VisualLogidraw. User Guide. Visio 2007 Edition

Transcription

1 VisualLogidraw User Guide Visio 2007 Edition

2 VisualLogidraw User Guide NOTICE The information in this document is subject to change without notice and should not be construed as a commitment by ABB. ABB assumes no responsibility for any errors that may appear in this document. In no event shall ABB be liable for direct, indirect, special, incidental or consequential damages of any nature or kind arising from the use of this document, nor shall ABB be liable for incidental or consequential damages arising from use of any software or hardware described in this document. This document and parts thereof must not be reproduced or copied without written permission from ABB, and the contents thereof must not be imparted to a third party nor used for any unauthorized purpose. The software described in this document is furnished under a license and may be used, copied, or disclosed only in accordance with the terms of such license. TRADEMARKS Microsoft, Windows, Word and Visio are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. COPYRIGHT Copyright ABB Limited. All Rights Reserved. Document: VisualLogidraw User Guide Visio 2007 Edition Revision: 1.0 Published: May 2014 Software: Version: VisualLogidraw 1.0 beta SUPPORT INFORMATION This program is developed, maintained and supported by PEL Support Services, ABB. We run a Hotline telephone and service to answer any queries about VisualLogidraw. Please let us have any suggestions on how you feel we could improve VisualLogidraw. You can contact us by any of the following routes: By Telephone: By Fax: +44 (0) (0) By Post: PEL Support Services ABB Limited. Daresbury Park By pel.support@gb.abb.com Daresbury Warrington Cheshire WA4 4BT United Kingdom. ii

3 Contents Preface... 1 About this guide... 1 Who should read this guide... 1 What is in this guide... 1 How this guide is structured... 1 Conventions... 2 Chapter 1 Introduction... 3 Hazard studies... 3 Process safety... 3 What s new... 5 Extra features using Visio... 5 Overview of PEL... 6 Chapter 2 Getting started... 7 Starting VisualLogidraw... 7 Starting VisualLogidraw with a Visio drawing file... 7 Quitting VisualLogidraw... 7 User interface... 8 VisualLogidraw menu... 8 VisualLogidraw toolbar... 9 Drawing windows... 9 Editor (data entry) dialogs User assistance Online help Online documentation PEL Support Services Chapter 3 Fault trees Quick Tour Chapter 4 Fault tree basics Creating a new fault tree diagram Creating a new diagram from a template Opening an existing diagram Importing a Logidraw 95 fault tree project Defining inputs Adding inputs Editing an existing input Copying an input Deleting an input Connecting inputs with logic gates Adding a logic gate Deleting an end gate Managing blocks Copying a block Deleting a block Selecting a block Changing the drawing page size iii

4 VisualLogidraw User Guide Resizing the drawing page by dragging the paper edges Saving your fault tree diagram Exporting a fault tree diagram in Logidraw 95 format Printing your fault tree diagram Printing large diagrams Closing a fault tree diagram Chapter 5 Advanced features Sensitivity analysis Automatic sensitivity analysis Spot sensitivity analysis Advanced insert features Making space for inserting or moving a block Adding inputs at a particular point Moving entities within a logic diagram Moving inputs Moving blocks Moving using cut & paste Moving and realigning inputs and gates Moving inputs and gates by dragging Copying entities Copying entities by dragging Copying by keyboard shortcuts Copying entities between diagrams Erasing gates and inputs Erasing all gates Erasing inputs and gates Working with connections Adding a connection Removing a connection Adding multiple connections Layout commands Aligning inputs Aligning and resizing gates Aligning inputs and gates Recalculating gate outputs Showing gate types or numbers Regenerating gate numbers Advanced editing features Inserting a gate Deleting an intermediary gate Replacing an input with a gate output Maintaining project details Maintaining diagram notes Entering reference text for inputs Automatic input references Regenerating/clearing input references Using VisualLogidraw diagrams in a report Copying all or part of a diagram to the clipboard Saving your Visio file as an Enhanced Metafile Chapter 6 Setting preferences Preferences for fault trees Setting display preferences Setting general preferences Specifying input references Building a glossary Setting sensitivity analysis preferences iv

5 Contents Chapter 7 Visio features Adding pages Inserting drawings and images Working with templates Saving a file as a template Quick reference Shortcuts Revision history Glossary Index v

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7 Preface About this guide Welcome to VisualLogidraw, the drawing tool for process safety engineers. Installed as an add-in for Microsoft Visio, it lets you create fault tree diagrams as part of a hazard analysis or safety case. This guide is designed to assist you in becoming quickly familiar with the capabilities of VisualLogidraw, its interface and how the program is used. Who should read this guide This guide is written for users of VisualLogidraw to help you take full advantage of its calculation tools. If you are new to this product, we recommend that you first read The 60 Second Guide to VisualLogidraw: Fault Trees. The guide assumes you are familiar with the Windows operating system. If you are new to Windows, you can find help, tutorials and support information by clicking Start > Help and Support. The guide also assumes you are familiar with the basics of using Microsoft Visio. If you are new to Visio, press F1 to open Visio Help and view the section, Getting started with Visio. Further information is available online at office.microsoft.com under Support. What is in this guide The guide contains descriptions and step-by-step instructions for all the tasks involved in using VisualLogidraw. How this guide is structured The chapters are organised as follows: 1. Introduction Introduces the product, outlining the main features. 2. Getting started Shows how to start VisualLogidraw, introducing the user interface for the application. 3. Fault trees Quick Tour Tutorial for typical session using VisualLogidraw to draw a fault tree, emphasising the commonly used features 4. Fault tree basics How to create, change and delete fault trees. 1

8 VisualLogidraw User Guide 5. Advanced features Advanced features to develop and maintain your fault tree diagrams 6. Setting preferences How to change the preferences for fault trees. 7. Visio features How to use standard features of Visio 2007 for enhancing your diagrams and creating templates The guide also includes a quick reference section, a shortcuts section and a glossary. Conventions The following typographical conventions are used in this guide: Convention Bold Italic Monospace Monospace oblique Description To help with procedures, items that you click, select, or view may appear with the bold format (buttons, options, and window titles, for example). Proper names (software products, for example) and titles appear in the italic format. Represents any text that appears on the computer screen or text that you should type. It is also used for filenames, functions, and examples. Represents variable text where you would type in a specific value. > The chevron indicates a menu option in a procedure. For example, click File > Open, means on the File menu, click Open. 2

