MODERN DATABASE MANAGEMENT

Transcription

1 MODERN DATABASE MANAGEMENT FOURTH EDITION FRED R. MCFADDEN JEFFREY A. HOFFER r(\) THE BENJAMIN/CUMMINGS PUBLISHING COMPANY INC. REDWOOD CITY, CALIFORNIA MENLO PARK, CALIFORNIA READING, MASSACHUSETTS NEW YORK DON MILLS, ONTARIO WOKINGHAM, U.K. AMSTERDAM BONN SYDNEY SINGAPORE TOKYO MADRID SAN JUAN

2 Detaiied Table of Contents Preface v Part I The Context of Datahase Developent 2 Sears, Roebuck and Co. LEVERAGING THE VALUE OF DATA CHAPTER 1 The Database Environent 5 Learning Objectives 5 Introduction 5 Inforation Resource Manageent 6 Data Versus Inforation 7 Databases 8 Ipleenting Inforation Resource Manageent 9 Types of Databases 9 Centralized Databases 9 Distributed Databases 11 Case Exaple: Pine Valley Furniture Copany 13 ]KE~ I Business Background 13 jrtj Manual Inforation Systes 15 I nl^l File Processing Systes 16 File Processing Systes at Pine Valley Furniture 16 Disadvantages of File Processing Systes 18 K" -! The Database Approach 20 ^_ fej Data-Driven versus Process-Driven Design 20 1 _U^B Database Approach for Pine Valley Furniture 21 Ipleenting the Relational Database 24 Benefits of the Database Approach 25 Costs of the Database Approach 28 Coponents of the Database Environent 29 Suary 30 Chapter Review 31 Key Ters 31 xv

3 xvi Detailed Table of Contents Review Questions 31 Probles and Exercises References CHAPTER 2 A Database Application for Pine Valley Furniture Learning Objectives 35 yr I Introduction 35 j _ \ The Developent of a Database Application 36 I ^Ndl The Conceptual Data Model for Pine Valley Furniture 39 Transaction Processing Requireents for Pine Valley Furniture 40 rr I Product and Custoer Data Entry 41 jk K I Custoer Order Entry 43 I nlrib Manageent Inforation Requireents for Pine Valley Furniture 46 Database Definition in dbase IV 49 Table Definitions 50 Processing Transactions in dbase IV 53 Product and Custoer Transactions 54 Order Transaction 59 Processing Inforation Requests in dbase IV 61 Introduction to SQL 61 Siple Queries at Pine Valley Furniture 62 Report Writer Features for Database Processing 66 Suary 69 Chapter Review 70 Key Ters 70 Review Questions 70 Probles and Exercises 70 References CHAPTER 3 The Database Developent Process 73 Learning Objectives 73 Introduction 73 A Fraework for Inforation Systes Architecture Overview of the Fraework 75 Evolution through the Fraework 77 Role of Methodologies and Tools 78 Inforation Engineering Methodology 79 ^ r I Phases in Inforation Engineering 80 RfcJ Planning 81 _3Q( Strategie Planning Factors 82 Corporate Planning Objects 82 gz I Enterprise Model Lji^B Steps in Analysis 87 MTX I Analysis Exaple: Pine Valley Furniture 89 L_U^H Database Design 93 Process Design 95 Ipleentation 96

4 Detailed Table of Contents XVÜ Strategie Inforation Systes Planning 97 The Iportance of Strategie IS Planning 98 Planning Prerequisites 98 The Planning Metaodel 99 Planning Matrices 100 Benefits of CASE Tools in Planning 102 The Role of a Repository 203 Case Exaple: Mountain View Counity Hospital 203 Identifying the Business Environent 104 Understanding the Business Direction 104 Existing Inforation Systes 105 Critical Success Factors 106 Enterprise Modeling 107 The Entity-Relationship Diagra 109 The Function-versus-Entity-Type Matrix 110 Strategy Forulation 112 Final Report 113 Pitfalls in Strategie IS Planning 113 Suary 114 Chapter Review 115 Key Ters 225 Review Questions 225 Probles and Exercises 116 References 227 Part II Data Modeling and Database Design 120 IBM Canada REAL-TIME PROCESS MONITORING AND CONTROL CHAPTER 4 The Entity-Relationship Model 723 Learning Objectives 223 Introduction 223 Introduction to the E-R Model 224 Entities 226 Attributes 227 Candidate Keys and Priary Keys 227 Multivalued Attributes 128 Relationships 128 Degree of a Relationship 229 Gerunds 232 Cardinalities in Relationships 234 Modeling Multivalued Attributes 236 Repeating Groups 237 Modeling Tie-Dependent Data 239 Generalization 242 Subtypes and Supertypes 242 Inheritance 244 Exclusive Subtypes 244 Nonexclusive Subtypes 145 Business Rules 246 Doains 246

