New Vision of the Computer Operating System
|
|
- Samuel Goodwin
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 New Vision of the Computer Operating System Syed Khasim Associate Professor, Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Dr.Samuel George Institute of Engineering & Technology Markapur, India Abstract The operating system is a vital component of the system software in a computer system. Application programs are normally requiring an operating system to function. rmally an operating system installs in the system hard disk through CD-ROM/DVD-ROMs. Some times it is infected by the virus and arise the problems to user. This is the common way process. In this paper we explore the new vision of the computer operating system. That is operating system stores in a single chip and attached to mother board. We want to another operating system; just fix another operating system chip on the mother board its enough. This type of technology is most useful to the user, because they have not much more of knowledge about operating system installation process and not infected the virus to computer system. In this manner secondary memory devices are used to store the application programs data only. Keywords operating system, mother board, new vision, chip, virus, Technology. I. INTRODUCTION Basically any computer has mainly three types of units. They are 1.Input unit 2.Central processing unit 3.Output unit. Input unit worked as to input the data to central processing unit through input devices like keyboard, mouse, scanner, etc. Central processing unit is worked as to process the input data and finally gives the output data. Central processing unit had Arithmetic logical unit, control unit and memory unit. Output unit worked as to give the final output data to user through output devices like monitor and printer. Data is displayed on the monitor is called Soft copy and data printed on the paper is called hard copy. In this context total computer peripheral devices are connected to the Mother board or Main board. Mother board has mainly Processor,, ROM, RAM, PCI, HDD, FDD slots etc. These total devices are controlled by the Operating System. Every computer turn on the power button to the appearance of the login screen there are more than hundred peripherals that are initialized and thousand lines of code is executed during the process is called booting [1]. Booting process is explained below. Step-1. When turn on the power, power on self test is supply the power to all the components. Step-2. After power on self test is completed, search for the central processing unit (CPU). Step-3. Central processing unit, CPU pins are reset. If CPU is not available display the error message about CPU. Step-4. After CPU pins are reset, CPU jumps to address of Basic Input Output System (). Step-5. If, program is executed. If is not available display the error message about. Step-6. If program is executed, checks the Random Access Memory (RAM). RAM, jumps to Master Boot Record (MBR). If RAM is not available, produce the beep sound continuously. Step-7. Primary boot loader runs from MBR and jumps to secondary boot loader. Step-8. Secondary boot loader loads the operating system in the RAM. Step-9. Finally display the operating system desktop. II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 1. Power-On Self-Test (POST): It routines which run immediately after many digital electronic devices are powered on. Possibly the most usually known usage pertains to computing devices like are Personal Digital Assistant, personal computers, networking devices such as routers, switches, intrusion detection systems and other monitoring devices. POST includes routines to set a preliminary value for internal and output signals and to execute internal tests, as determined by the device manufacturer. These initial conditions are also referred to as the device's state. They may be stored in firmware or included as hardware, either as part of the design itself, or they may be part of semiconductor substrate either by virtue of being part of a device mask, or after being burned into a device such as a programmable logic array (PLA). POST protects the bootstrapped code from being interrupted by faulty hardware. Diagnostic information provided by a device [5]. ISSN: Page 739
2 2. Central Processing Unit (C.P.U): In the 1970 the fundamental inventions by Federico Faggin [2]. It is the hardware within a computer that carries out the instructions of a computer program by performing the basic arithmetical, logical, and input/output operations of the system. Turn on the Power POST (Power on Self Test) A CPU could be contained within a single silicon chip and pins are reset and registers are set to specific value. 3. Basic Input Output System (): The term Basic Input/Output System was invented by Gary Kildall. The begins its POST when the CPU is reset. The first memory location the CPU tries to execute is known as the reset vector. In the case of a hard reboot, the north bridge will direct this code fetch request to the located on the system flash memory. For a warm boot, the will be located in the proper place in RAM and the north bridge will direct the reset vector call to the RAM. CPU CPU is available The software is built into the PC, and is the first software run by a PC when powered on. The fundamental purposes of the are to initialize and test the system hardware components, and to load an operating system or other program from a mass memory device. Produce the beep sound continuously CPU pins are reset are registers are set to specific value CPU jump to address of Check Check RAM Jumps to MBR (Master Boot Record) Primary Boot loader runs from MBR and jumps to secondary boot loader Secondary boot loader loads Operating System in the RAM Display the Operating System Desktop Fig 1. Flow chart of existing booting process The provides a regular way for application programs and operating systems to interact with the keyboard, display, and other input/output devices. Variations in the system hardware are hidden by the from programs that use services instead of directly accessing the hardware. software is stored on a non-volatile ROM chip on the motherboard. It is specifically designed to work with each particular model of computer and interfacing with various devices [4]. 3.1 Components The may contain components such as the Memory Reference Code (MRC), which is responsible for handling memory timings and related hardware settings. The MRC is a fundamental component in the design of some computers, and is one of the most important aspects of the for motherboard. It is the part of a motherboard s firmware that determines how the computer's memory (RAM) will be read and written, and adjusts memory timing algorithms correctly for the effects of any modifications set by the user or computer hardware. The MRC is responsible for initializing the memory as part of the POST process at power-on. It supports in the MRC for all fully validated memory configurations. For non-validated configurations, a system designer should work with their vendor to produce a working MRC solution. The MRC in the system needs to know the specification of the attached system memory. Most of this info should be contained in the onboard Serial Presence Detect (SPD). With this in mind care needs to be taken when programming the appropriate values into the SPD the part of a memory module that contains its operating requirements and ISSN: Page 740
