can interact with the system for monitoring and control; this may be a specialized terminal or, increasingly, may be an application running on a smart phone or tablet computer. Devices may communicate over dedicated wiring, or over a wired network, or wirelessly using one or more protocols. Building automation networks developed for institutional or commercial buildings may be adapted to control in individual residences. A centralized controller can be used, or multiple intelligent devices can be distributed around the home. C. Smart City Smart city is defined by IBM as the use of information and communication technology to sense, analyze and integrate the key information of core systems in running cities. At the same time, smart city can make intelligent response to different kinds of needs, including daily livelihood, environmental protection, public safety and city services, industrial and commercial activities. In terms of our country, with the development of the Internet of Things, people s daily life will be changed dramatically. At the same time, it also brings us to the development of smart city, which is based on the Internet of Things. At its core, the IoT is technological equipment that is connected to a network enabling information transfer, and improving efficiencies. The benefits can be vast for enterprises. Because IoT connects tens, and eventually, hundreds of billions of active devices that 884

6 capture and project data that broadly enriches the network, both consumer and enterprise technologies will continue to be important, and both will affect the enterprise. D. Smart Environment The concept of smart environments evolves from the definition of Ubiquitous computing that, according to Mark Weiser, promotes the ideas of "a physical world that is richly and invisibly interwoven with sensors, actuators, displays, and computational elements, embedded seamlessly in the everyday objects of our lives, and connected through a continuous network. E. Smart Enterprise The concept of smart environments evolves from the definition of Ubiquitous computing that, according to Mark Weiser, promotes the ideas of "a physical world that is richly and invisibly interwoven with sensors, actuators, displays, and computational elements, embedded seamlessly in the everyday objects of our lives, and connected through a continuous network." VI. CONCLUSION Technologies like RFID, WiFi, real-time localization and sensor networks empower computers to perceive the world for themselves. Applications of IoT are numerous, permeating into almost all domains of everyday life and activities of individuals and organizations. Security and privacy issues should be considered very seriously since IoT deals with huge amount of sensitive data (personal data, business data, etc.) REFERENCES [1] [2] [3] Dave Evans, CISCO IBSG, "The Internet of Things: How the Next Evolution of the Internet Is Changing Everything", April [4] Kehua Su, Jie Li, Hongbo Fu "Smart City and the Applications"School of Computer Wuhan University Wuhan, Hubei, China [5] Dhananjay Singh,Gaurav Tripathi, Antonio J. Jara"A survey of Internet-of-Things: Future Vision, [6] Architecture, Challenges and Services" 2014 IEEE World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT). [7] Louis COETZEE, Johan EKSTEEN"The Internet of Things Promise for thefuture? An Introduction"IST-Africa 2011 Conference ProceedingsK. Elissa, Title of paper if known, unpublished. [8] Ovidiu Vermesan, Peter Friess, "Internet of Things - Converging Technologies for Smart Environments and Integrated Ecosystems", River Publishers,