5 XVÜi Detailed Table of Contents Triggering Operations 148 Locating Business Rules 148 An Exaple of E-R Modeling 149 Vacation Property Rentais 149 Case Exaple: Mountain View Counity Hospital 153 Define Database Scope 155 Select Logical Design Methodology 155 Identify User Views 155 Model Data Structure and Constraints 156 Build Conceptual Data Model 161 Suary 162 Chapter Review 163 Key Ters 163 Review Questions 163 Probles and Exercises 163 References 266 CHAPTER 5 The Object-Oriented Data Model 767 Learning Objectives 167 Introduction 167 Introduction to the Object-Oriented Data Model 168 Core Concepts 168 Typical Products and Applications 170 Objects 272 Object Classes and Instances 172 Identifying and Describing Objects 172 Exaple: Custoer Order 174 Connecting Objects 175 Generalization 276 Generalization Hierarchy 176 Inheritance 176 Variations on Generalization Hierarchies 179 Exaple: Vacation Property Rentals 180 Assebly Structures 183 Explicit Assebly Structure 184 Methods 185 Types of Methods 186 Message Connections 186 Messages 187 Exaple: Custoer Order 188 Exaple: Vacation Property Rentals 189 Case Exaple: Mountain View Counity Hospital 292 Suary 292 Chapter Review 295 Key Ters 195 Review Questions 195 Probles and Exercises 195 References 198 CHAPTER 6 Logical Design and the Relational Model Learning Objectives 299 Introduction

6 Detailed Table of Contents xix Logical Database Design 200 Types of Logical Database Models 200 Overview of Logical Database Design 203 The Relational Data Model 205 Relations 205 Properties of Relations 206 Well-Structured Relations 208 Concepts of Noralization 209 Steps in Noralization 220 Functional Dependence and Keys 210 The Basic Noral Fors 212 First Noral For 212 Second Noral For 222 Third Noral For 222 An Exaple 226 Noralizing Suary Data 220 Additional Noral Fors 222 Boyce-Codd Noral For 222 Fourth Noral For 224 Fifth Noral For 225 Doain-Key Noral For (DK/NF) 225 Transforing E-R Diagras to Relations 225 Represent Entities 226 Represent Relationships 226 Merging Relations 232 An Exaple 232 View Integration Probles 232 Case Exaple: Mountain View Counity Hospital 234 Transforing the E-R Diagra to Relations 235 Noralizing the Relations 236 Suary 237 Chapter Review 237 Key Ters 237 Review Questions 238 Probles and Exercises 238 References 242 CHAPTER 7 Physical Database Design 243 Learning Objectives 243 Introduction 243 The Physical Database Design Process 244 Data Volue and Usage Analysis 245 Data Volue Analysis 245 Data Usage Analysis 246 Data Distribution Strategy 248 Basic Data Distribution Strategies 248 An Exaple of Data Distribution 249 File Organization 253 Sequential File Organization 254 Lndexed File Organizations 255 Indexes 255 Priary Key Indexes 256