3 specification. A system designer should work with their memory and vendors to implement a suitable SPD programming. The MRC is part of reference code, which relates to memory initialization in the. It includes information about memory settings, frequency, timing, driving and detailed operations of the memory controller. The MRC is written in a C-language code, which can be edited and compiled by board makers. It provides a space to develop advanced features, and the ability to tune memory. We try to look into Memory Reference Code to try to understand its behaviour. Sometimes, there are some remarks inside the source code, while on other occasions, and we just try to change the arguments to see what effect it has. If we take the time to understand the MRC then we can get more out of it. If we put in more effort than our competitors, we can find more information. The MRC usually only provides support for industry-standard memory configurations. 3.2 Boot Process When the processor is reset, it loads its program counter with a fixed address near the top of the 1 megabyte real-mode address space. The ROM chips are located in memory so that this starting address is within the. A jump instruction then directs the processor to start executing code in the. If the system has just been powered up ("cold boot"), the full power-on self-test (POST) is run. If the reset button was pressed ("warm boot"), a special flag value is detected in memory and the does not run the POST. This saves the time otherwise used to test all memory. The power-on self-test tests, identifies, and initializes system devices such as the CPU, RAM, interrupt and DMA controllers and other parts of the chipset, video display card, keyboard, hard disk drive, optical disc drive and other basic hardware. The then locates boot loader software held on a storage device designated as a 'boot device', such as a hard disk, a floppy disk, or a CD/DVD, and loads and executes that software, giving it control of the PC. This process is known as booting, which is short for "bootstrapping". The selects candidate boot devices using information collected by POST and configuration information from EEPROM, CMOS RAM or, in the earliest PCs, DIP switches. Option ROMs may also influence or supplant the boot process defined by the motherboard ROM. The checks each device in order to see if it is bootable. For a disk drive or a device that logically emulates a disk drive, such as a USB Flash drive or perhaps a tape drive, to perform this check the attempts to load the first sector (boot sector) from the disk to address 7C00 hexadecimal, and checks for the boot sector signature 0x55 0xAA in the last two bytes of the sector. If the sector cannot be read (due to a missing or blank disk, or due to a hardware failure), or if the sector does not end with the boot signature, the considers the disk unbootable and proceeds to check the next device. Another device such as a network adapter attempts booting by a procedure that is defined by its option ROM (or the equivalent integrated into the motherboard ROM). The proceeds to test each device sequentially until a bootable device is found. At which time the transfers control to the loaded sector with a jump instruction to its first byte at address 7C00 hexadecimal. A boot sector or boot block is a region of a hard disk, floppy disk, optical disc, or other data storage device that contains machine code to be loaded into random-access memory (RAM) by a computer system's built-in firmware. The purpose of a boot sector is to allow the boot process of a computer to load a program (usually, but not necessarily, an operating system) stored on the same storage device. The location and size of the boot sector (perhaps corresponding to a logical disk sector) is specified by the design of the computing platform [4]. 4. Random Access Memory (RAM): RAM volatile memory. It is made with consist of ICs (Integrated Chips). A randomaccess device allows stored data to be accessed quickly in any random order. The three main forms of modern RAM are static RAM (SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM) and phasechange memory (PRAM). In SRAM, a bit of data is stored using the state of a flip-flop. This form of RAM is more expensive to produce, but is generally faster and requires less power than DRAM and, in modern computers, is often used as cache memory for the CPU. DRAM stores a bit of data using a transistor and capacitor pair, which together comprise a memory cell. The capacitor holds a high or low charge 1 or 0, respectively, and the transistor acts as a switch that lets the control circuitry on the chip read the capacitor's state of charge or changes it. As this form of memory is less expensive to produce than static RAM, it is the predominant form of computer memory used in modern computers. Both static and dynamic RAMs are considered volatile, as their state is lost or reset when power is removed from the system. By contrast, read-only memory (ROM) stores data by permanently enabling or disabling selected transistors, such that the memory cannot be altered. Writeable variants of ROM such as EEPROM and flash memory share properties of both ROM and RAM, enabling data to persist without power and to be updated without requiring special equipment [6]. 5. Master Boot Record: RAM after search for Master Boot Record. It is a special type of boot sector at the very beginning of partitioned computer mass storage devices like Hard disk or Floppy disk. A Master Boot Record (MBR) is the first sector of a data storage device that has been partitioned. The MBR sector may contain code to locate the active partition and invoke its Volume Boot Record. A Volume Boot Record (VBR) is the first sector of a data storage device that has not been partitioned, or the first sector ISSN: Page 741
