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1 Recent Trends in Microcontrollers and Electronics Design Sheshmal S. Shingne*1, Miss.Sandhya Bhandaru *2,Dhananjay M. Devare*3 *1(M.Tech student of NIELIT Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India) *2(M.E. P.T.(Electronics)student of Gov.t College of Engg Aurangabad, Maharashtra India) *3(Assistant Professor AVCOE,Sangamner,Maharastra,india) Abstract A microcontroller is a kind of minicomputer that you can find in all electronic items. With microcontroller the dedicated intelligent system is made possible. Before microcontrollers, microprocessors evolved. While designing systems with microprocessors, the rest of the peripherals such as program memories, data memories, input output ports, timers, ACDs etc. is required externally and size and the complexity if the hardware increases. So,most of the external peripherals mentioned above, along with the microprocessors, embedded into an single integrated circuit, thus forms microcontroller. Hence system design hardware reduces. Along with the hardware reduction; size and cost of the overall system design also reduces. The earliest microcontroller is Intel s MCS 48, 8 bit microcontroller, developed in the year 1976; and later on MCS 51. Depending upon the application various derivatives get developed around Due to the advantages of microcontrollers in electronics and because of it miniature in the design got possible; various manufacturers developed various kinds of microcontrollers depending upon the application area and technology used. Microcontroller design is also the VLSI design, So as the VLSI design area advancing, the microcontroller design also advancing, and Now a day s various types of microcontrollers architectures developed, such as fixed feature architecture, variable feature architecture, Harvard, Von Neumann architecture, ASIC, PSOC (Programmable system on chip) type of architecture. Applications development as a result of combined result of FPGA and microcontroller. Microcontroller based design platform is also parallel revolutionizing with the advancement of the software design and development, such as more advancement of the IDE (Integrated development environment), simplification of the communication medium from the microcontroller based development board to the host computer. Simplification of the design languages increased the speed of design drastically. Microcontroller based design also revolves around the more advancement of the testing tools and equipments. Testing equipments, includes testing of power supply, testing if the programs or the firmware development, testing of the target hardware, testing jigs etc. Now a day s testing hardware also coming into computer based simulation packages, Such as PC based CRO, PC based Power supply, and PC based simulators of the controllers, PSPICE, LABVIEW etc. Simulators, analyzers, emulators and debugger make the design steps very simple and lead to design time reduction. As the microcontroller size is reducing the external hardware package is also reducing, SO revolutionizing the CAD CAM based design. So we can find the application of the controller in the area of 1) medical appliances such as tiny Camera to take the images of the intestine, 2) communications 3) Consumer Electronics 4) Defense applications, 5) Aerospace 6) Entertainment. So now days we can find the microcontroller used in almost all the appliances that we use in day to day life. 1. INTRODUCTION A microcontroller (sometimes abbreviated as µc, uc or MCU) is a small computer on a single integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals. Program memory in the form of NOR flash or OTP ROM is also often included on chip, as well as a typically small amount of RAM. Microcontrollers 1

are designed for embedded applications, in contrast to the microprocessors used in personal computers or other general purpose applications.

Initially this family was produced using NMOStechnology, in the early 1980s it became available in CMOS-technology.

2 are designed for embedded applications, in contrast to the microprocessors used in personal computers or other general purpose applications. The earliest microcontroller is Intel s MCS 48, 8 bit microcontroller, developed in the year Its first members were 8048, 8035 and Initially this family was produced using NMOStechnology, in the early 1980s it became available in CMOS-technology. It was still manufactured into the 1990's to support older designs that still used it. Though the MCS-48 series was eventually replaced by the very popular Intel MCS-51, even at the turn of the millennium it remains quite popular, due to its low cost, wide availability, memory efficient one-byte instruction set, and mature companies also offer MCS-51 derivatives as IP cores for use in FPGAs or ASICs designs. Figure 2. P8051 uc, Philips Intel's original MCS-51 family was developed using NMOS technology, but later versions, identified by the letter C in their name (e.g. 80C51) used CMOS technology and consume less power than their NMOS predecessors. This made them more suitable for battery powered devices. IMPORTANT FEATURES OF MCS 51 MICROCONTROLLER The 8051 architecture provides many functions (CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O, interrupt logic, time r, etc.) in a single package Figure 1. one of the derivative of MCS 48 uc Development tools. Because of this it is much used in high volume consumer electronics devices such as TV sets, TV remotes, toys, and other gadgets where cost cutting is essential. The Intel MCS-51 (commonly referred to as 8051) is a Harvard architecture, single chip microcontroller (µc) series which was developed by Intel in 1980 for use in embedded systems. [1][2] Intel's original versions were popular in the 1980s and early 1990s. While Intel no longer manufactures the MCS-51, binary compatible derivatives remain popular today. In addition to these physical devices, several 8-bit ALU, Accumulator, 8-bit Registers and 8-bit data bus; hence it is an 8- bitmicrocontroller Boolean processor Multiply, divide and compare instructions 4 register banks (memory mapped) Fast interrupt with register bank switching Interrupts with selectable priority [3] Dual 16-bit address bus It can access 2 x 2 16 memory locations 64 kb (65536 locations) each of RAM and ROM On-chip RAM 128 bytes (data memory) On-chip ROM 4 kb (program memory) Four byte bi-directional input/output port UART (serial port) Two 16-bit Counter/timers Power saving mode (on some derivatives) 2