9 Chapter 1 Introduction VisualLogidraw takes the logic diagrams from the existing Logidraw application, and uses the diagram and flowchart drawing capabilities of Microsoft Visio to develop a new application which is more powerful, more flexible and easier to use. VisualLogidraw lets you create fault tree diagrams and event tree diagrams as part of a process hazard analysis or safety case for large process plants. Hazard studies Large plants in the chemical or process industries need to perform hazard and risk studies to identify process related hazards and to assess the adequacy of safeguards. A number of different techniques and methods may be used in these studies, such as: Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) study Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) Safety Integrity Level (SIL) Assessment Layer of Protection Analysis (LOPA) Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) / Event Tree Analysis (ETA) Process safety Process safety is a key consideration in the design, building and commissioning of any chemical or process plant or system. Key questions that need answers are: What can go wrong? How often will this happen? What will be the consequences? Answering the first question involves some form of hazard identification. Typically this will involve a formal technique, such as a Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) study. Providing answers to the other two questions involves using hazard analysis techniques. This could be a Layer of Protection Analysis (LOPA) or a more powerful quantitative technique, such as Fault Tree Analysis (FTA), Event Tree Analysis (ETA), or sometimes a combination of the two. Fault tree analysis Fault tree analysis involves drawing a diagram to show the logical links between certain failure (basic) events, such as operator error or component failure, and an undesired outcome (top) event, such as an explosion at an oil storage depot. The diagram can then be used in two ways: qualitatively to show the combinations of basic events sufficient to cause the occurrence of the top event, quantitatively to estimate the probability or frequency of an event. 3

10 VisualLogidraw User Guide VisualLogidraw helps you create fault tree diagrams by adding each of the basic failure events as a series of inputs and then linking them using AND and OR logic gates. Each input can be quantified typically as a probability or a frequency, with the output of the final gate providing a frequency for the final (undesired) outcome. Event tree analysis Event tree analysis involves tracing the consequences from an undesired initiator event (such as a component failure) through a series of subsequent events to a set of possible final consequences. VisualLogidraw helps you create event tree diagrams, with each event added as a success or failure gate with a split of probabilities of taking either branch. The overall frequency of outcome of a range of "top events" arising from the initial event can then be seen. Bowtie diagrams A Bowtie diagram is a graphical representation of the links between the causes of hazardous events (on the left side of the diagram), an undesired event (such as loss of containment) and the possible consequences of the undesired event on the right side of 4

11 Chapter 1 Introduction the diagram. Safeguards are shown on both sides of the tie, sometimes considered to be preventative safeguards on the left and reactive safeguards or mitigations on the right. The diagram can be used at different levels of detail. At a simple level, it can be used qualitatively to show which safeguards apply to particular causes or consequences. This is how it may be used in a safety case or process hazard review (PHR). At a more detailed level, a detailed fault tree on the left and event tree on the right can include quantitative calculations. What s new VisualLogidraw allows you to create a bowtie diagram in a quantitative way by connecting the starting event in the event tree diagram to the final outcome of a fault tree diagram. Extra features using Visio Manipulating your diagram One of the key advantages of VisualLogidraw over Logidraw 95 is the new features for adding to a diagram. When you want to add information to a large diagram, the extra inputs or gates are always likely to be towards the centre Add an input at a specific point. Previously if you wanted to add an input at a particular point, you would need to add the input first (it would be drawn below the last input) then drag it to where you wanted. Now you can select the input above the insert point and add the input directly. Enhanced selection tools As Visio is a well-supported part of the Microsoft Office family, it provides features that were not available in the Logidraw 95 user interface. These include: Selecting a connection. Previously you could only select inputs or gates, so to delete a connection you had to select the elements either side of it. You can still 5

12 VisualLogidraw User Guide Overview of PEL do it that way, but now you can also click the connection directly one click instead of two. Using the delete key. All the delete functions (delete input, delete gate, delete block and disconnect) let you press the keyboard Delete key. Dragging to select elements. Previously you could only use Ctrl-click to select multiple gates and shift-click to select a range of inputs. Visio lets you select a group of elements by dragging a rectangle over them. Annotating your diagram In Logidraw 95 the only way of annotating your diagram was to add an input as a subtitle. This acted as a marker in your diagram. With VisualLogidraw, although Subtitles are still supported, you can insert a text box instead. In fact all the Microsoft Office insert features are available, letting you add pictures, graphs, comments boxes,and so on. Embedding your diagram in a report A Logidraw diagram will often form part of a written report. The tight integration of Microsoft Office applications lets you embed your Visio fault-tree diagram in your Word report document, rather than have to export it to a picture first. This is especially useful if your report goes through many iterations. PEL is a collection of tools to enable process engineers to carry out their day-to-day tasks more quickly and reliably. The software includes purpose built programs to generate datasheets, perform engineering calculations of liquid and / or gas flow, investigate physical properties and create fault tree diagrams. Designed by engineers for engineers, the tools are intuitive and easy to use. They can be used to work out every day calculations, for troubleshooting issues such as bottlenecks, or when making plant modifications. This low cost solution will enable engineers to design processes more quickly and reliably with up-to-date and permanently available design data. Benefits Allows engineers to be more efficient and productive. With fewer manual calculations to do, tasks are carried out quicker; Improves QA and standardises procedures, through everyone using same set of data and calculations; Human errors in calculations are reduced; Improves production as bottlenecks can be identified quickly so a solution can be sought; Allows operators to get the best out of their existing assets by carrying out modifications rather than designing new ones. 6

13 Chapter 2 Getting started This chapter shows you how to start VisualLogidraw and introduces the user interface for the application. Starting VisualLogidraw As VisualLogidraw is installed as an Add-In for Microsoft Visio, you start the application by starting Visio Typically this is using the Start menu, with the shortcut for Microsoft Visio 2007 (or 2003) found under Microsoft Office. For information on using Visio, press F1 to open the standard Visio Help. Starting VisualLogidraw with a Visio drawing file Once you have saved your fault tree diagram as a Visio drawing file, you can start VisualLogidraw by double-clicking the drawing file in Windows Explorer, or in the most recent versions of Windows from the Documents Library. To start VisualLogidraw with a Visio drawing file: Double-click your Visio drawing file in Windows Explorer or your Documents Library. Note In more recent versions of Windows if you point at Microsoft Office Visio 2007 in the Start menu, you can select your drawing file from the list of recent files. You can also open a recent file from the File menu in Visio. Quitting VisualLogidraw To quit VisualLogidraw: Do one of: On the File menu, click Exit. Click the Close (X) button. 7