7 XX Detailed Table of Contents Indexes for Nonkey Attributes 257 Clustering Indexes 258 Trees 259 Balanced Trees 261 When to Use Indexes 262 Integrity Constraints 263 Referential Integrity Rules 264 Enforcing Referential Integrity 265 Denoralization 266 Hierarchical and Network Data Models 267 Hierarchical Data Model 267 Network Data Model 268 Mapping to a Network Data Model 270 Mapping to a Hierarchical Model 273 Suary 274 Chapter Review 275 Key Ters 275 Review Questions 275 Probles and Exercises 276 References 27 & Part IM Relational Database Ipleentation 280 Taco Bell Corporation MANAGING INFORMATION OVERLOAD CHAPTER 8 H SQL: A Standard for Database Processing Learning Objectives 283 Introduction 283 SQL: A Standard for Relational Systes 284 Relational Data Definition in SQL 286 Data Types 286 Data Definition Coands 288 View Definition 290 Internal Schea Definition in RDBMSs 292 Data Integrity Controls 293 Data Dictionary Facilities 295 Data Retrieval and Manipulation in SQL 296 General Structure of SQL Calculus 296 Basic SQL Retrieval Coand Structure 297 Multiple Table Operations in SQL 301 Equi-join 302 Natural Join 302 Outer Join 302 Table Nae Abbreviations 303 Joining by Subqueries 303 Correlated Subqueries 305 Qualified Subqueries 305 Other Multiple-Table Operations 307 Data Maintenance in SQL 308 Adding Data to a Table 310 Deleting Database Contents 311 Changing Database Contents 311 Modifying Data through a View

8 Detailed Table of Contents xxi Transaction Integrity Facilities Suary 314 Chapter Review 326 Key Ters 316 Review Questions 316 Probles and Exercises 326 References CHAPTER 9 Ipleenting a dbase IV Database 327 Learning Objectives 322 Introduction 322 The Structure and Coponents of PC Relational Systes 322 Relational PC-DBMS Styles 323 dbase: A Standard for PC Relational Systes 324 dbase Terinology and Concepts 325 Database Definition in dbase 326 Data Types 326 Additional Table Definition Features 327 Index Definition in dbase 328 Data Dictionary Facilities 331 Suary of Database Definition Coands 332 Data Retrieval and Manipulation in dbase IV 332 Filters 333 Single-Table Coands 333 Built-in Functions 337 Sorting a File 338 Multiple-Table Operations in dbase IV 339 The JOIN Coand 340 SET RELATION Coand 342 Other Multiple-Table Operations 343 View Queries 346 Data Maintenance in dbase IV 348 Adding Data to a Table 34g Deleting Database Contents 348 Changing Database Contents 349 Maintaining Transaction Integrity 351 Writing dbase Progras 352 Macros 352 User-Defined Functions 353 Procedures 355 Suary 357 Chapter Review 357 Key Ters 357 Review Questions 358 Probles and Exercises 358 References 360 CHAPTER 10 Query-by-Exaple: Ipleenting a Paradox 4.0 Database 361 Learning Objectives Introduction

9 XXÜ Detailed Table of Contents The History and Iportance of QBE 362 QBE and End-User Coputing 362 QBE: The Basics 363 Paradox and QBE Terinology 363 Overview of a Paradox Screen 365 Database Definition in Paradox 366 Data Definition Screen 366 Index Definition in Paradox 367 Data Integrity Control 369 Data Dictionary Facilities 371 Suary of Data Definition Coands 372 Siple Data Retrieval in QBE and Paradox 372 Single-Table Displays 372 Single-Table Queries 373 Selecting Qualified Records 374 Suary of Single-Table Queries 379 Multiple-Table Operations in QBE and Paradox 380 Join 380 Sets 383 Other Multiple-Table Operations 386 Suary of Multiple-Table Operations 386 Data Maintenance in QBE and Paradox 387 Data Maintenance Operations in Queries 387 Data Maintenance Menü Coands 389 Transaction Integrity Facilities of Paradox 389 Other Paradox Capabilities 389 Suary 390 Chapter Review 390 Key Ters 390 Review Questions 390 Probles and Exercises 391 References 392 CHAPTER 11 Advanced Features and Graphical Interfaces for PC Database Systes 393 Learning Objectives 393»>r i Introduction 393 j^fc J Data Entry and Display Fors 394 L31^B dbase Fors for Input and Output 394 Paradox Fors for Data Input and Output 399 Multifors in Paradox 400 BL Generating Custo Reports 403 WJkj dbase IV Report Generator 403 I 3I^B Paradox Report Generator 405 Database Systes for Microsoft Windows 409 The Windows Environent for Database Processing 410 Linking with Other Applications 411 Fors 412 Queries 414 Data Modeling 415 Suary 419 Chapter Review 420