now a days almost all the leading manufacturers of the microcontrollers firstly developed the derivatives of the MCS 51 architecture. For eg.

3 ARCHITECTURE DIAGRAM OF MCS 51 uc : Fig. 3. Shows the Intel MCS 51 microarchitecture. This is the basic architecture, and later on depending on the manufacturer the features varied as per the need of the design.now a days almost all the leading manufacturers of the microcontrollers firstly developed the derivatives of the MCS 51 architecture. For eg. NXP semiconductor,developed a wide series of MCS 51 architecture, with varing features, most popular of these series is P89V51RD2. Which added, one more 16 bit timer,watchdog timer, increased RAM, ROM, oscillator frequency upto 48MHz. etc. HARVARD ARCHITECTURE: TYPE The following figure4 shows the Harvard type architecture. Figure 4. Harvard architecture Figure 3. Intel MCS 51 Microarchitecture Harvard Architecture: The Harvard architecture uses physically separate memories for their instructions and data, requiring dedicated buses for each of them. Instructions and operands can therefore be fetched simultaneously. Different program and data bus widths are possible, allowing program and data memory to be better optimized to the architectural requirements. E.g.: If the instruction format requires 14 bits then program bus and memory can be made 14-bit wide, while the data bus and data memory remain 8-bit wide. VON NEUMANN ARCHITECTURE: BASIC ARCHITECTURE OF MICROCONTROLLERS: The following figure 5 shows the Von Neumann architecture of microcontrollers. There are basic two types of architectures of microcontrollers. 1) Harvard type architecture 2) Von Neumann type architecture. 3

4 execution becomes faster. RISC and CISC instruction format deals with the complexity of the controller architecture as well as the programming. The 8051 family microcontroller have the CISC (Complex Instruction Set computing) instruction format means its instructions sets are complex, and more in number and while programming programmer is required to learn all the instructions for assembly language programming and The length of the instruction varies, so this architecture affects to the execution speed. Whereas the RISC Figure 5. Von Neumann Architecture (Reduced Instruction Set Computing) has the fixed length of the instruction and number of instructions are also reduced and each instruction in John Von Neumann's: One shared memory for instructions (program) and data with one data bus and one address bus between processor and memory. Instructions and data have to be fetched in sequential order (known as the Von Neuman Bottleneck), limiting the operation bandwidth. Its design is simpler than that of the Harvard architecture. It is mostly used to interface to external memory. TYPES OF MICROCONTROLLERS: Figure 6. Types of microcontrollers multifunction. Advantage of the RISC is that speed of execution increased and as the length of the instruction is fixed the ROM architecture can be scaled even. The types of the microcontroller is largely depends upon the family or the manufacturer of the microcontroller. For the case of the 8051, there are various manufacturers, such as Atmel, NXP (Previous Philips), Silicon Labs, Dallas, Siemens, Intel etc. All manufacturers varied the features as per the requirements. The number of pins of the microcontroller also varies as per the requirement. And oscillator requires is now coming inside the microcontroller itself so that again reduction in board size. In the present paper we are going to elaborate some of the most popularly used microcontrollers. PIC MICROCONTROLLERS PIC microcontrollers (Manufacturer Microchip Technology) have series in PIC 12F, 16F, 18F series for 8 bit Microcontrollers, also have 8051 legacy, 16 bit PIC have series PIC 24F,PIC24H, and Digital signal processing controller series dspic30f,dspic33f etc. PIC microcontroller is based on RISC architecture. As shown in figure the classification of microcontrollers is based upon various parameters, Such as data bus width, make, memory architecture, instruction format etc. Data bus width affects the speed of operation of the controller, as the data bus width increases the 4

Figure 7.PIC10F200 in SOT 23 and 8 pin DIP Package Following is given the features of the PIC10F200 controller, which indicates theadvancement into the internal design of the microcontroller.

Reset Timer (DRT) achieve extended battery life in portable measurement applications.