14 VisualLogidraw User Guide User interface Once Microsoft Visio has opened, you see the following, or similar, user interface. As VisualLogidraw is installed as an Add-In for Microsoft Visio, the look of the user interface will depend on which version of Visio is installed on your computer. This is how it looks in Visio The following main features are apparent: Menu bar. The standard Microsoft Visio menu contains an added menu for VisualLogidraw. VisualLogidraw Tool bar. Under the Visio toolbar (or toolbars) you see an added toolbar containing buttons for accessing the Visuallogidraw tools. The Getting Started screen provides options for creating new files from recently used templates and for reopening recent documents. VisualLogidraw menu For Microsoft Visio 2007 or 2003 a VisualLogidraw menu appears on the menu bar. 8

15 Chapter 2 Getting started VisualLogidraw toolbar Like all Microsoft Office toolbars, the VisualLogidraw toolbar can be left docked to the top of the application window or can be moved and left floating. To move a docked toolbar, drag the toolbar handle to a new location. If you move the toolbar to the top, bottom, or sides of the application window, it docks automatically. If you move the toolbar away from the sides of the window, it floats. In its floating state you can close the toolbar contains (by clicking the button). To reopen the toolbar, point to the VisualLogidraw menu and click Show Toolbar. Drawing windows Within the overall main pane your drawings appear while open. You can have multiple drawings open concurrently, using the standard Windows commands (tile, cascade, maximize, etc) to arrange the space. The layout of a fault tree diagram looks as follows: Shapes window. This standard Visio feature shows the loaded VisualLogidraw stencil, which contains the various shapes you can drag onto the drawing page. Although you can add inputs and gates in this way, you will find it quicker to use the commands on the toolbar to add them for you. You can close the window to allow more space for your diagram. Title bar This is added to the drawing as you start to add inputs. It shows text entered on the Project Details dialog. Inputs panel This is also added as you start to add inputs. It shows the value of each input. When a input is added, or changed, the panel shows the new value. The panel separates frequency inputs from probability, time and multiplier inputs by using two separate columns. The reference string for each input is also shown. Logic diagram The main area of the drawing window shows the logic diagram. Inputs are drawn from top to bottom: logic is constructed from left to right. 9

16 VisualLogidraw User Guide To close the Shapes window: Do one of: On the View menu clear Shapes Window. Click the close button ( ) on the Shapes window. Editor (data entry) dialogs The various editor dialogs let you add or change the data for the overall project and the various inputs and gates in your diagram. User assistance The forms are initially opened by commands on the project toolbar, such as the Add Input and Connect As Gate. Double-clicking the shapes or the title box on the drawing lets you open the dialogs for editing your data. VisualLogidraw has the following forms of user assistance: Online help Online documentation PEL Support Services Online help VisualLogidraw has an integrated online help system, which provides clear reference information and step-by-step instructions for tasks. This is an online help version of this guide. To open the help system: On the VisualLogidraw menu, click Help User Guide. The help opens in a separate window. 10

17 Chapter 2 Getting started Online documentation Documentation is provided for PEL products on the website. The documents are provided as PDF files for you to download and print. These include: 60 second guides Online user guides PEL Support Services This program is developed, maintained and supported by PEL Support Services, ABB. We run a Hotline telephone and service to answer any queries about VisualLogidraw. Please let us have any suggestions on how you feel we could improve VisualLogidraw. You can contact us by any of the following routes: By Telephone: +44 (0) By Fax: +44 (0) By By Post: pel.support@gb.abb.com PEL Support Services ABB Limited. Daresbury Park Daresbury Warrington Cheshire WA4 4BT United Kingdom. 11

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19 Chapter 3 Fault trees Quick Tour This short self-paced tutorial will show you how to begin to draw Fault Trees using VisualLogidraw. The diagram below describes the demands and protection failures that, when they occur, lead to a specific overpressure event. Within seconds from now you will have learned how to draw this Fault Tree: Starting VisualLogidraw 1) Start Microsoft Office Visio 2007 (or 2003). 2) For now we will use the default blank drawing. Later, you will learn how to create your own template. 3) Click File > Page Setup, set the Orientation to Landscape and then click OK. We are now ready to create the first two demand Inputs. 4) Click Add Input on the VisualLogidraw toolbar to open the Input dialog. Enter Demand 1 in the Comment box, select Frequency as the Type, and enter 0.5 in the Value field which corresponds to a demand rate of once in 2 years. Click Add to enter this data. When we clicked Add, VisualLogidraw cleared the data ready for the next Input. So let s add the second demand input. 5) Enter Demand 2 in the Comment box, under Type select Frequency, and enter 0.1 in the Value field which corresponds to a demand rate of once in 10 years. Click Add to enter this data. The risk from these two sources of demand is reduced by an alarm but what happens if the operator fails to respond? 6) Enter Alarm 1 no operator response in the Comment box, leave the selected type as Probability, and enter 0.2 in the Value field which corresponds to a failure probability of 1 in 5. Click Add to enter this data and then click Close to close the dialog. 13

20 VisualLogidraw User Guide We now have three inputs on the screen like this: There is also a title banner added. 7) Double-click the title field to open the Project details dialog. Enter the Title as 60 second guide and click OK. We now need to draw some gates. 8) Select Demand 1 and Demand 2 (either by dragging over them or using Ctrl-click) and click Connect as Gate on the toolbar. When the Gate dialog opens, click OK. We now have the two demands connected into an OR Gate. Let s add another gate to link in the third input. 9) Click the OR Gate and then the input Alarm 1 no operator response. Again click Connect as Gate. When the Gate dialog opens, click OK. This will create another gate, an AND Gate this time. Now we need to create another demand, Demand 3, a trip input, and a Pressure Relief Valve input. 10) Click Add Input to open the Input dialog. Enter Demand 3 in the Comment box, select Frequency as the Type, and enter 0.1 in the Value field which corresponds to a demand rate of once in 10 years. Click Add to enter this data. Next, enter Trip in failed state in the Comment box, leave the selected type as Probability, and enter 0.04 in the Value field which corresponds to a failure probability of 1 in 25; click Add to enter this data. Finally, enter Pressure Relief Valve in failed state in the Comment box, leave the type as Probability, and enter 0.02 in the Value field to correspond to a failure probability of 1 in 50. Click Add to enter this data and then Close to close the dialog. We need to add three more gates. 11) Click the AND Gate, then the input Demand 3 and then Connect as Gate on the toolbar. When the Gate dialog opens, click OK. This creates a second OR Gate. Now, click this second OR Gate, then the input Trip in failed state, and then Connect as Gate. When the Gate dialog opens, click OK. This creates a second AND Gate. Finally, repeat the process for the second AND Gate and the input Pressure Relief Valve in failed state to create a third AND Gate. There is a second identical system adjacent to the first that can also fail and cause the same overpressure event. We can provide for this simply by adding another input as a multiplier to the final AND gate. 12) Click Add Input to open the Input dialog. Enter Second System Multiplier in the Comment box, select Multiplier as the Type, and enter 2 in the Value field. Click Add to enter this data and then Close to close the dialog. Now select this new input and the final AND gate and click Connect on the toolbar. We need to add some gate output descriptions. 13) Double-click the first OR Gate; in the Detailed Comment box enter Demand on Pressure Alarm and click OK. Repeat the above to add the descriptions detailed on the above diagram for the second OR gate and the last two AND gates to complete the fault tree. 14

