3/11/16. Legal positions in chess: Legal positions in Go: From ARPANET to NSFNET

Transcription

1 History 329/SI 311/RCSSCI 360 Computers and the Internet: A global history From ARPANET to NSFNET Legal positions in chess: Legal positions in Go:

2 Today Review ARPANET as a community Infrastructure patterns: gateways TCP/IP Xerox PARC, Ethernet, and the rise of the Internet The 1980s: NSFNET and LOTS of other networks Review: last time Old desire for tools to organize information Engelbart s mother of all demos (1970) Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) Alto, Star computers Influence on Steve Jobs, Macintosh Why the GUI won: An bridge from paper world to screen Appealed to a new category of users Required less sophistication Applications orientation Visual interest and beauty The GUI made PCs a broad consumer product 2

3 ARPANET as a community ARPANET Values of the military and computer science elite: Survivability Flexibility High performance Error detection and control Sharing expensive resources These are not general user values: Low cost Simplicity Service User appeal 3

4 ARPANET as a community Consequence of networking ARPA facilities: Host (local) machines and system administrators had to increase user support All ARPANET users had local access to deep knowledge sophisticated programming techniques hardware and software debugging ARPANET s success depended on informal communication, personal acquaintance, disciplinary training, and other social bonds Infrastructure patterns: gateways 4

5 Systems Centrally designed and controlled E.g. telephone, telegraph, electric power and computers Key innovators: system builders Networks and internetworks Linked, heterogeneous systems (or networks) Pre-existing systems may survive intact Gateways Allow free movement from one system/network to another E.g. intermodal freight, computer LANs Standardization at conversion points Key innovators: gateway builders Interconversion and linkage techniques E.g. intermodal freight, data transmission standards 10 3/11/16 5

6 Gateway technology in action TCP/IP 6

7 Robert Taylor 3 rd director of ARPA IPTO Continued Licklider s vision, proposing to link ARPA computers in a network ($1 million funding) Best return in history on a U. S. government investment? Later supervised Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) 1999: won National Medal of Technology Robert Kahn Co-designed the TCP/IP protocol with Vint Cerf 7

8 Vinton Cerf The other father of the Internet Led effort for widespread TCP/IP adoption in 1980s Mid-1980s: led engineering of MCI Mail, the first commercial Internet service Founding president of ISOC (Internet Society) Cerf and Kahn: U.S. National Medal of Technology, 1997 ACM Turing Award, 2004 TCP/IP: The Internet s gateway technology Network Control Protocol (ARPANET): placed reliability burden on network TCP/IP: placed reliability burden on host computers TCP Transmission Control Protocol IP Internet Protocol assumed that end host would deal with transmission errors Made it possible to join almost any networks together 1982: Defense Dept. standardized on TCP/IP 1983: ARPANET converted entirely to TCP/IP 8

9 The Multinetwork Demonstration, 1977 Xerox PARC, Ethernet, and the rise of the Internet 9

10 Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (1970-present) Alto, circa

11 Alto Hardware 128 KB RAM 2.5 MB disk 3 Mbit Ethernet for 50 Altos 600x800 x l display Cost $12,000 to manufacture Ethernet First practical local area network, built at Xerox PARC in 70 s Ethernet: Distributed Packet-Switching For Local Computer Networks (1976) Developed for Xerox personal computers and laser printers Star and Alto Robert Metcalfe and his Ethernet sketch 11

12 Laser printers Marriage of xerography (copying) and computing EARS: first print server (1974) Ethernet Alto Research Character Generator Scanning Laser Output Terminal 1 copy/second, 500 dots/inch Lower-cost and color versions developed later 23 Alto Personal Distributed Computing 10/17/06 The Xerox Star Office System Shipped 1981 (same as IBM PC) Reliable, but a bit slow Highly integrated Editing, spreadsheet, filing, printing Best office system for at least 10 years Roughly = 1995 MS Windows /Office Only 25,000 sold Too expensive, closed $20-25k/workstation in total Apple Lisa failed in 1982 for same reasons Irony: Xerox researchers wanted a much simpler product 12

