System Administration for the Oracle Solaris 10 OS Part 1 Student Guide - Volume I

Transcription

1 System Administration for the Oracle Solaris 10 OS Part 1 Student Guide - Volume I D61734GC30 Edition 3.0 September 2011 D74403

2 Authors Vijetha M Malkai Venu Poddar Technical Contributor and Reviewer Shyam Krishna Editor s Smita Kommini Aju Kumar Malavika Jinka Graphic Designers Prakash Damodaran Maheshwari Krishnamurthy Publishers Pavithran Adka Jayanthy Keshavamurthy Michael Sebastian Copyright 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Disclaimer This document contains proprietary information and is protected by copyright and other intellectual property laws. You may copy and print this document solely for your own use in an Oracle training course. The document may not be modified or altered in any way. Except where your use constitutes "fair use" under copyright law, you may not use, share, download, upload, copy, print, display, perform, reproduce, publish, license, post, transmit, or distribute this document in whole or in part without the express authorization of Oracle. The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice. If you find any problems in the document, please report them in writing to: Oracle University, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, California USA. This document is not warranted to be error-free. Restricted Rights Notice If this documentation is delivered to the United States Government or anyone using the documentation on behalf of the United States Government, the following notice is applicable: U.S. GOVERNMENT RIGHTS The U.S. Government s rights to use, modify, reproduce, release, perform, display, or disclose these training materials are restricted by the terms of the applicable Oracle license agreement and/or the applicable U.S. Government contract. Trademark Notice Oracle and Java are registered trademarks of Oracle and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners.

3 Contents Preface 1 Introduction Course Introduction: Overview 1-2 Course Goals 1-3 Skills Gained in This Course 1-4 Course Agenda: Day Course Agenda: Day Course Agenda: Day Course Agenda: Day Course Agenda: Day Supplementary Lessons 1-10 Introductions 1-11 Classroom Environment Introducing the Oracle Solaris 10 OS Directory Hierarchy Objectives 2-2 Agenda 2-3 Introducing File Systems 2-4 File Systems 2-5 / (root) Subdirectories 2-6 Important System Directories 2-7 Important In-Memory System Directories 2-10 Quiz 2-13 Agenda 2-15 Introducing File Components 2-16 Quiz 2-18 Agenda 2-19 Identifying File Types 2-20 Regular Files 2-22 Directories 2-23 Symbolic Links 2-24 Device Files 2-26 Quiz 2-30 Agenda 2-32 iii

4 Using Hard Links 2-33 Creating and Removing Hard Links 2-34 Quiz 2-36 Practice 2 Overview: Identifying File Types 2-38 Summary Managing Local Disk Devices Objectives 3-2 Agenda 3-3 Basic Disk Architecture 3-4 Data Organization on Disk Platters 3-5 Disk Labels and Partition Tables 3-6 SMI Disk Label 3-7 Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI) Disk Label 3-9 Disk Labels and Partitions 3-10 x86/x64 Partitions and Slices 3-12 Naming Conventions for Disk Devices 3-16 Names for SCSI Disk Devices 3-18 IDE and SATA Disk Device Names 3-21 Quiz 3-23 Agenda 3-25 Oracle Solaris OS Naming Conventions for Devices 3-26 Logical Device Names 3-27 Physical Device Names 3-30 Instance Names 3-34 Agenda 3-35 Listing System Devices 3-36 /etc/path_to_inst File 3-37 prtconf Command 3-42 format Utility 3-44 prtdiag Command 3-46 Quiz 3-50 Agenda 3-52 Performing a Reconfiguration Boot 3-53 Using the devfsadm Command 3-55 Quiz 3-58 Agenda 3-59 Partitioning a Hard Disk 3-60 Introducing Disk Partitioning 3-61 Recognizing Disk Space and Undesirable Conditions 3-62 Recognizing Wasted Disk Space 3-65 iv