21 Chapter 3 Fault trees Quick Tour To complete the exercise, let s customise the display to look like the drawing at the beginning of the guide. 14) On the VisualLogidraw menu, click Preferences. When the Document Preferences dialog opens, change the Gate Spacing to 1.6, the Gate text alignment to Center and click OK. 15) Finally click File > Save to save your diagram, which should look like the initial image. Creating a template In the above exercise we created our diagram in a blank drawing, changing the page setting in Page Setup and then setting various preferences using the Preferences command on the VisualLogidraw menu. 1) Click File > New > New Drawing (Metric) to crete a blank drawing. 2) Change the page settings and your VisualLogidraw preferences, as before. 3) Click File > Save As and in the panel enter VisualLogidraw as the file name and click Template in Save as Type, navigate to where you want to save the template and click Save. To use the template, click File > New > New Drawing from Template, navigate to your template file and click Open. 15

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23 Chapter 4 Fault tree basics The task of creating and maintaining fault trees involves creating a diagram and then adding a series of demand inputs and gates to build up the fault tree diagram. This chapter describes the basics of how to create fault tree diagrams. Creating a new fault tree diagram The first task in developing a fault tree diagram is to choose and open a template. To create a new fault tree diagram: 1) Do one of: Click the New button on the standard Visio toolbar. On the File menu, click New > New drawing. Press Ctrl + N. A blank drawomg canvas opens in the main pane. You can now start to add demand inputs and gates to build up the diagram. Creating a new diagram from a template To create a new fault tree diagram: 1) On the File menu, click New > New drawing from Template. 2) Browse to locate your template file (.vst) and click Open. When you subsequently run Visio and the Getting Started with Microsoft Office Visio screen opens, click your template under Recent Templates. Opening an existing diagram To open an existing fault tree diagram: 1) Do one of: Click the Open button on the standard Visio toolbar. On the File menu, click Open. Press Ctrl + O. 2) Browse to locate the Visio drawing file (.vsd) and click Open. Your diagram opens in the main pane. 17

24 VisualLogidraw User Guide Defining inputs Importing a Logidraw 95 fault tree project VisualLogidraw lets you import fault tree project files created in the standalone Logidraw application. These files have an.ldr extension. To import a legacy fault tree project: 1) On the VisualLogidraw menu, click Import LDR. 2) Browse to locate the project file and click Open. Your fault tree diagram is imported into Viso and opens in the main pane. This can take some time if your fault tree is large. Adding inputs Once you have opened a template file you can start adding demand inputs. To add an input: 1) Do one of: On the VisualLogidraw toolbar, click Add Input. On the VisualLogidraw menu, click Inputs > Add. The Input dialog opens. 2) Specify the input type. For Frequency or Time, the Time Units field lets you specify the units (years, days, etc.). The Frequency and Time option lets you define both the frequency and the duration of an event. The values of frequency and time are multiplied ( And function) to give a probability. The Sub Title option lets you insert a line space or Sub-Heading into the logic diagram to enhance the clarity. 3) Enter a value 4) Click Add. 18

25 Chapter 4 Fault tree basics The input is added to the diagram and all the fields are cleared to let you add further inputs. 5) When you have finished adding your inputs, click Close to close the dialog. Editing an existing input To edit an input: 1) Do one of: Double-click the input in the diagram. Right-click the input in the diagram and click Edit Data. The Input dialog opens. 2) Make any changes you want and then click OK to save the changes and close the dialog. Copying an input To copy an input: Select the input in the diagram and then on the VisualLogidraw toolbar, click Copy Inputs. The input is added at the bottom of the diagram. To copy selected multiple inputs: Select the inputs in the diagram, either by Ctrl+click or by dragging over them, and then on the VisualLogidraw toolbar click Copy Inputs. The inputs are added at the bottom of the diagram. To copy all inputs in a block: 1) Right-click the end gate in the block and click Select Block. 2) On the VisualLogidraw toolbar click Copy Inputs. The inputs are added at the bottom of the diagram. Deleting an input To delete a single input: Do one of: Select the input in the diagram and then on the VisualLogidraw toolbar click Delete Inputs. Select the input in the diagram and press Delete. To delete multiple inputs: Select the inputs in the diagram, either by Ctrl+click or by dragging over them, and then do one of: 19

26 VisualLogidraw User Guide On the VisualLogidraw toolbar click Delete Inputs. Press Delete. Connecting inputs with logic gates Once you have added inputs you need to connect them using logic gates. Adding a logic gate To connect inputs with a logic gate: 1) Select the two inputs you want to connect. Click the first one and then use Ctrl+click to select the second input. 2) Do one of: On the VisualLogidraw toolbar click Connect As Gate. On the VisualLogidraw menu, click Connect As Gate. The Gate dialog opens. The application chooses the appropriate type of gate according to the types of input. 3) Click OK. Deleting an end gate Deleting a gate as you create your diagram is simple, as long as it is at the end of a block. Once it has connections to the right, deleting a gate becomes more complicated. See Deleting an intermediary gate on page 34. To delete an end gate: Select the gate and do one of: On the VisualLogidraw toolbar, click Delete Gate. 20

