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1 High-Performance Oracle Proven Methods for Achieving Optimum Performance and Availability Geoff Ingram Wiley Publishing, Inc.

3 High-Performance Oracle Proven Methods for Achieving Optimum Performance and Availability

5 High-Performance Oracle Proven Methods for Achieving Optimum Performance and Availability Geoff Ingram Wiley Publishing, Inc.

6 Publisher: Robert Ipsen Executive Editor: Robert M. Elliott Assistant Editor: Emilie Herman Managing Editor: John Atkins New Media Editor: Brian Snapp Text Design & Composition: MacAllister Publishing Services, LLC Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. In all instances where John Wiley & Sons, Inc., is aware of a claim, the product names appear in initial capital or ALL CAPITAL LETTERS. Readers, however, should contact the appropriate companies for more complete information regarding trademarks and registration. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright 2002 by Geoff Ingram. All rights reserved. Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) , fax (978) Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Legal Department, Wiley Publishing, Inc., Crosspointe Blvd., Indianapolis, IN 46256, (317) , fax (317) , permcoordinator@wiley.com. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. For general information on our other products and services please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) , outside the United States at (317) or fax (317) Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Ingram, Geoff, High performance Oracle : proven methods for achieving optimum performance and availability / Geoff Ingram. p. cm. Wiley Computer Publishing. Includes index. ISBN Oracle (Computer file) 2. Relational databases. 3. Software maintenance. I. Title. QA76.9.D3 I '85--dc21 Printed in the United States of America

7 This book is dedicated to my wife Renata; to my children Rosalind, Alexandra, Alice, and Sebastian; to my father Vincent; and to the memory of my mother Muriel.

9 Acknowledgments Special thanks go to Mark Clark, whose vision ultimately made the book possible, and to Steve Shaw. Special thanks also go to Bob Elliott and Emilie Herman at Wiley Publishing, Inc. Bob turned the book proposal into something of a book in its own right. Hopefully the end result justifies that. Emilie, in her own words, edits with a heavy red pen, which is not actually as painful as it sounds and has definitely led to more concise content, better organization, and improved readability. Thanks also to John Atkins for the final polish, and Brian Snapp. Honorable mentions go to colleagues and others, past and present, whose input influenced the content in large and small ways. In no particular order: Wai Lee, Glen Howell, Sheck Cho, Chris Chandler, Nisit Kotecha, Anoop Marld, Richard Dutton, Arthur Muir, Susan Gruebel, Jose Garcia, Matt Solomon, Pradeep Malhotra, Michael Wang, Ping Huang, Anna Lam, Peter Chellone, Mike Bean, Tony Way, Andy Knight, Richard Kirkwood, Jenny Scott, Iain Beckingham, Carlos Tubau-Gamble, Simon Gregory, Adrian Cockcroft, and Ray Leah. Finally, thanks go to all those Oracle technologists, such as Thomas Kyte and Jonathan Lewis, who contribute to bulletin boards and news groups on the Web, both at Oracle and elsewhere. Without such people prepared to share their expertise free of charge, the Oracle world would be a much poorer place.

11 Contents Introduction xxv Part One Fundamentals of an Oracle Configuration Chapter 1 Installing Oracle The Oracle DBA Group Cluster UNIX System Requirements Oracle UNIX Account Details Oracle UNIX Memory Requirements Oracle UNIX Kernel Requirements Operating System Release Oracle Software Installation Directory Installation of Oracle Software via NFS Cloning the Installed Oracle Software Performing a Silent Installation Running Oracle Software over NFS Installing Client Software with Microsoft Systems Management Server (SMS) Using SMS Packages Running Terminal Server Applications Summary Chapter 2 Database Creation An Overview of Oracle File Types Control Files Tablespaces