4 of an individual partition on a data storage device that has been partitioned [3]. It may contain code to load and invoke an operating system or other standalone program installed on that device or within that partition [7]. 6. Operating System (O.S): Master boot record after search the operating system files and store into the random access memory. This memory is volatile memory means temporarily memory. When the power is off, automatically operating system files are erased in this random access memory. Operating system loads in to the RAM, then after specific time automatically desktop is displayed on the screen. It is interface between the user and computer and controlled the all devices. The operating system is a main component of the system software in a computer system. Application programs usually require an operating system to function. Mainly operating system have Kernel program. It is interface between operating system and hardware. Kernel program is the core program in every operating system. Operating system functions are execute the programs, interrupts, memory management, virtual memory, multi tasking, disk access and file system, device drivers, networking and security [8]. Historical achievements in operating systems are Batch programming in 1955, Symmetric multi processing in 1961, Multi programming in 1967, Virtual memory in 1969, Multi tasking in 1970, Micro kernel in 1986 [9]. The operating system fundamental ideas are Open Shop for the idea of operating systems, Batch Processing for Tape batching First-in first-out scheduling, Multiprogramming for Processor multiplexing,indivisible operations, Demand paging, Input/output spooling, Priority scheduling and Remote job entry, Timesharing for Simultaneous user interaction Online systems, Concurrent Programming for Hierarchical systems, Extensible kernels, Parallel programming concepts, Secure parallel languages, Personal Computing for Graphic user interfaces, Distributed Systems for Remote servers [10]. CPU Produce the beep sound continuously Turn on the Power POST (Power on Self Test) CPU is available CPU pins are reset are registers are set to specific value CPU jump to address of Check Check RAM III. CONTRIBUTION In the existing booting process sequence is power on self test; activate, search for RAM availability, load the operating system files in random access memory and finally display the desktop screen. In the proposed booting process sequence is power on self test; activate, search for RAM availability, search for the operating system chip, load the operating system files in random access memory and finally display the desktop screen. Only difference is total operating system files are store in a single chip and attached to the motherboard. In this type of way operating system is not infected by the virus, because operating system files are stored permanently in a single chip. Operating System Check O.S. Chip available Load Operating System in the RAM Display the Operating System Desktop Fig 2. Flow chart of proposed booting process ISSN: Page 742
5 IV. CONCLUSION The proposed structure of the operating system is very useful to the user. It is located in the chip and not infected by the virus. This type of chip is worked as very fast. rmally operating system is installed by the user. It is very difficult to the unknown of hardware knowledge of users. But the proposed structure of operating system is very useful to the every user. In this manner piracy software will not be used by the user. And decrease the booting time process. In this proposed structure of operating system have mainly disadvantage is any newly operating system is coming to the market, then that new operating system chip is buy every time. REFERENCES [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] Qurat-ul-Ain Malik, M. Aqeel Iqbal, Nauman Khan and Hamza Khan and Haider Ali, Modern Trends Used In Operating Systems for High Speed Computing Applications in International Journal on Computer Science and Engineering, Vol. 02,. 05, 2010, [10] P. Brinch Hansen, The evolution of operating systems. In Classic Operating Systems: From Batch Processing to Distributed Systems, 2000, Springer-Verlag, New York. Syed Khasim received the Master s degree M.C.A from Madurai Kamaraj University. He received Master of Philosophy M.Phil in Computer Science from Periyar University. He received M.Tech Information Technology from Karnataka State Open University. He is working as an Associate Professor in Department of Computer Science & Engineering in Dr.Samuel George Institute of Engineering & Technology, Markapur, A.P, India. He is a member of IAENG, IACSIT, CSTA, UACEE, SDIWC. His research interests are Software Engineering, Database Management Systems, and Computer Networks. ISSN: Page 743
CREATED BY M BILAL & Arslan Ahmad Shaad Visit:
CREATED BY M BILAL & Arslan Ahmad Shaad Visit: www.techo786.wordpress.com Q1: Define microprocessor? Short Questions Chapter No 01 Fundamental Concepts Microprocessor is a program-controlled and semiconductor
More informationMother Board And Its Components By :- IMRAN QURESHI
Mother Board And Its Components By :- IMRAN QURESHI ARYAN COLLEGE 1 Mother Board Conte nts:- Components of mother board. Central Processing Unit. Bios function Capacitors. External Device. Internal Device.
More informationMemory Study Material
Computer memory refers to the devices that are used to store data or programs on a temporary or permanent basis for use in a computer. Any data or instruction entered into the memory of a computer is considered
More informationComputers in Business: Concepts in Hardware and Software
Computers in Business: Concepts in and Software University for Development Studies (UDS) January 31, 2012 NB: Listen to what I say, What matters is not what is in the notes. Assignments are very essential
More informationChapter One. Introduction to Computer System
Principles of Programming-I / 131101 Prepared by: Dr. Bahjat Qazzaz -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Chapter One Introduction to Computer System
More informationComputer Organization and Assembly Language (CS-506)
Computer Organization and Assembly Language (CS-506) Muhammad Zeeshan Haider Ali Lecturer ISP. Multan ali.zeeshan04@gmail.com https://zeeshanaliatisp.wordpress.com/ Lecture 2 Memory Organization and Structure
More informationMemory Overview. Overview - Memory Types 2/17/16. Curtis Nelson Walla Walla University
Memory Overview Curtis Nelson Walla Walla University Overview - Memory Types n n n Magnetic tape (used primarily for long term archive) Magnetic disk n Hard disk (File, Directory, Folder) n Floppy disks
More informationCOA. Prepared By: Dhaval R. Patel Page 1. Q.1 Define MBR.