10 Detailed Table of Contents XXÜi Key Ters 420 Review Questions 420 Probles and Exercises 420 References 421 **«Part IV Data Adinistration and Distributed Databases 422 Apple Coputer, Inc. DISTRIBUTED DATABASES FOR DISTRIBUTED CONTROL g CHAPTER 12 Data Adinistration 425 -' - } Jt& Introduction Learning Objectives Data Adinistration Functions 426 Data Adinistration, Database Adinistration, and Data Stewards 427 Functions of Data and Database Adinistration 427 Organizing the Data Adinistration Function 431 Data Adinistration Tools 433 Repositories 433 CASE Tools 435 Database Manageent Systes 437 Concurrency Control 441 The Proble of Lost Updates 441 Locking Mechaniss 442 Versioning 445 Database Security 447 Views 447 Authorization Rules 448 User-Defined Procedures 449 Encryption 449 Authentication Schees 450 Database Recovery 450 Basic Recovery Facilities 450 Recovery and Restart Procedures 451 Types of Database Failure 454 Handling Missing or Erroneous Data 455 Suary 457 Chapter Review 458 Key Ters 458 Review Questions 459 Probles and Exercises 459 References 462 CHAPTER 13 Client/Server and Distributed Databases 463 Learning Objectives 463 Introduction 463 Local Area Networks 464 File Servers 464 Liitations of File Servers 465 Client/Server Architecture 466 Functions of the Client and Server 467

11 xxiv Detailed Table of Contents W Client/Server Advantages 468 Issues in Client/Server Database Design 468 Survey of Servers for Client/Server Databases 468 Survey of Front-end Application Developent and API Tools 469 Distributed Databases 470 Objectives and Trade-offs 470 Options for a Distributed Network 471 Options for Distributing a Database 473 Distributed DBMS 477 Location Transparency 478 Replication Transparency 479 Failure Transparency 480 Coit Protocol 481 Concurrency Transparency 481 Query Optiization 482 Evolution of Distributed DBMS 484 Suary 484 Chapter Review 486 Key Ters 486 Review Questions 487 Probles and Exercises 487 References 488 Part V Legacy Database Systes 490 McDonnell Douglas Corporation MANUFACTURING SUPPORT WITH IMS RH i ^ J ^ ^ CHAPTER 14 Hierarchical Database Systes 493 _jjf ~" ' i Learning Objectives 493 >^> I M Introduction 493 IMS Physical Databases 494 PDBR Occurrences 494 Database Description 495 IMS Logical Databases 496 Exaple LDBRs 497 Progra Counication Block 497 Progra Specification Block 498 IMS Internal Models 498 Overview of IMS Internal Model 499 HSAM 499 HISAM 500 HDAMandHIDAM 501 Specifying the Internal Model 503 IMS Data Manipulation 503 GET UNIQUE (GU) 504 GET NEXT (GN) 504 GET NEXT WITHIN PARENT (GNP) 505 GET HOLD (GH) 506 Replaceent (REPL) 506 Deletion (DLET) 506 Insertion (ISRT) 507 Advanced IMS Features 507 Logical Databases 507 Secondary Indexing 510

12 Detailed Table of Contents XXV Case Exaple: Mountain View Counity Hospital Database Definition 511 Database Manipulation 522 Suary 513 Chapter Review 523 Key Ters 523 Review Questions 514 Probles and Exercises 514 References CHAPTER 15 Network and CODASYL Ipleentations 577 Learning Objectives 517 Introduction 517 Introduction to CODASYL DBTG Guidelines 519 DBMS Operation 529 p r I A CODASYL Database 522 jr ^1 DBTG Languages 522 I nfjl DBTG Schea DDL: The Conceptual /Internal Database 523 Areas or Reals 525 ~T~\ Records 526 ^U/^M Relationship Definitions: Sets 531 WM } DBTG Subschea DDL: External Databases 545 COBOL DML: Retrieving and Maintaining Data 546 Currency Indicators 547 Data Retrieval 550 Data Maintenance and Control 553 Logical Record Processing in IDMS 557 Network Database Design Issues and Advanced Topics 557 Record Placeent Control 558 Record Data Eleents 558 Sets 560 Device Media Control Language 561 Nonprocedural Access: Query and Natural Languages 561 Query Languages 562 Natural Languages 562 Suary 564 Chapter Review 564 Key Ters 564 Review Questions 564 Probles and Exercises 565 References 566 Appendices 567 A Codd's 12 Rules for a Truly Relational Syste 567 B An Overview of PC-RDBMSs 573 Glossary of Ters 577 Glossary of Acronys 585 Index 587