5 Recognizing Overlapping Disk Slices 3-66 Disk Partition Tables 3-68 fdisk Partition Tables 3-69 Oracle Solaris OS Partition Tables 3-70 Disk Labels 3-71 Partition Table Terms and Usage 3-72 Using the format Utility 3-74 Defining Slices on a SPARC System 3-75 Using the format Utility to Create fdisk Partitions 3-82 Defining Slices on an x86/x64 System 3-87 EFI Label and VTOC Label Comparison 3-95 EFI Disk Label Restrictions 3-97 Viewing the Disk VTOC 3-99 Viewing the Disk VTOC by Using the verify Command Reading a Disk VTOC by Using the prtvtoc Command Replacing a SPARC or x86/x64 VTOC on a Disk x86/x64 VTOC Information and Oracle Solaris fdisk Partitions Viewing and Replacing fdisk Partition Tables on x86/x64 Systems Quiz Agenda Extended Volume Table of Contents Quiz Practice 3 Overview: Managing Local Disk Devices Summary Managing UFS File Systems Objectives 4-2 Agenda 4-3 Oracle Solaris OS File Systems 4-4 Agenda 4-6 Viewing the Oracle Solaris OS UFS 4-7 Oracle Solaris OS UFS on Different Disk Slices 4-8 Partition Tables and Reserved Space 4-9 UFS File System Structure 4-11 Cylinder Groups in a ufs File System 4-13 UFS Inode 4-14 Fragmentation 4-16 Agenda 4-17 Creating a New ufs File System 4-18 Using the newfs Command 4-20 Agenda 4-22 v

6 Checking a File System by Using the fsck Command 4-23 Noninteractive Mode 4-25 Interactive Mode 4-26 Agenda 4-28 Resolving File System Inconsistencies 4-29 Reconnecting an Allocated Unreferenced File 4-30 Adjusting a Link Counter 4-32 Salvaging the Free List 4-33 Using Backup Superblocks 4-34 Agenda 4-38 Monitoring File System Use 4-39 df Command 4-40 df Command Options 4-41 Fields for the df -k Command 4-42 du Command 4-43 quot Command 4-46 Quiz 4-48 Practice 4 Overview: Creating and Maintaining UFS File Systems 4-54 Summary Performing Mounts and Unmounts Objectives 5-2 Agenda 5-3 Mounting Basics 5-4 Mounting Basics: Overview 5-5 Mounting Basics 5-6 Mounting a File System Automatically 5-7 Adding Entries to /etc/vfstab 5-10 /etc/mnttab File System Table 5-12 Quiz 5-16 Agenda 5-18 Mounting a Local File System Manually 5-19 Using the mount Command Options 5-21 Mounting All File Systems Manually 5-23 Mounting a New File System 5-25 Mounting Different Types of File Systems 5-27 Specifying hsfs and pcfs File System Types 5-29 Specifying a zfs File System Type 5-30 Quiz 5-31 Agenda 5-33 Managing ZFS Mount Points 5-34 vi

7 Automatic Mount Points 5-36 Legacy Mount Points 5-38 Mounting ZFS File Systems 5-40 Quiz 5-42 Agenda 5-43 Performing Unmounts 5-44 Unmounting All File Systems 5-45 Unmounting a Busy File System 5-46 Unmounting a ZFS File System 5-48 Quiz 5-49 Agenda 5-50 Repairing Files If Boot Fails on a SPARC System 5-51 Repairing Files If Boot Fails on x86/x64 Systems 5-53 Agenda 5-55 Accessing Mounted Diskettes, CD-ROMs, and DVDs 5-56 Quiz 5-60 Agenda 5-62 Stopping Volume Management (vold) 5-63 Troubleshooting the Volume Management Service 5-64 Agenda 5-65 Accessing a Diskette, CD-ROM, or DVD Without Volume Management 5-66 Using the mount Command 5-67 Quiz 5-68 Practice 5 Overview: Mounting File Systems 5-70 Summary ZFS File System Objectives 6-2 Agenda 6-3 What Is ZFS? 6-4 Features of ZFS 6-5 Quiz 6-8 Agenda 6-9 ZFS Terminology 6-10 Quiz 6-12 Agenda 6-13 Creating a Basic ZFS File System 6-14 ZFS Storage Pool Components 6-15 Using Disks in a ZFS Storage Pool 6-16 Virtual Devices in a Storage Pool 6-19 Using Cache Devices in a ZFS Storage Pool 6-20 vii