Q.1 Define MBR. MBR( Memory buffer register) A Memory Buffer Register (MBR) is the register in a computers processor that stores the data being transferred to and from the devices It allowing the processor
More informationQ1. Describe C.P.U and its subunits with the help of diagram?
Q1. Describe C.P.U and its subunits with the help of diagram? Ans. C.P.U (CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT) Book page # 27 The C.P.U is the brain of computer.it controls and supervises all the units. Processing
More informationComputer System Overview
Computer System Overview Operating Systems 2005/S2 1 What are the objectives of an Operating System? 2 What are the objectives of an Operating System? convenience & abstraction the OS should facilitate
More informationCOMP2121: Microprocessors and Interfacing. Introduction to Microprocessors
COMP2121: Microprocessors and Interfacing Introduction to Microprocessors http://www.cse.unsw.edu.au/~cs2121 Lecturer: Hui Wu Session 2, 2017 1 1 Contents Processor architectures Bus Memory hierarchy 2
More informationComponents of a personal computer
Components of a personal computer Computer systems ranging from a controller in a microwave oven to a large supercomputer contain components providing five functions. A typical personal computer has hard,
More informationIntroduction To Computer Hardware. Hafijur Rahman
Introduction To Computer Hardware Lecture 2 Hafijur Rahman What is a Computer? A computer is an electronic device, which can input, process, and output data. input processing output A computer is a machine
More informationIntroduction to the Personal Computer
Introduction to the Personal Computer 2.1 Describe a computer system A computer system consists of hardware and software components. Hardware is the physical equipment such as the case, storage drives,
More informationINTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION & COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) LECTURE 2 : WEEK 2 CSC-111-T
INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION & COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) LECTURE 2 : WEEK 2 CSC-111-T Credit : (2 + 1) / Week 2 TEXT AND REF. BOOKS Text Book: Peter Norton (2011), Introduction to Computers, 7 /e,
More informationInitial Bootloader. On power-up, when a computer is turned on, the following operations are performed:
Initial Bootloader Introduction On power-up, when a computer is turned on, the following operations are performed: 1. The computer performs a power on self test (POST) to ensure that it meets the necessary
More informationUNIT:4 MEMORY ORGANIZATION
1 UNIT:4 MEMORY ORGANIZATION TOPICS TO BE COVERED. 4.1 Memory Hierarchy 4.2 Memory Classification 4.3 RAM,ROM,PROM,EPROM 4.4 Main Memory 4.5Auxiliary Memory 4.6 Associative Memory 4.7 Cache Memory 4.8
More informationCHAPTER 2 BASIC OPERATING SYSTEM CONCEPT MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER 2 BASIC OPERATING SYSTEM CONCEPT MANAGEMENT Types of User Interface USER INTERFACE Command Interface Menu Interface Graphical User Interface Voice actuated Interface Web- form Interface User interface
More informationA Review of Chapter 5 and. CSc 2010 Spring 2012 Instructor: Qian Hu
A Review of Chapter 5 and Chapter 6 Chapter 5 Computer Systems Organization Von Neumann Architecture 4 Components Memory Input/output ALU Control Unit Two major features Stored program concept Sequential
More informationComputer System Overview OPERATING SYSTEM TOP-LEVEL COMPONENTS. Simplified view: Operating Systems. Slide 1. Slide /S2. Slide 2.
BASIC ELEMENTS Simplified view: Processor Slide 1 Computer System Overview Operating Systems Slide 3 Main Memory referred to as real memory or primary memory volatile modules 2004/S2 secondary memory devices
More information8051 INTERFACING TO EXTERNAL MEMORY
8051 INTERFACING TO EXTERNAL MEMORY Memory Capacity The number of bits that a semiconductor memory chip can store Called chip capacity It can be in units of Kbits (kilobits), Mbits (megabits), and so on
More informationIntroduction. What is an Operating System? A Modern Computer System. Computer System Components. What is an Operating System?