27 Chapter 4 Fault tree basics Managing blocks Press Delete. The gate is removed along with the immediate connections to its left. A block is all the inputs and intermediate gates that feed into a single selected gate. Simple block commands let you copy (or delete) sections of your diagram. Copying a block To copy a block: Click the end gate in the block and do one of: On the VisualLogidraw toolbar click Copy Block. Right-click and click Copy Block. The block is added at the bottom of the diagram. Deleting a block To delete a block: Click the end gate in the block and do one of: On the VisualLogidraw toolbar click Delete Block. Right-click and click Delete Block. The block is removed from the diagram. Any gates to the right of the selected end gate remain. If deleting a block leaves a gate with just a single input, it is redrawn with a thick red border. Selecting a block The Copy Block and Delete Block commands only need you to select the end gate. You can explicitly select the block. Selecting a block is this way (which is equivalent to dragging a rectangle around the block) lets you then move the block or delete the block by pressing Delete. To select a block explicitly: Click the end gate and on the VisualLogidraw toolbar click Select Block. 21

28 VisualLogidraw User Guide Changing the drawing page size The page size for your drawing is maintained by standard commands in Microsoft Office Visio. Full details on these commands are in the Visio Help. Press F1 to view. A standard feature particularly useful for VisualLogidraw is included here for information. Resizing the drawing page by dragging the paper edges To resize the drawing page: 1) Position the pointer at the edge of the page, and then press the Ctrl key. The pointer changes to a double-headed arrow. 2) Drag the page edge to where you want it. Note size. Saving your fault tree diagram If you drag the corner of a page, the page rotates and does not change To save a fault tree diagram: 1) Do one of: Click the Save button on the standard Visio toolbar. On the File menu, click Save. Press Ctrl + S. 2) Browse to where you want to save the file, enter a file name and click Save. The diagram is saved as a Visio file (.vsd). Exporting a fault tree diagram in Logidraw 95 format VisualLogidraw lets you export your fault tree diagrams in Logidraw 95 format so that they can be opened by the standalone Logidraw application. To export a fault tree diagram in Logidraw 95 format: 1) On the VisualLogidraw menu, click Export LDR. 2) Browse to where you want to save the file, enter a file name and click Save. The diagram is saved with a file extension.ldr. Printing your fault tree diagram To print your fault tree diagram: 1) Do one of: Click the Print button on the standard Visio toolbar. On the File menu, click Print. 22

29 Chapter 4 Fault tree basics Press Ctrl + P. The print dialog opens. 2) Select your required printer, clicking Properties if you need to change the page orientation or size, and then click OK. Printing large diagrams For large diagrams you may want to adjust the page setup parameters, especially if the diagram page size is larger than the largest paper size your printer can hold. Visio provides options to tile the printout. To adjust the page and print settings: 1) Do one of: On the File menu, click Page Setup. Press Shift + F5. The Page Setup dialog appears. By default Visio assumes the page size of the diagram is the same as the printer page size. 2) Click the Page Size tab and define the page size of your drawing. 3) Now, click the Print Setup tab and define the printer paper size. 4) Use the other tabs if you want to print to a specific scale or to change the way connectors are handled. If you need help on this press F1 to view the Visio Help. 5) When you have adjusted the setup as required, click OK to save the settings. 23

30 VisualLogidraw User Guide To preview a page before printing: 1) On the File menu, click Print and then Print Preview. 2) Use the buttons the the toolbar to preview the page or make changes before you print. Closing a fault tree diagram To close the current fault tree diagram: Do one of: Click File > Close. Click the Close (X) button for the window. 24

31 Chapter 5 Advanced features Sensitivity analysis This chapter shows you how to use various advanced features to develop and maintain your fault tree diagrams. Logidraw supports two modes of sensitivity analysis for faults trees automatic and spot. The purpose of sensitivity analysis is to determine whether a particular input or path is critical for the final outcome (end-gate value) of the logic diagram. Note For Logidraw to perform any form of sensitivity analysis, an end-gate of non zero value must exist. If one doesn t exist, sensitivity analysis will not proceed. Automatic sensitivity analysis If automatic analysis is set on, sensitive paths in the logic diagram are automatically calculated and updated as you add inputs and logic gates. Automatic analysis works by halving each input in turn and calculating the percentage change to the end-gate value. If this change is within a supplied threshold, then the input is regarded as sensitive. For example, if the threshold is set at 5% then if halving an input s value results in a value +/- 5%, the input is regarded as sensitive. Sensitive paths can be shown with thicker lines on the display. See Customising Fault Trees on page 41. Spot sensitivity analysis Spot analysis allows you to determine the sensitivity of an input by changing its value and seeing how the final end-gate value changes. To spot analyse an input: 1) Select an input on your diagram and do one of: On the VisualLogidraw menu, click Maths > Analyse One Input. Right-click and click Analyse. A dialog opens showing the current details on the input. 25

32 VisualLogidraw User Guide 2) Type in a new value for the input and click Analyse. The analysis routine recalculates the value of the end-gate. If the end-gate value has changed, an alert appears showing the new value of the end-gate and the percentage change from the old end-gate value. 3) Click OK. Advanced insert features By default when you add inputs or blocks to a diagram they are added at the bottom of the diagram. However sometimes you may want to insert an input or block at a specific point in the diagram. Making space for inserting or moving a block To make space for inserting several inputs: 1) Select the input above or below which you want to position the block. 2) Right-click and click Insert Gap Above or Insert Gap Below. A space for two inputs is created, with the rest of the diagram moved down. Gates are resized to accommodate the space. You can repeat the command to add further space. Adding inputs at a particular point Usually, when you add inputs, they are positioned below the last input at the bottom left of the diagram. You can also add an input below a specific input.. To add an input at a specific position: 1) Select the input below which you want to position the input(s). 2) Do one of: Click Add Input. Right-click and click Add Inputs here. The Input dialog opens. 3) Specify the input details as required, and click Add. The input is added below the selected input, with the rest of the diagram moved down. Gates are resized to accommodate the extra input. You can add multiple inputs at this point until you click Close. 26

