History of Computing

Transcription

1 History of Computing The GUI and the rise of Microsoft Based on sides originay pubished by Thomas J. Cortina in 2004 for a course at Stony Brook University. Revised in 2013 by Thomas J. Cortina for a computing history course at Carnegie Meon University.! Eary History of the GUI First rea-time graphic dispay systems for computers are deveoped for the SAGE Project and Ivan Sutherand's Sketchpad system. Doug Engebart's Augmentation of Human Inteect project at SRI in the 1960s deveoped the On-Line System, which incorporated a mouse-driven cursor and mutipe windows.

2 Xerox PARC Xerox PARC (Pao Ato Research Center) was the birthpace of many foundations of modern computing the mouse the aser printer the Smatak programming anguage Interpress (a precursor to PostScript) the Ethernet Xerox PARC invents prototype of the word's first persona computer: the Ato the first WYSIWYG editor, first commercia use of a mouse, graphica user interface, bit-mapped dispay Mouse The mouse was invented by Dougas Engebart of Stanford Research Institute in 1963 after extensive usabiity testing. He received a patent in Nov for a "X-Y Position Indicator For A Dispay System". He was the recipient of the 1997 ACM Turing Award. Engebart A ater variation, invented in the eary 1970s by Bi Engish at Xerox PARC, repaced the externa whees with a singe ba which coud rotate in any direction.

3 Laser Printer In 1938, Chester Carson invented a dry printing process caed xerography, commony caed a Xerox, the foundation technoogy for aser printers to come. The origina aser printer caed EARS was deveoped at the Xerox Pao Ato Research Center beginning in 1969 and competed in November, Xerox Engineer, Gary Starkweather adapted Xerox copier technoogy adding a aser beam to it to come up with the aser printer. Starkweather The Xerox 9700, the first xerographic aser printer product, was reeased in Ethernet Ethernet was origina deveoped as one of the many pioneering projects at Xerox PARC. Invented between by Robert Metcafe and David Boggs Metcafe eft Xerox in 1979 to promote the use of persona computers and oca area networks (LANs), forming 3Com. Metcafe He successfuy convinced DEC, Inte, and Xerox to work together to promote Ethernet as a standard, which was first pubished in 1980.

4 Eary History of the GUI (cont d) At Xerox PARC, a research team codified the WIMP (windows, icons, menus and pointing device) paradigm, which eventuay appeared commerciay in the Xerox 8010 ('Star') system in Beginning in 1979, the Lisa and Macintosh teams at Appe Computer continued to deveop such ideas. Appe Macintosh Steve Jobs and a number of Appe engineers visited Xerox PARC by invitation in Introduced in 1984 at a price of $2495 Featured operation entirey by GUI Appe s poicy was to thwart the design of cones Origina Appe Macintosh 128K

5 Appe Macintosh GUI Appe Macintosh GUI

6 Appe Macintosh GUI Microsoft Begins its Rise Microsoft uses its income from saes of MS- DOS for PC cones to invest in new software projects in the eary 1980s. new versions of Microsoft BASIC Mutipan, ater Exce Word Windows

7 The Birth of MS Windows Microsoft announced its deveopment of Windows for its own operating system MS-DOS in Microsoft modeed the GUI after that of Appe's MacOS. Bi Gates had been shown a Macintosh prototype by Steve Jobs eary in its deveopment (around 1981) Microsoft was partnered by Appe to create some of the important eary Mac software, such as Word and Exce. The first independent version of Microsoft Windows, version 1.0, was reeased in Microsoft Windows 1.0

8 Microsoft Windows 2.0 Microsoft Windows version 2 came out in Much of the popuarity for Windows 2.0 came by way of its incusion as a "run-time version" with Microsoft's new graphica appications, Exce and Word for Windows. Microsoft Windows received a major boost around this time when Adus Pagemaker appeared in a Windows version, having previousy run ony on Macintosh. The Appe v. Microsoft copyright infringement awsuit was in (More on this ater.) Microsoft Windows 2.0

9 IBM & Microsoft: OS/2 During the mid to ate 1980s, Microsoft and IBM had co-operativey been deveoping OS/2 as a successor to DOS OS/2 1.0, reeased in 1987, supported swapping and mutitasking and aowed running of DOS executabes. A GUI, caed the Presentation Manager (PM), was avaiabe with OS/2 version 1.1, reeased in By the eary 1990s, tensions deveoped in the Microsoft/IBM reationship. This agreement soon however fe apart, and the Microsoft/IBM reationship was terminated. IBM continued to deveop OS/2, whie Microsoft deveoped its operating system into Windows NT OS/2 1.1 & 2.0

10 OS/2 1.1 & 2.0 Microsoft Windows 3.1 & NT Windows 3.1 was reeased in 1992 basic mutimedia support for audio input and output a CD audio payer appication a TrueType font system for desktop pubishing Windows for Workgroups, an extended version of Windows 3.11 incuded fie sharing support Microsoft renamed their OS/2 version to MS Windows NT, changing the main API to a 32-bit version of its MS Win16 API.

11 Microsoft Windows 3.1 Microsoft Windows NT

12 Microsoft Windows NT Bue Screen of Death - very common when things went wrong in NT Microsoft Windows 95 Microsoft began to deveop a new version of the operating system (code name: Chicago). Reeased in August 1995 in a word-wide party-event. First Microsoft OS not to run on top of DOS IBM continued to market OS/2, producing ater versions in OS/2 3.0 and 4.0 (OS/2 Warp). OS/2 ran Windows 3.1 programs IBM did not have access to Windows 95 source code so compatibiity became more difficut Microsoft is accused of unfair business practices by the Dept of Justice and a number of states (more on this ater)

13 Microsoft Windows 95 Additiona Windows Reeases 1998 Windows Windows ME 1993 Windows NT Windows NT Windows NT Windows 2000 (Version 5.0) 2001 Windows XP (Version 5.1) 2003 Windows Server 2003 (Version 5.2) 2007 Windows Vista 2009 Windows Windows 8 (tabet-based GUI)

14 Microsoft s Growth The eary Microsoft team from Abuquerque, NM (~1977). The Microsoft campus in Redmond with Beevue in the background. ( Seatte Times) Tota empoyees: 55,000 (as of 2003) Bi Gates Net Worth According to Forbes ist of the Word's Weathiest Peope: $58.7 biion, ranked # $52.8 biion, ranked # $40.7 biion, ranked # $46.6 biion, ranked # $46.5 biion, ranked # $52.0 biion, ranked # $56.0 biion, ranked # $58.0 biion, ranked # $40.0 biion, ranked # $53.0 biion, ranked # $56.0 biion, ranked # $61.0 biion, ranked #2 640kb ought to be enough for anyone.