Introduction CSCI 315 Operating Systems Design Department of Computer Science What is an Operating System? A Modern Computer System Computer System Components Disks... Mouse Keyboard Printer 1. Hardware
More informationOPERATING SYSTEMS & UTILITY PROGRAMS
OPERATING SYSTEMS & UTILITY PROGRAMS System Software System software consists of the programs that control the operations of the computer and its devices. Functions that system software performs include:
More informationWhat Operating Systems Do An operating system is a program hardware that manages the computer provides a basis for application programs acts as an int
Operating Systems Lecture 1 Introduction Agenda: What Operating Systems Do Computer System Components How to view the Operating System Computer-System Operation Interrupt Operation I/O Structure DMA Structure
More informationChapter 2 Operating-System Structures
This chapter will discuss the following concepts: 2.1 Operating System Services 2.2 User Operating System Interface 2.3 System Calls 2.4 System Programs 2.5 Operating System Design and Implementation 2.6
More informationSystems software. Definition. Categories of software. Examples Of Systems Software 11/23/2018
Systems Computer Software Is an interface or buffer between application and hardware Controls the computer hardware and acts as an interface with applications programs Definition A series of detailed instructions
More informationPersonal computer hardware From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Computer hardware)
Personal computer hardware From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Computer hardware) Personal computer hardware are component devices which are typically installed into or peripheral to
More informationOPERATING SYSTEM. PREPARED BY : DHAVAL R. PATEL Page 1. Q.1 Explain Memory
Q.1 Explain Memory Data Storage in storage device like CD, HDD, DVD, Pen drive etc, is called memory. The device which storage data is called storage device. E.g. hard disk, floppy etc. There are two types
More informationBIOS. Chapter The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Mike Meyers CompTIA A+ Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs
BIOS Chapter 8 Overview In this chapter, you will learn how to Explain the function of BIOS Distinguish among various CMOS setup utility options Describe option ROM and device drivers Troubleshoot the
More informationLecture Objectives. Introduction to Computing Chapter 0. Topics. Numbering Systems 04/09/2017
Lecture Objectives Introduction to Computing Chapter The AVR microcontroller and embedded systems using assembly and c Students should be able to: Convert between base and. Explain the difference between
More informationIntroduction to Configuration. Chapter 4
Introduction to Configuration Chapter 4 This presentation covers: > Qualities of a Good Technician > Configuration Overview > Motherboard Battery > Hardware Configuration Overview > Troubleshooting Configurations
More informationMemory memories memory
Memory Organization Memory Hierarchy Memory is used for storing programs and data that are required to perform a specific task. For CPU to operate at its maximum speed, it required an uninterrupted and
More informationCOMPUTER ORGANISATION CHAPTER 1 BASIC STRUCTURE OF COMPUTERS
Computer types: - COMPUTER ORGANISATION CHAPTER 1 BASIC STRUCTURE OF COMPUTERS A computer can be defined as a fast electronic calculating machine that accepts the (data) digitized input information process
More informationBoot Process in details for (X86) Computers
Boot Process in details for (X86) Computers Hello,,, Let's discuss what happens between the time that you power up your PC and when the desktop appears. In fact we should know that the boot process differs
More informationUNIT I OPERATING SYSTEMS OVERVIEW
UNIT I OPERATING SYSTEMS OVERVIEW Computer System Overview-Basic Elements, Instruction Execution, Interrupts, Memory Hierarchy, Cache Memory, Direct Memory Access, Multiprocessor and Multicore Organization.
More information5 Computer Organization
5 Computer Organization 5.1 Foundations of Computer Science ã Cengage Learning Objectives After studying this chapter, the student should be able to: q List the three subsystems of a computer. q Describe
More informationMachine Architecture and Number Systems
Machine Architecture and Number Systems Topics Major Computer Components Bits, Bytes, and Words The Decimal Number System The Binary Number System Converting from Binary to Decimal Converting from Decimal
More informationTroubleshooting & Repair
Chapter Troubleshooting & Repair 6.1 Introduction This chapter provides the most common problem encountered with the M785 notebook computer and some troubleshooting means. Some of the common problems are:
More informationSAE5C Computer Organization and Architecture. Unit : I - V
SAE5C Computer Organization and Architecture Unit : I - V UNIT-I Evolution of Pentium and Power PC Evolution of Computer Components functions Interconnection Bus Basics of PCI Memory:Characteristics,Hierarchy
More informationMSc-IT 1st Semester Fall 2016, Course Instructor M. Imran khalil 1
Objectives Overview Differentiate among various styles of system units on desktop computers, notebook computers, and mobile devices Identify chips, adapter cards, and other components of a motherboard
More informationDefinition. A series of detailed instructions that control the operation of a computer system. are developed by computer programmers
Computer Software Definition A series of detailed instructions that control the operation of a computer system. Software exists as programs that are developed by computer programmers Categories of software
More informationChapter 1 Computer System Overview
Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles Chapter 1 Computer System Overview Ninth Edition By William Stallings Operating System Exploits the hardware resources of one or more processors Provides
More informationAn Overview of the Computer System. Kafui A. Prebbie 24
An Overview of the Computer System Kafui A. Prebbie -kafui@kafui.com 24 The Parts of a Computer System What is a Computer? Hardware Software Data Users Kafui A. Prebbie -kafui@kafui.com 25 The Parts of
More informationMEMORY BHARAT SCHOOL OF BANKING- VELLORE
A memory is just like a human brain. It is used to store data and instructions. Computer memory is the storage space in computer where data is to be processed and instructions required for processing are
More informationChapter 3: System Configuration
Chapter 3: System Configuration Complete CompTIA A+ Guide to PCs, 6e How to make configuration changes to a computer The importance of BIOS and UEFI BIOS How to replace a motherboard battery What system
More informationLecture-7 Characteristics of Memory: In the broad sense, a microcomputer memory system can be logically divided into three groups: 1) Processor
Lecture-7 Characteristics of Memory: In the broad sense, a microcomputer memory system can be logically divided into three groups: 1) Processor memory 2) Primary or main memory 3) Secondary memory Processor
More informationAdvanced Parallel Architecture Lesson 4 bis. Annalisa Massini /2015
Advanced Parallel Architecture Lesson 4 bis Annalisa Massini - 2014/2015 Internal Memory RAM Many memory types are random access individual words of memory are directly accessed through wired-in addressing
More informationSir Sadiq s computer notes for class IX. Chapter no 4. Storage Devices
17 Q: Define Computer memory or storage. Ans: Memory: Memory refers to the place where data is kept for later use. For example, a human being has a memory where he/she stores the things that can be recalled
More informationCOMPUTER HARDWARE & NETWORK TROUBLESHOOTING
COMPUTER HARDWARE & NETWORK TROUBLESHOOTING UNIT 1 1. What is processor? (NOV 2013) 2. Define system clock? (NOV 2013) 3. What are the two types of hardware interrupts (NOV 2010) 4. List the type of switching
More informationComputer Organization
Objectives 5.1 Chapter 5 Computer Organization Source: Foundations of Computer Science Cengage Learning 5.2 After studying this chapter, students should be able to: List the three subsystems of a computer.
More informationProviding Fundamental ICT Skills for Syrian Refugees PFISR
Yarmouk University Providing Fundamental ICT Skills for Syrian Refugees (PFISR) Providing Fundamental ICT Skills for Syrian Refugees PFISR Dr. Amin Jarrah Amin.jarrah@yu.edu.jo Objectives Covered 1.1 Given
More informationModule 5a: Introduction To Memory System (MAIN MEMORY)
Module 5a: Introduction To Memory System (MAIN MEMORY) R E F E R E N C E S : S T A L L I N G S, C O M P U T E R O R G A N I Z A T I O N A N D A R C H I T E C T U R E M O R R I S M A N O, C O M P U T E
More informationUser. Applications. Operating System. Hardware
2 User Applications Operating System Hardware 3 What is the Booting 1.When the user powers up the computer the CPU (Central Processing Unit) activates the BIOS (Basic Input Output System). 2. The first
More informationSystem CMOS/BIOS Configuration PC Diagnostics
System CMOS/BIOS Configuration PC Diagnostics (POST; Error Messages and Error Codes) CMOS/BIOS Complementary Metal Oxide Substrate (CMOS) A part of the motherboard that maintains system variables in static
More informationReview Questions on Computer Basics
Review Questions on Computer Basics 1. Distinguish between and define (see glossary in Maxfield and Brown s Bebop Bytes Back for the definition of terms not found in Andrews A Guide to Managing and Maintaining
More informationChapter 4 The Components of the System Unit
Chapter 4 The Components of the System Unit The System Unit What is the system unit? Case that contains electronic components of the computer used to process data Sometimes called the chassis p. 184 Fig.
More informationDownloaded from various sources on the NET
Overview Computers. Hardware components of a Computer. Purpose and functions of computer operating systems. Evolution of computer operating systems. Operating systems available today. Downloaded from various
More informationDVD :50 PM Page 1 BIOS
99 0789729741 DVD 3.07 06 09 2003 1:50 PM Page 1 BIOS 99 0789729741 DVD 3.07 06 09 2003 1:50 PM Page 2 2 BIOS AMI BIOS POST Checkpoint Codes Table 1 AMI BIOS POST Checkpoint Codes for All AMI BIOS Products
More informationComputer Organization
INF 101 Fundamental Information Technology Computer Organization Assistant Prof. Dr. Turgay ĐBRĐKÇĐ Course slides are adapted from slides provided by Addison-Wesley Computing Fundamentals of Information
More informationMemory classification:- Topics covered:- types,organization and working
Memory classification:- Topics covered:- types,organization and working 1 Contents What is Memory? Cache Memory PC Memory Organisation Types 2 Memory what is it? Usually we consider this to be RAM, ROM
More informationCSC 553 Operating Systems
CSC 553 Operating Systems Lecture 1- Computer System Overview Operating System Exploits the hardware resources of one or more processors Provides a set of services to system users Manages secondary memory
More informationFUNCTIONS OF COMPONENTS OF A PERSONAL COMPUTER
FUNCTIONS OF COMPONENTS OF A PERSONAL COMPUTER Components of a personal computer - Summary Computer Case aluminium casing to store all components. Motherboard Central Processor Unit (CPU) Power supply
More informationInside the Computer System
Inside the Computer System What s on the Motherboard? What s on the Motherboard? What s on the Motherboard? Parallel processing o Method where more than one processor performs at the same time faster processing
More informationMemory Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.