33 Chapter 5 Advanced features Moving entities within a logic diagram Moving inputs To move a single input, simply drag the input you wish to move and drop on another input. the input you have dragged is now positioned above this input. To move a block of inputs, you must first select the inputs and then drag and drop as above. Moving blocks A block is all the inputs and intermediate gates that feed into a single gate, the end gate of the block. You can move a block by dragging this end gate onto another logic gate in the tree (the target gate ). To move the block: 1) Select the end gate of the block to be moved and drag onto the target block. The Block move dialog opens: The dialog lists the current inputs to the target gate. 2) Choose where you want the block by selecting one of the inputs and click Above or Below. By default, the block is connected. Clear the Connect It check box if you don t want the block connected. 3) Click OK. The block is moved above or below the selected input, with the rest of the diagram moved down. Gates are resized as required. Note You can use this command to switch the order of blocks into a gate. If you drag a block onto the gate is is already connected to Moving using cut & paste You can move entities using a cut & paste operation. This also lets you move entities between projects. 27

34 VisualLogidraw User Guide Moving and realigning inputs and gates With VisualLogidraw you can take advantage of the graphic handling facilities in Visio to manipulate your diagram by dragging. Note Copying entities If you select inputs and gates, you are not restricted to a single block. Moving inputs and gates by dragging If you want to create space in your diagram, either to add or copy a block, or for an annotation text box, you can drag selected inputs or a selected inputs and gates down. To move inputs and gates 1) Drag a rectangle over the inputs and gates to select them. 2) Drag them to move. If you press and hold the Shift key while dragging, the entities remain aligned. You will notice that the connectors are now right-angled rather than straight lines. You can adjust this with the Layout commands 3) On the VisualLogidraw menu click Layout > Align and Size Gates The gates are resized so that the connections are horizontal lines. In addition to the copy commands on the VisualLogidraw toolbar, you can also copy inputs or blocks by dragging or using keyboard shortcuts. Copying entities by dragging To copy inputs and gates: 1) Drag a rectangle over inputs (or input and gates) to select them. 2) Press and hold the Ctrl key while dragging to copy. If you also press and hold the Shift key, the entities remain aligned. Copying by keyboard shortcuts You can copy inputs and gates using the standard Windows Copy (Ctrl+C) and Paste (Ctrl+V) commands. This will copy the selected entities into your diagram. However as it will copy the entities on top of the copied block (with a small offset) you may find this less useful than Ctrl+Shift+drag. Copying entities between diagrams The Windows Copy and Paste commands can be used to copy a selected part of your diagram into another drawing. As the Copy (Ctrl+C) command copies the selected sectioin of your digram into the clipboard, you can switch to another open drawing file before using the Paste (Ctrl+V) command. 28

35 Erasing gates and inputs Chapter 5 Advanced features Two commands let you remove either all the gates in a diagram or all inputs and gates. Erasing all gates This command lets you remove all the gates, but leaving all the inputs alone. To erase all gates: 1) On the VisualLogidraw menu, click Erase > Gates only. A message asks you to confirm that you want to continue. 2) Click Yes. Note You can use the Undo command to recover. Erasing inputs and gates This command clears your diagram to start again. To erase inputs and gates: 1) On the VisualLogidraw menu, click Erase > Inputs & Gates. A message asks you to confirm that you want to continue. 2) Click Yes. Note You can use the Undo command to recover. Working with connections Connections on your fault tree diagram are the lines that link an input and a gate. These commands allow you to develop your diagram by connecting or disconnecting blocks of inputs and gates within the diagram. Adding a connection To add a connection between an input and a gate, or between two gates, the elements need to be positioned to allow the connection to be drawn (without crossing any lines). For example, in the diagram below we want to connect a new input (Demand 5) to the selected OR gate. To do this we must drag the input above (or below) Demand 3. 29

36 VisualLogidraw User Guide The diagram will look as follows: We can then connect the two. To connect an input and gate: 1) Select the two elements to be connected. 2) Do one of: Click Connect on the toolbar. On the VisualLogidraw menu click Connect. Removing a connection This lets you remove a connection between any two points. To remove a connection: Do one of: Select the two elements to be disconnected and click Disconnect on the VisualLogidraw toolbar. Click the connector line and press Delete. Adding multiple connections VisualLogidraw now lets you connect multiple inputs and gates. You don t have to just select the elements to be connected as VisualLogidraw works out what can be connected in your selection. This means you can easily drag round whole blocks of logic without having to Ctrl+click individual inputs and gates. For example, if you want to add the three unconnected inputs shown below (a) into the OR gate. (a) (b) (c) You can just drag round the group (b) and click Connect. This connects the unconnected inputs into the right-most gate (c). If the selection contains multiple gates, VisualLogidraw connects unconnected elements into the rightmost gate to form a single block. In the example shown below, 30

37 Chapter 5 Advanced features as the OR gate is to the right of the AND gate, so VisualLogidraw connects the AND gate into the OR gate. The only time VisualLogidraw cannot work out how to connect gates is if two or more gates are aligned as the rightmost gate. In this case it displays a warning alert. Layout commands Moving one of the gates to the right will let you try again. Aligning inputs This command aligns inputs horizontally, with input types other than frequency type indented. It also distributes the inputs vertically. You can use the command either on selected inputs or all inputs. To align selected inputs Select the input to be realigned and on the VisualLogidraw menu, click Layout > Align and Size Gates. The selected inputs are aligned horizontally and distributed vertically. To align all inputs 1) Without selecting any inputs, on the VisualLogidraw menu click Layout > Align and Size Gates. A prompt asks you if you want to reorder all inputs. 2) Click Yes. All inputs are aligned horizontally and distributed vertically. 31

38 VisualLogidraw User Guide Aligning and resizing gates This command resizes all gates so that all connections are horizontal lines, with no right-angle connections. To align and resize gates On the VisualLogidraw menu, click Layout > Align and Size Gates. The gates are resized so that all connections are horizontal lines. Aligning inputs and gates The Fix Layout command is equivalent to running the other two commands on the whole diagram, aligning and distributing all inputs and gates. To align all inputs and resize all gates On the VisualLogidraw menu, click Layout > Fix Layout. All inputs are aligned horizontally and distributed vertically. The gates are resized so that all connections are horizontal. Recalculating gate outputs The Calculate All commnd recalculates all gate outputs, redraws the connection lines and realligns comments and values on those lines. To recalculate all the gate ouputs: On the VisualLogidraw menu, click Calculate all. The gates outputs are recalculated and connections are redrawn. Showing gate types or numbers By default, as you add gates to your diagram OR gates appear as a rectangle (with the text OR) while AND gates appear as a triangle (with the text &). To help you identify the gates (particularly on a large diagram) you can switch to showing the gate identification number. This number is also shown when you double-click the gate to open the editing dialog. Gate types Gate numbers 32