8 Quiz 6-22 Agenda 6-23 Destroying ZFS Storage Pools 6-24 Importing a Storage Pool 6-25 Importing Pool With a Missing Log 6-26 Importing a Pool in Read-Only Mode 6-27 Getting Basic ZFS Storage Pool Information 6-28 ZFS Storage Pool HEALTH Status 6-30 Getting Basic Storage Pool HEALTH Status 6-32 Getting Detailed Storage Pool HEALTH Status 6-33 Getting Detailed Storage Pool HEALTH Status with Timestamp 6-34 Creating and Destroying ZFS File Systems 6-35 Creating a ZFS File System 6-36 Destroying a ZFS File System 6-37 Renaming a ZFS File System 6-39 ZFS Properties 6-40 Values of ZFS Properties 6-41 Read-Only ZFS Properties 6-42 Settable ZFS Native Properties 6-43 ZFS Native Property Descriptions 6-44 Using Space Accounting Properties 6-50 Setting ZFS File System Properties at Pool Creation Time 6-52 Setting Cache Properties on a ZFS File System 6-53 Setting ZFS User and Group Quotas 6-54 Listing Basic ZFS Information 6-56 Quiz 6-57 Agenda 6-58 Mirrored Storage Pool Configuration 6-59 RAID-Z Storage Pool Configuration 6-60 Self-Healing Data in a Replicated Configuration 6-63 Dynamic Striping in a Storage Pool 6-64 Creating ZFS Storage Pools 6-65 Quiz 6-66 Agenda 6-67 Displaying ZFS Snapshots 6-68 Sending and Receiving ZFS Data 6-69 Creating ZFS Snapshots 6-70 Destroying ZFS Snapshots 6-71 Identifying ZFS Snapshot Differences 6-72 Practice Overview 6: ZFS File System Introduction 6-73 Summary 6-74 viii

9 7 Describing Interface Configurations Objectives 7-2 Agenda 7-3 Controlling and Monitoring Network Interfaces 7-4 Displaying the IP Address 7-6 Marking an Ethernet Interface as down 7-7 Sending ICMP ECHO_REQUEST Packets 7-8 Capturing and Inspecting Network Packets 7-9 Quiz 7-11 Agenda 7-13 Introducing IPv4 Interface Files 7-14 /etc/hostname.xxn File Entries and Corresponding Interfaces 7-15 /etc/inet/ipnodes File 7-17 Changing the System Host Name 7-18 sys-unconfig Command 7-20 Quiz 7-22 Practice 7 Overview: Oracle Solaris OS Network Commands 7-24 Summary Performing Package Administration Objectives 8-2 Agenda 8-3 Package Administration Fundamentals 8-4 Package Formats 8-7 File System Format 8-8 Data Stream Format 8-9 Quiz 8-10 Agenda 8-11 Administering Packages from the Command Line 8-12 Displaying Information About Installed Software Packages 8-13 Displaying Information About All Packages 8-14 Displaying Information About a Specific Package 8-15 Displaying Information About Software Packages 8-16 Quiz 8-17 Adding a Software Package 8-18 Checking a Package Installation 8-23 Removing a Software Package 8-27 Adding Packages by Using a Spool Directory 8-29 Streaming One or More Packages 8-31 Package Administration Commands 8-33 Package Files and Directories 8-34 ix

10 Quiz 8-35 Practice 8 Overview: Adding a Software Package 8-37 Summary Managing Software Patches Objectives 9-2 Agenda 9-3 Patch Administration: Overview 9-4 Patch Names and Delivery Format 9-6 Agenda 9-7 Best Practices 9-8 Accessing Patches and Patch Information 9-9 Requirements for Patch Access 9-10 Quiz 9-11 Agenda 9-12 Accessing Patches from My Oracle Support 9-13 Accessing Patch Documents 9-14 Critical Patch Updates 9-15 Downloading Patches from My Oracle Support 9-16 Patchsets and Patch Bundle Downloads 9-17 Checking Patch Levels 9-19 Preparing Patches for Installation 9-20 Patch Contents 9-22 Agenda 9-23 Tools and Commands to Manage Patches 9-24 Installing a Patch 9-25 Removing a Patch 9-27 Quiz 9-29 Agenda 9-30 Installing Patchsets 9-31 Agenda 9-37 Using the smpatch Command 9-38 Applying Updates 9-39 Applying an Update in Three Steps 9-41 Applying an Update in One Step 9-43 Configuring the Patch Management Environment 9-44 Example: Configuring the Patch Management Environment 9-45 Using the Update Policy for Applying Updates 9-50 Install Type Parameter Values 9-51 Policy Values for Each Update 9-53 Example: Using the Update Policy Without the smpatch update Command 9-54 x