1 Memory + 2 Location Internal (e.g. processor registers, cache, main memory) External (e.g. optical disks, magnetic disks, tapes) Capacity Number of words Number of bytes Unit of Transfer Word Block Access
More informationMachine Architecture and Number Systems CMSC104. Von Neumann Machine. Major Computer Components. Schematic Diagram of a Computer. First Computer?
CMSC104 Lecture 2 Remember to report to the lab on Wednesday Topics Machine Architecture and Number Systems Major Computer Components Bits, Bytes, and Words The Decimal Number System The Binary Number
More informationCOMPUTER SYSTEM. COMPUTER SYSTEM IB DP Computer science Standard Level ICS3U. COMPUTER SYSTEM IB DP Computer science Standard Level ICS3U
C A N A D I A N I N T E R N A T I O N A L S C H O O L O F H O N G K O N G 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Components of a Computer System Algorithm The Von Neumann architecture is based on the following three characteristics:
More informationComputers Are Your Future
Computers Are Your Future 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Computers Are Your Future Chapter 6 Inside the System Unit 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Slide 2 What You Will Learn... Understand how computers represent
More information(Advanced) Computer Organization & Architechture. Prof. Dr. Hasan Hüseyin BALIK (5 th Week)
+ (Advanced) Computer Organization & Architechture Prof. Dr. Hasan Hüseyin BALIK (5 th Week) + Outline 2. The computer system 2.1 A Top-Level View of Computer Function and Interconnection 2.2 Cache Memory
More informationInstruction Register. Instruction Decoder. Control Unit (Combinational Circuit) Control Signals (These signals go to register) The bus and the ALU
Hardwired and Microprogrammed Control For each instruction, the control unit causes the CPU to execute a sequence of steps correctly. In reality, there must be control signals to assert lines on various
More informationComputers Are Your Future
Computers Are Your Future Twelfth Edition Chapter 2: Inside the System Unit Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 1 Inside the Computer System Copyright 2012 Pearson Education,
More informationWilliam Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture 8th Edition. Chapter 5 Internal Memory
William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture 8th Edition Chapter 5 Internal Memory Semiconductor Memory The basic element of a semiconductor memory is the memory cell. Although a variety of
More informationDownload from Powered By JbigDeaL
1. If a word is typed that is not in Word s dictionary, a wavy underline appears below the word. (A) red (B) green (C) blue (D) black 2. The button on the quick access Toolbar allows you to cancel your
More information1 PC Hardware Basics Microprocessors (A) PC Hardware Basics Fal 2004 Hadassah College Dr. Martin Land
1 2 Basic Computer Ingredients Processor(s) and co-processors RAM main memory ROM initialization/start-up routines Peripherals: keyboard/mouse, display, mass storage, general I/O (printer, network, sound)
More informationTHE MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEM CHAPTER - 2
THE MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEM CHAPTER - 2 20 2.1 GENERAL ASPECTS The first computer was developed using vacuum tubes. The computers thus developed were clumsy and dissipating more power. After the invention
More informationOperating system Dr. Shroouq J.
2.2.2 DMA Structure In a simple terminal-input driver, when a line is to be read from the terminal, the first character typed is sent to the computer. When that character is received, the asynchronous-communication
More informationPresentation to Linux Users of Victoria Beginner's Workshop. August 20, Dedicated to Christopher Espinosa
An Introduction to Computer Hardware With Linux Presentation to Linux Users of Victoria Beginner's Workshop August 20, 2011 http://levlafayette.com Dedicated to Christopher Espinosa It's About Knowledge
More informationCOMP3221: Microprocessors and. and Embedded Systems. Overview. Lecture 23: Memory Systems (I)
COMP3221: Microprocessors and Embedded Systems Lecture 23: Memory Systems (I) Overview Memory System Hierarchy RAM, ROM, EPROM, EEPROM and FLASH http://www.cse.unsw.edu.au/~cs3221 Lecturer: Hui Wu Session
More informationPhoenix Technologies, Ltd.
Phoenix Technologies, Ltd. AwardBIOS Version 4.51PG Post Codes & Error Messages Table of Contents POST Codes - 2 Error Messages - 7 ----------------------------------------------- Proprietary Notice and
More informationBelow is a reviewer on the skill assessment exam of those who wanted to get a certificate on Computer Hardware
Computer Hardware Servicing NC II Assesment Below is a reviewer on the skill assessment exam of those who wanted to get a certificate on Computer Hardware Servicing NC II from Technical Education and Skills
More informationComputer-System Organization (cont.)
