Communication Networks - 3 general areas: data communications, networking, protocols
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1 Communication Networks - Overview CSE 3213 Fall September 2011 Course Content 3 general areas: data communications, networking, protocols 1. Data communications: basic concepts of digital communications including signal transmission, signal encoding, multiplexing, error detection and error correction schemes. 2. Networking: technology and architecture of communications networks; generally divided into WANs, LANs 3. Protocols: a set of rules that governs how two communicating parties are to interact (IP, TCP, DNS, HTTP, FTP, etc.) 2 1
2 Communications Model (1.3) 3 Data Communications Model 4 2
3 Two mediums currently driving the evolution of data communications: and 5 Networking (1.4) 6 3
4 Networks There are two broad categories of networks: Local Area Networks (LANs) Wide Area Networks (WANs) 7 Wide Area Networks (WANs) Span a large geographical area Require the crossing of public right-of-ways Rely in part on common carrier circuits Typically consist of a number of interconnected switching nodes 8 4
5 Local Area Networks (LANs) 9 Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs) 10 5
6 Wide Area Networks Alternative technologies used include: Circuit switching * Packet switching * Frame relay Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) 11 Circuit Switching Uses a dedicated communications path Connected sequence of physical links between nodes Logical channel dedicated on each link Rapid data transmission along the dedicated path The most common example of circuit switching is the telephone network 12 6
7 Manual Switching 13 Telephone Pole Congestion 14 7
8 More on Circuit Switching Dedicated communications path established for the duration of the conversation Connection-oriented: Requires a session connection be established before any data can be sent (the capacity is occupied for the lifetime of the connection) Uses the same route for all data units Guarantees data will arrive in the same order Not efficient for data communications in general (why?) 15 Packet Switching Example application: the Internet A message/file is segmented into packets Unit of data transmission is packets Packets passed from node to node between source and destination (store-and-forward) Used for computer to computer communications (bursty traffic) Can be connection-oriented oriented (virtual circuit) or connectionless (datagram service) ARPANET testbed led to many innovations created by the US Department of Defense, Advanced Research Projects Agency in
9 ARPANET Packet Switching Host generates message Source packet switch converts message to packet(s) Packets transferred independently across network Destination packet switch reasembles message Destination packet switch delivers message Message Packet 2 Packet Switch Packet 2 Message Packet Packet Switch Switch Packet 1 Packet Switch Packet 1 Packet Switch Packet 1 17 ARPA: Advanced Research Projects Agency Circuit Switching vs. Packet Switching 18 9
10 The Internet (1.5) Internet evolved from ARPANET Internet: a network of networks Developed to solve the dilemma of communicating across arbitrary, multiple packet-switched networks TCP/IP provides the foundation 19 The Internet (cont.) Different network types emerged for data transfer between computers ARPA also explored packet switching using satellite and packet radio networks Each network has its protocols and is possibly built on different technologies Internetworking protocols required to enable communications between computers attached to different networks 20 10
11 Internet Key Elements 21 Internet Architecture 22 11
12 Internet Terminology Internet Terminology 23 Local Area Networks (LANs) Small scope: building or small campus Usually owned by same organization as attached devices Data rates much higher than those in WANs Usually broadcast systems Now some switched systems and ATM are being introduced Terminator 24 Token Bus Token Ring 12
13 Ethernet Local Area Networks In 1980s, affordable workstations available Need for low-cost, high-speed networks To interconnect local workstations To access local shared resources (printers, storage, servers) Low cost, high-speed communications with low error rate possible using coaxial cable Ethernet is the standard for high-speed wired access to computer networks 25 A Networking Configuration 26 13
14 Reading Chapter 1 ( ) Next time: TCP/IP protocol suite (chapter 2) 27 14
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