5 Figure 7.PIC10F200 in SOT 23 and 8 pin DIP Package Following is given the features of the PIC10F200 controller, which indicates theadvancement into the internal design of the microcontroller. Special Microcontroller Features: 4 MHz precision internal oscillator: - Factory calibrated to ±1% In-Circuit Serial Programming (ICSP ) In-Circuit Debugging (ICD) support Power-on Reset (POR) Device Reset Timer (DRT) achieve extended battery life in portable measurement applications. The device consist of powerful 16 bit RISC CPU, 16 bit registers,and constant generators that contribute to maximum code efficiency.the digitally controlled oscillator (DCO) allows wake-up from low-power modes to active mode in less than 5 µs.msp430bt5190 is a microcontroller configuration with three 16-bit timers, a high performance 12-bit analog-to-digital (A/D) converter, up to four universal serial communication interfaces (USCI), hardware multiplier, DMA, real-time clock module with alarm capabilities, and up to 87 I/O pins.the MSP430BT5190 microcontroller is designed for commercial use with TI s CC2560 based Bluetooth solutions in conjunction with MindTree s EthermindBluetooth stack and Serial Port Profile (SPP). This MSP430BT5190+CC2560 Bluetooth platform is ideal for applications needing a wireless serial link for cable replacement, such as remote controls, thermostats, smart metering, blood glucose meters, pulse oximeters, and many others. Watchdog Timer (WDT) with dedicated on-chip RC oscillator for reliable operation Programmable code protection Multiplexed MCLR input pin Internal weak pull-ups on I/O pins Power-Saving Sleep mode Wake-up from Sleep on pin change Only 33 single-word instructions to learn All single-cycle instructions except for program branches, which are two-cycle 12-bit wide instructions Other Major manufacturers are AVR, Texas Instruments, Motorola, National Semiconductors, Cypress Semiconductors, ST Microelectronics, Power PC, RENESAS etc. TEXAS MSP430 CONTROLLERS Texas provides the ultra low power technology microcontroller which is very suitable in battery operated devices.its MSP430 series is very popular for battery operated devices design. MSP430 have different features targeted for different applications.the architecture, combined with extensive low-power modes, is optimized to Figure 8.Texas MSP430BT5190 Controller. Each manufacturer has developed their own microcontroller core to suit the particular requirement of the application. For e.g. RENESAS have developed their microcontroller to suit the automobile sector application.cypress Semiconductor have developed their own series of microcontroller core M8C, and developed the large number of series on this core. Cypress also developed controller on the 8051 core based controller to for 8051 based developers. Cypress have manufactured one series of controller which is known as PSOC means Programmable System On Chip. PSOC(CYPRESS SEMICONDUCTOR): 5

PSoC is a true programmable embedded system-on-chip integrating configurable analog and digital peripheral functions, memory and a microcontroller on a single chip.

6 PSoC is a true programmable embedded system-on-chip integrating configurable analog and digital peripheral functions, memory and a microcontroller on a single chip. PSOC1 is based on M8C core, PSoC3 is bsed on high pwerformance 8051 core and new PSoC 5LP is based on 32 bit ARM cortex core architectures extend the world s only programmable embedded system design platform, shattering design limitations. the Qualcomm Snapdragon, nvidia Tegra, andtexas Instruments OMAP, as well as ARM's Cortex series and Apple System on Chips (used in its iphones). The name was originally an acronym for Advanced RISC Machine, and in its early days Acorn RISC Machine. [6] Figure 9. PSOC (CYPRESS) ARM MICROCONTROLLERS: The ARM architecture describes a family of RISC-based computer processors designed and licensed by British company ARM Holdings. It was first developed in the 1980s and globally as of 2013 is the most widely used 32- bit instruction set architecture in terms of quantity produced. [3][4] In 2011 alone, producers of chips based on ARM architectures reported shipments of 7.9 billion ARM-based processors, representing 95% of smartphones, 90% of hard disk drives [ citation needed ], 40% of digital televisions and set-top boxes, 15% of microcontrollers and 20% of mobile computers. [5] As an IP core business, ARM Holdings itself does not manufacture its own electronic chips, but licenses its designs to othersemiconductor manufacturers. ARM-based processors and systems on a chip include Figure 10. ARM Architecture. DSP CONTROLLERS A digital signal controller (DSC) is a hybrid of microcontrollers and digital signal processors (DSPs). Like microcontrollers, DSCs have fast interrupt responses, offer controloriented peripherals like PWMs and watchdo g timers, and are usually programmed using the C programming language, although they can be programmed using the device's native assembly language. On the DSP side, they incorporate features found on most DSPs such as single-cycle multiply accumulate (MAC) units, barrel shifters, and large accumulators. The term first introduced by microchip in 2002 with the launch of their 6000 series DCSs and subsequently adopted by most but not all DCS vendors.for example, Infineon and Renesas refer to their microcontrollers as DCSs. 6