11 Example: Using the Update Policy with the smpatch update Command 9-58 Working with Multiple Updates 9-61 Authorization and Authentication 9-63 Quiz 9-64 Summary 9-66 Practice 9 Overview: Maintaining Patches Using Boot PROM Commands Objectives 10-2 Agenda 10-3 Boot PROM Fundamentals 10-4 Goal of the OpenBoot Architecture Standard 10-6 Boot PROM 10-7 System Configuration Information 10-9 Disabling the Abort Sequence Displaying POST to the Serial Port Quiz Agenda Using Basic Boot PROM Commands Identifying the System Boot PROM Version Booting the System Accessing More Detailed Information Listing NVRAM Parameters Changing NVRAM Parameters Restoring Default NVRAM Parameters Displaying Devices Connected to the System probe-scsi Command probe-scsi all Command probe-ide Command Quiz Agenda Identifying the System Boot Device show-devs Command devalias Command boot-device Parameter Quiz Agenda Creating and Removing Custom Device Aliases nvalias Command nvunalias Command Quiz xi

12 Agenda eeprom Command Quiz Agenda Interrupting an Unresponsive System Aborting an Unresponsive System Practice 10 Overview: Using Boot PROM Commands Summary Using the GRand Unified Bootloader (GRUB) Objectives 11-2 Agenda 11-3 Introduction to GRUB 11-4 GRUB Terminology 11-5 GRUB-Based Booting 11-7 How GRUB-Based Booting Works 11-9 GRUB Device-Naming Conventions GRUB Functional Components GRUB Menu Quiz Agenda Modifying x86 System Boot Behavior in the Oracle Solaris OS Setting Boot Parameters by Using eeprom Modifying Boot Behavior by Using the kernel Command kernel Command: Examples Verifying Which Kernel the System Is Using Quiz Agenda findroot Command for x Agenda GRUB Boot Archives Managing the Primary Boot Archive Quiz Agenda Booting a System to Default Run Level (Multiuser) Booting a System to Run Level S (Single-User Level) Booting a System Interactively Stopping an x86 System for Recovery Booting the Failsafe Archive for Recovery Agenda Aborting an Unresponsive System xii

13 Quiz Practice 11: Using GRUB Summary Performing Legacy Boot and Shutdown Procedures Objectives 12-2 Agenda 12-3 Oracle Solaris SPARC Boot Design: Overview 12-4 Boot Process Phases 12-5 New Design 12-6 Legacy Boot and Shutdown 12-7 Quiz 12-8 Agenda 12-9 Boot Process Phases kernel Initialization Phase /etc/system File and Kernel Configuration Editing the /etc/system File init Phase Quiz Agenda Legacy Run-Level Fundamentals Quiz Agenda Legacy Boot Processes Quiz Agenda System Shutdown Procedures /usr/sbin/init Command /usr/sbin/shutdown Command Ungraceful Shutdown Commands Quiz Summary Service Management Facility (SMF) Objectives 13-2 Agenda 13-3 Introduction to the SMF 13-4 SMF Features 13-5 Service: Definition 13-6 Quiz 13-7 Service Identifiers 13-8 xiii

14 Listing Service Information Service States Quiz Milestones svc.startd Daemon inetd Restarter Setting the Size of the inetd Managed Services Backlog Queue Service Configuration Repository Service Repository Database Listing Services with the svcs Command Changing Service States by Using the svcadm Command Using svcs to Determine Why Services Are Not Running Creating New Service Scripts Manipulating Legacy Services That Are Not Managed by SMF Quiz Agenda Secure by Default Custom Configurations Limited Networking Profile Opening Selected Services Removing Restrictions Quiz Practice 13 Overview: Managing Services with SMF Summary Performing User Administration Objectives 14-2 Agenda 14-3 Introducing User Administration 14-4 Main Components of a User Account 14-5 System Files That Store User Account Information 14-7 /etc/passwd File 14-8 Default System Account Entries /etc/shadow File Fields in the /etc/shadow File /etc/group File Fields in the /etc/group File /etc/default/passwd File Password Management Setting Password Aging on a User Account Quiz xiv

