The Modern Computer. Exploring Computer Science

Transcription

1 The Modern Computer Exploring Computer Science

2 Programmers at Work on ENIAC Gloria Ruth Gordon [Bolotsky] and Ester Gerston c Source:

3 Programmers at Work on ENIAC Glen Beck and Frances Elizabeth Snyder Holberton c Source:

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5 ENIAC Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer Secret WWII military project John Mauchly, professor at Penn s Moore School of Electrical Engineering (U Penn), and John Presper Eckert Jr., inventor and lab assistant Challenge: speed up tedious mathematical calculations needed to produce artillery firing tables for the army Completed in 1946, just after the war ended, and in service until 1955 Filled a 50-foot long basement room and weighed 30 tons Today, a single microchip, no bigger than a fingernail, can do more!

6 J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly Source:

7 The Advent of Modern Computers Source:

8 John von Neumann, Father of Modern Computing Source:

9 Stored Program Architecture John Von Neumann - first written description of how an electronic computer should store and processes information Von Neumann architecture originally published in John von Neumann's report of the EDVAC on June 30, 1945 Design is still used, in one form or another, in all computers and many electronic devices produced today Source:

10 Von Neumann Architecture: Memory Any physical device capable of storing information temporarily or permanently In the Von Neumann architecture, memory would hold data and instructions Programs could be loaded into memory without changing the computer s configuration

11 Von Neumann Architecture: ALU Arithmetic Logic Unit Part of the computer s processor Part of the Performs mathematical and logic operations on data E.g., + - x / AND OR NOT

12 Von Neumann Architecture: I/O Input and Output Any software or hardware device designed to send and receive data to and from a computer hardware component Input devices record information in binary and sends it to be processed Output devices received processed binary and translates for the outside world E.g., computer mouse - input device, can only send computer monitor - output device, can display (output) information modem input/output device that connects to the Internet and can send and receive information

13 Von Neumann Architecture: Control Unit Circuitry that directs operations within a computer's processor Lets the computer's ALU, memory, and both input and output devices know how to respond to instructions received from a program

14 Putting It All Together Processor Input Output Modified from

15 In Video VonNeumann Architecture On Your Own VonNeumann Architecture (extended) Basic Structure of a CPU by Sir Von Neumann

16 Sounds Silly Source:

17 How we doing so far?

18 Software A collection of instructions that enable the user to interact with a computer, its hardware, or perform tasks. Without software, computers would be useless. E.g., itunes, Google Chrome, Excel, Minecraft

19 Operating System A software program that enables the computer hardware to communicate and operate with the computer software. Without a computer operating system, a computer and software programs would be useless. E.g., Windows 10, Ubuntu Linux, ios8, Android When computers were first introduced, the user interacted with them using a command line interface. Today, almost every computer is using a Graphical User Interface (GUI) operating system.

20 Hardware Any physical component of a computer system that contains a circuit board, integrated circuits, or other electronics Without any hardware, your computer would not exist, and software could not be used. External hardware examples Flat-panel, Monitor, and LCD Keyboard Microphone Mouse Printer Internal hardware examples CPU Fan (heat sink) Modem Motherboard - Projector - Scanner - Speakers - USB thumb drive - Network card - RAM - Sound card - Video card Drive (e.g. Blu-Ray, CD-ROM, DVD, hard drive)

21 Hardware Terms You Should Know Printed circuit board Motherboard Foundation of a computer Located at the bottom of the computer case Allocates power to the CPU, RAM, and all other computer hardware components Allows hardware components to communicate with one another

22 Hardware Terms You Should Know Central Processing Unit (CPU) Made up of the Arithmetic/Logic Unit and Control Unit Handles all instructions it receives from hardware and software running on the computer Requires a fan or other heatsink to avoid damage due to heat while processing

23 Hardware Terms You Should Know Random Access Memory (RAM) Allows information to be stored and retrieved on a computer including parts of the operating system and some drivers Because information is accessed randomly instead of sequentially, the computer can access the data much faster Volatile memory requires power to keep the data accessible; if power is lost all data contained in memory lost

24 Hardware Terms You Should Know Read Only Memory (ROM) Non-volatile Can be used for firmware updates E.g., ROM is the cartridge used with video game consoles; which allows one system to run multiple games E.g., ROM is EEPROM, which is a programmable ROM used for the computer BIOS Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) ROM chip located on the motherboard Allows you to access and set up your computer system at the most basic level

25 Hardware Terms You Should Know Video Card Dedicated Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) and memory for better performance Power Supply Supplies components in a computer with power Converts a 110 or 220 volt alternating current into a steady low-voltage direct current usable by the computer

26 Hardware Terms You Should Know Hard Drive (Hard Disc) Non-volatile storage Consists of one or more platters to which data is written using a magnetic head, all inside of an airsealed casing Optical Disc Any media read using a laser assembly Most common are Blu-ray, CDs, and DVDs Read with an optical drive