INSTRUMENTS HAVE CODE COMPOSER STUDIO IDE ETC. II. WITH THE EMERGENCE OF THE LINUX, ANDROID ETC. BASED DEVELOPMENTS THE DEVELOPMENT TOOLS HAVE DEVELOPED FOR SUCH PLATFORMS. III.

dsPIC33FJ128GP802 in package DCSs are used in wide veriety of applications such as power control, motor control, power supplies and sensor processing; because of their less power consumption most of

7 INSTRUMENTS HAVE CODE COMPOSER STUDIO IDE ETC. II. WITH THE EMERGENCE OF THE LINUX, ANDROID ETC. BASED DEVELOPMENTS THE DEVELOPMENT TOOLS HAVE DEVELOPED FOR SUCH PLATFORMS. III. IMPACT OF VLSI DESIGN ` Figure 11.dsPIC33FJ128GP802 in package DCSs are used in wide veriety of applications such as power control, motor control, power supplies and sensor processing; because of their less power consumption most of DCSs are being marketed as green technologies.they have the great potential in the power control as well as in the audio and video processing applications. DESIGN SUPPORT VARIOUS DESIGN TOOLS: In the early microcontroller based design the assembles and linker were separate packages and IDE to burn final hex file into the target controller. With the advancement of the software industry and emergence of high level language to the microcontroller programming, the programming became easy and independent to the assembly language of required controller, So that any programmer can program the required controller by studying the required hardware of the controller. Many companies designed and developed the IDE for the programming, Such as KEIL, SPJ etc. which can support for large no. of device families. These IDE has compiler, debugger, and optionally programmer inbuilt and its required to purchase its licensed copy. I. BUT NOW A DAY EACH MANUFACTURER OF THE CONTROLLERS DEVELOPS THEIR OWN IDE AND PROGRAMMING TOOLS, AND PROGRAMMERS JUST HAVE TO USE THEM FREELY. E.G. MICROCHIPS MPLAB, FREESCALES CODEWARRIOR DEVELOPMENT STUDIO, ATMEL HAVE ATMEL STUDIO, CYPRESS SEMICONDUCTORS DESIGNERS IDE, TEXAS IV. IN EARLIER DAYS IN HARDWARE DESIGN, THE BUILDING OF THE ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUIT WERE MAINLY WITH THE HELP OF THE DISCRETE COMPONENTS AND BASIC GATES ICS. BUT NOW A DAYS ALMOST EVERY ANALOG COMPONENT IS GETTING IN THE IC FORM. SUCH AS OPAMPS, REGULATORS, LDOS, VARIOUS SENSORS UNITS, WIRELESS MODULES, AUDIO, VIDEO RELATED HARDWARE, DATA INTERFACING HARDWARE ETC. ALL SUCH HARDWARE NOW GETTING IN TERMS OF THE IC PACKAGES EVEN INBUILD IN THE APPLICATION SPECIFIC CONTROLLERS THEREBY REDUCING THE BOARD SIZE. V. PCB DESIGN VI. PCB(PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS) PLAYS MAJOR ROLE IN ELECTRONICS DESIGN. IT ALSO REDUCES THE HARDWARE BY DESIGNING MULTILAYER PCBS. MORE THAN 30 LAYERS PCB DESIGN AND FABRICATION IS POSSIBLE.FLEXIBLE PCB DESIGN DEVELOPMENT ALSO MADE BIG IMPACT IN PRODUCT DESIGN. Figure 12. Multilayer Flexible PCB 7

VII. SIMULATORS, EMULATORS, DIBUGGER, PROGRAMMER ETC. REFERENCES [1] K.J.Ayala, The 8051 Microcontroller, 2nd ed., West Publishing Co. [2] Mohammad Ali Mazidi, Janice gillispie Mazidi, Rolin D.

8 VII. SIMULATORS, EMULATORS, DIBUGGER, PROGRAMMER ETC. REFERENCES [1] K.J.Ayala, The 8051 Microcontroller, 2nd ed., West Publishing Co. [2] Mohammad Ali Mazidi, Janice gillispie Mazidi, Rolin D. McKinly, 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems using assembly and C, 2 nd ed. Pearson. [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] Figure 13. Multilayer PCB 8

Basic Components of Digital Computer

Digital Integrated Circuits & Microcontrollers Sl. Mihnea UDREA, mihnea@comm.pub.ro Conf. Mihai i STANCIU, ms@elcom.pub.ro 1 Basic Components of Digital Computer CPU (Central Processing Unit) Control and