12 x Contents Online Redo Log Files Archived Redo Logs Rollback Segments Temporary Segments Traditional Oracle Physical Layout Oracle Layout for Manageability AUTOEXTEND Archive Logs Database Restores Database Backups and Exports Duplicate Databases on the Same Server OMF Control Files Online Redo Logs Tablespaces Server Parameter Files (spfiles) Oracle Layout for Performance RAID Overview Raw Partitions versus UNIX File Systems Tablespaces and Fragmentation SANs and NAS Naming Standards and Physical Layout Choosing a DB_BLOCK SIZE Value Choosing a Storage Character Set Creating the Database Summary Chapter 3 Configuring Oracle Networking Oracle Networking Fundamentals Understanding Dynamic Registration Using Failover and Load Balancing Failover to a Different Server Understanding When Failover Takes Place Failover to an Instance on the Same Server Failover with Load Balancing Running an Oracle Names Server A Naming Standard for Oracle Databases The DB_DOMAIN Parameter GLOBAL_NAME and GLOBAL_NAMES NAMES.DEFAULT_DOMAIN Using an Oracle Names Service on the Client Building an Oracle Names Server

13 Contents xi Other Oracle Names Configurations Oracle Names Support Tips Using LDAP to Resolve Names Migrating to LDAP Using Shared Server Configuring Dispatchers Connection Pooling Specifying Shared and Dedicated Server Connections Using Transparent Gateways Server Configuration Client Configuration Summary Chapter 4 Environment Standards and Tools Setting a Login Environment The set_env Alias Using Perl for Scripts Building a Perl Interpreter Installing the C Compiler Building the Perl Interpreter Adding Oracle Support to Perl Standard Tools All Environments Are Based on oratab Command-Line Arguments Logging Single Instance at a Time Stopping a Script from Running Predictable Return Codes Standard Tools Reference dbcool_db_up.pl dbcool_db_start.pl dbcool_db_shut.pl dbcool_db_restart.pl dbcool_ora_startup.pl dbcool_ora_shutdown.pl Integrating Oracle Services with UNIX Configuring and Running Apache Starting and Stopping Apache The CGI Virtual Directories Web Enabling a Perl Script Security Summary

14 xii Contents Chapter 5 Securing Your Database Database Logon Authentication Options Authentication by Database-Encrypted Password External Authentication by the Operating System External Authentication Using a Token External Authentication with Single Sign-On Using Password Management Policies Simplifying User Management Using SET ROLE for Application Security Preventing Application Access Row-Level Access Control Preventing Network Access Roles versus GRANT and REVOKE Using a Password File Protecting the Data Dictionary Oracle Names Security Oracle Listener Security Performing a Database Security Audit Summary Part Two Designing Fast and Supportable Applications Chapter 6 Designing Supportable Applications Creating Supportable SQL SQL Layout for Readability Use Table Aliases Use Explicit Constraint Names Use Meaningful Object Names Trace Facilities Error Reporting and Logging Error Logging Using Files Error Logging Using Tables Run Time Configuration Reporting on Application Status Restartability Resumable Operations in Oracle9i Constraining Undo Requirements Summary

15 Contents xiii Chapter 7 Choosing Third-Party Software Perform Vendor Health Checks Meet with the Vendor Ask for Reference Sites Evaluate the Application Development Environment Choosing the Oracle Version and Features Choosing a Development Language Regression Testing Naming Standards Security Request Application Benchmarks Ensure That Space Management Procedures Exist Review the Vendor s High Availability Solution Evaluate Product Installation Check Documentation Quality Check Supportability Formal Evaluation of Third-Party Software Summary Part Three Performance Management and Tuning Techniques Chapter 8 End-to-End Performance Management The Usercentric View of Performance The Challenge of End-to-End Performance Management A Sample Three-tier Transaction The Cost of Performance Problems The Costs of Identifying a Performance Problem The Cost of Fixing a Performance Problem Instrumenting Middle-tier Code Instrumenting Database Code Quantifying the Return on Investment Summary Chapter 9 Fundamentals of SQL Tuning Tuning and the Application Lifecycle Statistics and Events Essential Statistics and Events

Real-Time Optimization by Extremum-Seeking Control

Real-Time Optimization by Extremum-Seeking Control Real-Time Optimization by Extremum-Seeking Control KARTIK B. ARIYUR MIROSLAV KRSTIĆ A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION Copyright 2003 by John Wiley