15 Agenda Command-Line Tools Creating a User Account useradd Command: Format and Options smuser add Command: Format and Options Modifying a User Account with the usermod Command Modifying a User Account with the smuser modify Command Deleting a User Account smuser delete Command: Format and Options Creating a Group Entry smgroup add Command: Format and Options Modifying a Group Entry groupmod Command: Format and Options smgroup modify Command: Format and Options Deleting a Group Entry smgroup delete Command: Format and Options Troubleshooting Login Issues Login Problems in the CDE Quiz Agenda Managing Initialization Files Systemwide Initialization Files User Initialization Files Customizing the User s Work Environment Quiz Practice 14 Overview: Adding User and Group Accounts Summary Controlling System Processes Objectives 15-2 Agenda 15-3 prstat Command 15-4 prstat Report Column Headings 15-7 pginfo Command 15-9 pginfo Report Column Headings pgstat Command pgstat Report Column Headings Quiz Agenda kill and pkill Commands Process Signal Numbers and Names xv

16 Quiz Agenda Scheduling an Automatic One-Time Execution of a Command at Command Controlling Access to the at Command Quiz Agenda Scheduling an Automatic Recurring Execution of a Command crontab File Format crontab Command Editing and Removing a crontab File Controlling Access to the crontab Command Quiz Practice 15 Overview: Using Process Control Summary Oracle Solaris 10 Operating System Installation Requirements Objectives 16-2 Agenda 16-3 Hardware Requirements: SPARC Systems 16-4 Hardware Requirements: x86/x64 Systems 16-5 Support for 2-TB Disk 16-6 Quiz 16-7 Agenda 16-8 Oracle Solaris OS: Installation Options 16-9 GUI Installation CLI Installation Custom JumpStart Installation Flash Archive Installation Oracle Solaris WAN Boot Standard Upgrade to Oracle Solaris OS Oracle Solaris Live Upgrade Troubleshooting Oracle Solaris 10 OS Upgrades Quiz Agenda Oracle Solaris OS Software Components Software Clusters Oracle Solaris OS Software Groups Agenda DVD Installation Guidelines Quiz xvi

17 Agenda Secure by Default Simulation: Oracle Solaris 10 Operating System Installation Summary Appendix A: Performing File System Backups Objectives A-2 Agenda A-3 Backup Fundamentals A-4 Naming Tape Drives A-5 Tape Drive Control A-7 Using the mt Command A-8 Determining Backup Frequency and Levels A-10 Identifying Incremental and Full Backups A-11 /etc/dumpdates File A-13 Quiz A-15 Agenda A-17 Backing Up an Unmounted File System A-18 ufsdump Command Options A-19 ufsrestore Utility A-21 Tape Backups A-22 Remote Backups to a Tape A-25 Using the ufsdump Command A-26 Backups to Disk A-27 Saving ZFS Data with Other Backup Products A-30 Quiz A-31 Practice A Overview: Backing Up a File System to Tape A-33 Summary A-34 Appendix B: Backing Up a Mounted File System with a UFS Snapshot Objectives B-2 Agenda B-3 Creating a UFS Snapshot B-4 Using the fssnap Command B-5 Limiting the Size of the Backing-Store File B-8 Displaying Information for a UFS Snapshot B-9 Quiz B-11 Agenda B-13 Backing Up the UFS Snapshot File B-14 Using the tar Command to Back Up a Snapshot File B-15 Performing an Incremental Backup by Using a UFS Snapshot B-17 xvii

18 Restoring Data from a UFS Snapshot Backup B-21 Deleting a UFS Snapshot B-23 Quiz B-24 Practice B Overview: Working with UFS Snapshots B-25 Summary B-26 Appendix C: Performing File System Restores Objectives C-2 Agenda C-3 Restoring a Regular File System C-4 Restoring the /usr File System C-8 Performing Special-Case Recovery of / (root) on SPARC Systems C-10 Quiz C-12 Performing Special-Case Recovery of / (root) on x86/x64 Systems C-13 Quiz C-16 Invoking an Interactive Restore C-17 Performing an Incremental Restore C-20 Quiz C-25 Practice C Overview: Restoring Files and File Systems C-26 Summary C-27 xviii