39 Chapter 5 Advanced features To show the gate numbers: On the VisualLogidraw menu, click Layout > Show > Gate numbers. To show the gate types: On the VisualLogidraw menu, click Layout > Show > Gate types. Regenerating gate numbers If you use show the gate numbers for identification you will see that when you copy a block, the gate numbers are duplicated. The Regenerate Gate Numbers command resolves this. To regenerate the gate numbers: On the VisualLogidraw menu, click Regenerate Gate Numbers. Advanced editing features Inserting a gate This feature lets you insert a gate between the output of a selected gate and the input of the gate it feeds. The new gate has the output of the selected gate as one input and a selected, unconnected input as its second input. For example, in the diagram below, we want to insert a gate between the output of the highlighted AND gate and the OR gate it feeds. The unnconnected input (demand 4) will provide the second input to the new gate. With the gate added the diagram will look as follows: 33

40 VisualLogidraw User Guide To inset the new gate: 1) Select the gate after which the new gate is to be inserted, and select the unconnected input as the other input for the new gate. 2) On on the VisualLogidraw menu or toolbar, click Insert Gate. The gate dialog opens. 3) Enter any comments and then click OK. The gate is added, connecting the two selected items. Deleting an intermediary gate This feature lets you delete a gate within a block, and decide whether to keep or remove connections to its left. For example, in the diagram below, let us delete Gate 9. To delete an intermediary gate: 1) Select the gate. 1) Do one of: Click Delete Gate on the toolbar. Press Delete. A message asks if you want to keep the connections to the left of the gate. 2) Click Yes (or No). If you click Yes, the connections they are linked to the next gate to the right (a). The orphan gate is replaced with a single through connector. (a) (b) If you click No, the connections are removed and the gate is resized (b). 34

41 Chapter 5 Advanced features Replacing an input with a gate output This feature lets you add a block of logic inputs and gates to replace an input. Suppose your logic diagram has one input that needs some logic to define it. You can develop the defining logic, then drag the end gate of this logic onto the input which it defines, to replace the input with the logic. For example, in the diagram below we want to add the selected block at the bottom of the diagram as the input to demand 4. To replace the input with a gate output: 1) Select the end gate of the defining logic and drag onto the input to be replaced. The Block move dialog opens: 2) Click Replace input with Gate Output and click OK. This will move the defining logic into the part of the logic diagram previously occupied by the selected input. 35

42 VisualLogidraw User Guide Maintaining project details The Project Details dialog let you maintain various titles and descriptions for your project, either to annotate the printed view or to be held as background notes. To change the project details and notes: 1) Do one of: On the VisualLogidraw menu, click Notes > Edit Title & Notes. Double-click the title box on the drawing. The Project Details dialog opens. 2) Enter or change the following details as required: Title. The title for the logic diagram. Date. The date for the logic diagram. Click Today to enter today s date. Reference. Page Heading. Reference text. Heading text to appear at the top of first printed page. Top Of Diagram Note. Text to appear at the top of the diagram. Bottom Of Diagram Note. Text to appear at the bottom of the diagram. Additional Comments To Appear In Notes File. These comments will be saved in the diagram s accompanying notes file. 3) Click OK. 36

43 Maintaining diagram notes Chapter 5 Advanced features In a similar feature to the standalone version of Logidraw, you can create a text file containing all the inputs and reference text. The file also contains the text entered on the Project Details dialog. You can edit or reformat the text before you save it in rich text format. To create or (or regenerate) the notes file: 1) On the VisualLogidraw menu, click Notes > Generate Notes File. The Text File Generation dialog opens. If you want to change the formatting, select the text you want to change and click Text Control > Change Font. A font picker lets you choose a new font. 2) Click Save to RTF. 3) Browse to where you want to save the file, enter a file name and click Save. The text is saved as a rich text file (.rtf). Important Note If you modify the text file (externally from VisualLogidraw) the changes will be lost when the project file is re-loaded. This is because the reference details are stored with the project file and not the text file. The text file is simply a one way dump of reference text associated with the project file. 37

44 VisualLogidraw User Guide Entering reference text for inputs Logidraw lets you add reference text when you add or edit an input. To add reference text for an input: 1) Do one of: Double-click the input in the diagram. Right-click the input in the diagram and click Edit Data. The Input dialog opens. 1) On the Input dialog, click Notes. 2) Enter or change the text as required. 3) Click OK to close the dialog. 4) Click OK again to close the Input dialog Automatic input references VisualLogidraw assigns reference strings for inputs as they are are created. You can let these be assigned automatically, specifying a start number and optional prefix/suffix strings. See Specifying input references on page 45. Regenerating/clearing input references To regenerate input references: On the VisualLogidraw menu, click Inputs > Regenerate Input References. The references for each input in the Inputs Panel are refreshed. To clear all input references On the VisualLogidraw menu, click Inputs > Clear References. Note The reference text is not affected. 38

45 Using VisualLogidraw diagrams in a report Chapter 5 Advanced features Standard commands in Microsoft Office Visio let you include your Visio diagram in a report in Microsoft Office Word. This is included here for information. Copying all or part of a diagram to the clipboard The simplest method of adding your diagram to a report is to copy the diagram to the clipboard. To copy the diagram to the clipboard: 1) Do one of: Drag around your diagram to select it (or to select part of it). Click the last gate, right-click and click Select Block, input values & Gate Output. 2) Do one of: On the Edit menu, click Copy. Right-click and click Copy. Press Ctrl+C. You can paste the contents of the clipboard into a Word document using the Paste Special command and selecting the type Picture (enhanced metafile). To copy the diagram and panels (title, footer and input panel): 1) Do one of: On the Edit menu, click Select All. Press Ctrl+A. 2) Do one of: On the Edit menu, click Copy. Right-click and click Copy. Press Ctrl+C. Saving your Visio file as an Enhanced Metafile If you want to include the title bar and the inputs panel as well, you can also save your Visio drawing as an Enhanced Metafile. To save a diagram as an Enhanced Metafile: 1) On the file menu click Save As. 2) In the Save as Type list click Enhanced Metafile (*.emf). 3) Browse to where you want to save the file and click Save. You can insert the file in a Word document using the Insert Picture from file command, 39