Computer-System Organization (cont.) Interrupt time line for a single process doing output. Interrupts are an important part of a computer architecture. Each computer design has its own interrupt mechanism,
More informationUnit 2 : Computer and Operating System Structure
Unit 2 : Computer and Operating System Structure Lesson 1 : Interrupts and I/O Structure 1.1. Learning Objectives On completion of this lesson you will know : what interrupt is the causes of occurring
More informationUNIT 2 Data Center Environment
UNIT 2 Data Center Environment This chapter provides an understanding of various logical components of hosts such as file systems, volume managers, and operating systems, and their role in the storage
More information5 Computer Organization
5 Computer Organization 5.1 Foundations of Computer Science Cengage Learning Objectives After studying this chapter, the student should be able to: List the three subsystems of a computer. Describe the
More informationQuestion Bank. Fundamentals Of Computer FYBCA (SEM - I)
Question Bank Fundamentals Of Computer FYBCA (SEM - I) 1) Choose the appropriate option (1 Marks Questions) 1) COBOL is an example of level language. a) low level b) middle level c) high level d) both
More informationOPERATING SYSTEMS: Lesson 1: Introduction to Operating Systems
OPERATING SYSTEMS: Lesson 1: Introduction to Jesús Carretero Pérez David Expósito Singh José Daniel García Sánchez Francisco Javier García Blas Florin Isaila 1 Why study? a) OS, and its internals, largely
More informationWhat is the typical configuration of a computer sold today? 1-1
What is the typical configuration of a computer sold today? 1-1 Computer Hardware Components In this chapter: How did the computer become known as the stored-program computer? Do they all have the same
More informationUNIT 4 Device Management
UNIT 4 Device Management (A) Device Function. (B) Device Characteristic. (C) Disk space Management. (D) Allocation and Disk scheduling Methods. [4.1] Device Management Functions The management of I/O devices
More informationCOMPUTER BASICS LECTURER: ATHENA TOUMBOURI
COMPUTER BASICS LECTURER: ATHENA TOUMBOURI WHAT IS A COMPUTER SCIENCE? The definition of computer science is a branch of engineering science that studies the technology and the principles of computers.
More informationROM (read-only memory) is a type of memory that stores data even when the main computer power is off.
ROM (read-only memory) is a type of memory that stores data even when the main computer power is off. This is necessary so that the system can access the data it needs to start up. When stored in ROM,
More informationFour Components of a Computer System
Four Components of a Computer System Operating System Concepts Essentials 2nd Edition 1.1 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2013 Operating System Definition OS is a resource allocator Manages all resources
More informationmachine cycle, the CPU: (a) Fetches an instruction, (b) Decodes the instruction, (c) Executes the instruction, and (d) Stores the result.
Central Processing Unit (CPU) A processor is also called the CPU, and it works hand in hand with other circuits known as main memory to carry out processing. The CPU is the "brain" of the computer; it
More informationMain Memory (RAM) Organisation
Main Memory (RAM) Organisation Computers employ many different types of memory (semi-conductor, magnetic disks, USB sticks, DVDs etc.) to hold data and programs. Each type has its own characteristics and
More informationComputers and Microprocessors. Lecture 34 PHYS3360/AEP3630
Computers and Microprocessors Lecture 34 PHYS3360/AEP3630 1 Contents Computer architecture / experiment control Microprocessor organization Basic computer components Memory modes for x86 series of microprocessors
More informationBIOS UPDATES Click to scan for Bios Updates
Phoenix BIOS Beep - BIOS Central 1 di 16 13/02/2012 19:45 Home Forums About Us Awards Contact Us Upgrade your BIOS BIOS UPDATES Click to scan for Bios Updates BIOS Post: Acer BIOS Post ALR BIOS Post AMIT/AMI
More informationTypes and Functions of Win Operating Systems
LEC. 2 College of Information Technology / Software Department.. Computer Skills I / First Class / First Semester 2017-2018 Types and Functions of Win Operating Systems What is an Operating System (O.S.)?
More informationPL-I Assignment Broup B-Ass 5 BIOS & UEFI
PL-I Assignment Broup B-Ass 5 BIOS & UEFI Vocabulary BIOS = Basic Input Output System UEFI = Unified Extensible Firmware Interface POST= Power On Self Test BR = Boot Record (aka MBR) BC =Boot Code (aka
More informationACADEMIC YEAR PLANNING - F.Y.J.C. ( ) F.Y.J.C. COMPUTER SCIENCE (Theory)
ACADEMIC YEAR PLANNING - F.Y.J.C. (2015-16) F.Y.J.C. COMPUTER SCIENCE (Theory) JULY Number Systems & Binary Arithmetic : Binary number, decimal, octal, hexadecimal numbers, BCD,conversion from one number
More information1. A folder inside a folder is called. a) Mini Directory b) Sub Directory c) Root Folder d) Child Folder e) None of these
1. A folder inside a folder is called. a) Mini Directory b) Sub Directory c) Root Folder d) Child Folder 2. A mouse is this kind of device a) Input b) Output c) Network d) Storage 3. All deleted files
More informationQ.1 Explain Computer s Basic Elements
Q.1 Explain Computer s Basic Elements Ans. At a top level, a computer consists of processor, memory, and I/O components, with one or more modules of each type. These components are interconnected in some
More informationOPERATING SYSTEM. Functions of Operating System:
OPERATING SYSTEM Introduction: An operating system (commonly abbreviated to either OS or O/S) is an interface between hardware and user. OS is responsible for the management and coordination of activities
More information