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47 Chapter 6 Setting preferences VisualLogidraw lets you customise the application via a multi-tab Document Preferences dialog. The settings are saved in your setup file and are restored each time you start the application. This chapter describes how you can change the preferences. Preferences for fault trees Setting display preferences You can set various options about how your fault trees appear on display. Customising fonts and the background on your diagrams By default VisualLogidraw displays text on your diagram using the default font with the size set to 8pt. A grey background provides contrast for the input and gate shapes. 41

48 VisualLogidraw User Guide To change the font: 1) On the VisualLogidraw menu, click Preferences. 2) Set the options as required: Font, Font size. You can specify the font and/or the font size of all text to help your diagram to fit on the page. 3) Click OK again to save your settings. To change the background colour: 1) On the VisualLogidraw menu, click Preferences. 2) Click the Background button to open the standard Windows color picker. 3) Select one of the basic colours, or click Define Custom Colors to select from the full color palette. 4) Select your colour and click OK to return to the Display tab. 5) Click OK again to save your settings. Customising inputs and subtitles on your diagrams By default VisualLogidraw displays inputs on your diagram outlined with fine (1pt) black lines. Subtitles are differentiated by fine blue lines. You can change the colours and line thicknesses as you like. To customise inputs and subtitles: 1) On the VisualLogidraw menu, click Preferences. 2) Set the options as required: Input/Subtitle shape. borders. Min/max input width (in). boxes. You can specify the thickness of the input and subtitle You can set minimum/maximum widths for input Vertical spacing (in). You can set the vertical spacing between boxes. Indent Non-Frequency Type Inputs. If you select this check box, non frequency inputs are indented on your diagram. This can improve the readability. Allow input width/height to grow. If you select these check box, text boxes expand (up to the maximum set above) to fit the comment text. 3) To change a colour for inputs or subtitles, click the relevant button to open the standard Windows colour picker. Select one of the basic colours, or click Define Custom Colors to select from the full color palette. 42

49 Chapter 6 Setting preferences 4) Select your colour and click OK to return to the Display tab. 5) Click OK again to save your settings. Customising gates on your diagrams By default VisualLogidraw displays gates on your diagram outlined with fine (1pt) black lines. Gates that are calculated as invalid appear as thick (3pt) red lines. You can change the line thicknesses. You can also define the horizontal spacing and alignment of the associated text and whether to distinguish between OR and Exclusive-OR gates. To customise gates: 1) On the VisualLogidraw menu, click Preferences. 2) Set the options as required: Gate shape, Invalid gate. You can specify the thickness of the shape borders for both valid and invalid gates. H spacing (in). You can define the horizontal spacing of text associated with each gate. Longer text strings will then be wrapped. Gate text alignment. You can define the alignment of the text associated with each gate. Display Short Gate Comment. If you select this check box, the short comment for gates appears on the diagram instead of the full comment. If you clear the check box, you can specify the spacing (in inches) for gate strings. Longer text strings then wrap to fit the space. For wrapped text you can specify the alignment of the text block. Distinguish between OR and XOR gates. If you select this check box, exclusive OR gate are shown as XOR on your diagram 3) Click OK again to save your settings. Customising connections on your diagrams By default VisualLogidraw displays paths on your diagram in colour, with different colours set for each input type. You can change the colours and the line thicknesses. To switch off colour: 1) On the VisualLogidraw menu, click Preferences. 2) Clear the Use Colour check box and then click OK to save your setting. 43

50 VisualLogidraw User Guide To customise connections: 1) On the VisualLogidraw menu, click Preferences. The Connections panel defines a colour for each of input type (probability, frequency, time and multiplier). 2) To change a colour, click the button to open the standard Windows colour picker. Select one of the basic colours, or click Define Custom Colors to select from the full color palette. 3) Select your colour and click OK to return to the Display tab. 4) Set the other options as required: Non-sensitive/Sensitive line. You can specify the thickness of connection lines between shapes, both sensitive and non-sensitive. 5) Click OK again to save your settings. To revert to the default colours: 1) On the VisualLogidraw menu, click Preferences. 2) Click Use Defaults to revert to the default colours. 3) Click OK to save your settings. Note This also returns all other options to the default setting so you will need to redo other custom settings on the tab. Setting general preferences You can define which parts of the project window appear by default when you load your files. To specify general display preferences: 1) On the VisualLogidraw menu, click Preferences. 2) Click the General tab. 3) Select (or clear) the check boxes to define which parts of the project window are open by default. 4) Click OK to save your settings. 44

51 Chapter 6 Setting preferences Specifying input references When you install VisualLogidraw, the default identification for input references is a numeric sequence starting at one. You can start the sequence at a different value and add a prefix and/or suffix to allow unique identification over multiple projects. To specify input references: 1) On the VisualLogidraw menu, click Preferences. 2) Click the Input References tab. 3) Enter a prefix and/or suffix as required. 4) Enter a new start number if you want to continue from another project. 5) Click OK to save your settings. To clear automatic numbering of inputs: 1) On the VisualLogidraw menu, click Preferences. 2) Click the Input References tab. 3) Clear the Automatically Generate Sequential Input References check box. 4) Click OK to save your settings. The reference field will now be blank when you add inputs to your fault tree. To stop (or start) automatic creation of a comments text file: 1) On the VisualLogidraw menu, click Preferences. 2) Click the Input References tab. 3) Clear (or select) the Create Comments File When Project is Saved check box. 4) Click OK to save your settings. If the check box is selected a text file containing all your inputs and reference text is created when you save your project file. 45

52 VisualLogidraw User Guide Building a glossary The Glossary tab lets you build up a selection of phrases to be saved in your user setup file. You can recall these phrases in any project dialog by pressing Ctrl+W. Recalling phrases can be useful when entering gate comments/input descriptions. To open the glossary: 1) On the VisualLogidraw menu, click Preferences. 2) Click the Glossary tab. You can add, change or remove phrases from the glossary. To add a phrase to the glossary: 1) Type your phrase in the Phrase text box and click Add. The phrase is added to the Saved Phrases list. 2) Repeat as necessary to add more phrases. 3) Click OK to save the glossary. To replace a phrase in the glossary: 1) Select a phrase in the the Saved Phrases list. 2) In the Phrase text box, edit the phrase as you want and then click Replace. The edited phrase replaces the original in the Saved Phrases list. 3) Click OK to save the glossary. To remove a phrase from the glossary: 1) Select a phrase in the the Saved Phrases list and then click Remove. The phrase is removed from the Saved Phrases list. 2) Click OK to save the glossary (and make the deletion permanent). 46