13 3/11/16 Star screenshots What went wrong? Printing Xerox focus on high end copiers and printers Targeted existing markets: mainframe/minicomputer printing Ignored small office printers for PCs Apple, HP won out in office printing by 1985 Star Office System Engineers had a vision, and achieved it Too expensive, inflexible Overwhelmed by IBM PC wave Researchers pushed for something more like Alto 13

14 Ethernet Widely adopted for local area networks in 1980s Metcalfe (Ethernet inventor) left Xerox 1979 Formed 3Com The 1980s: NSFNET and LOTS of other networks 14

15 USENET Unix to Unix Copy Protocol (uucp) 1978 Bell Labs Copy files from one computer to another Browsable groups Usenet started 1979 For UNC computers to communicate with Duke University NOT part of ARPANET Navigating the spaghetti network Can anybody tell me how to send mail from this uucp node (cwruecmp) to a user at an ARPANET node (specifically, HI-Multics) and back? I have tried every path I know, and they all get returned from Network:C70. Help! (1981) 15

16 USENET Sites and Routes, 1986 USENET News Flow, 1993 Peak volume on this map: about 57 MB/day 16

17 Dialup bulletin board and online services Pay-per-hour services Compuserve Founded 1969 as a dialup timesharing service 1979: switched focus to PCs, marketed through Radio Shack as MicroNET , file transfers Services around the world The Source (1979) Prodigy (1984, Sears) America Online (origins 1983) initial focus: online games Other networks LOTS of them. BITNET (c. 1981): Because It s Time Academic institutions Ran on IBM machines using proprietary protocols and software Eventually linked to ARPANET 17

18 CSNET (computer science network) NSF-funded, origins tiers ARPANET TELENET (Bolt Beranek & Newman, BBN) PhoneNet ( only) TCP/IP used to connect subnets 200 hosts by 1981 Engagement made NSF an early Internet supporter 1979 magazine cover Network Protocols 1982: Minitel (France) National network of dumb terminals Packet-switched network through existing telephone infrastructure Connection to info provider services phone directory mail-order retail airline or train tickets information services databases message boards and chat By 1999: 9 million terminals 25 million users (50 percent of population) 25,000 services 18

19 The Minitel The Minitel Screen 19

20 FidoNet (1984) The poor man s ARPANET PC-based, dialup system Linked BBSs (bulletin board systems) Until 1994, Fidonet was the only way to send to MILNET, ARPANET, and Minitel without using commercial services Heavily used by activists and in the developing world The NSF supercomputer centers (1984) U. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign UC San Diego U. of Pittsburgh/Carnegie Mellon Cornell University Princeton (New Jersey) National Center for Atmospheric Research (Colorado) Copyright by Philip Doty, November

21 NSFNET (1985) Goal: connect NSF supercomputer centers to ARPANET sites Three levels: National high-speed backbone Regional and disciplinary/supercomputer nets Campus networks (academic and commercial) Made the Internet available to almost all interested U.S. universities The Acceptable Use Policy prohibited commercial use of Internet until 1991 NSFnet Backbone, kbps 56kbps 21

22 NSFnet and its Regional Networks, 1987 Regional feeder networks developed Hub and spoke structure : from 2000 to 30,000 interconnected networks T1 (1.5 Mbps) backbone implemented T3 (45 Mbps) proposed 22

23 The end of ARPANET MILNET in the USA, 1989 MILNET (Defense Data Network) in the United States, from 1989 MILNET split from ARPANET in

24 The Internet First called the Internet in 1984 TCP/IP-compliant network of networks Domain name system developed 1983 com, edu, gov, int, mil, net, org A logical, social construct not a system in the usual sense Copyright by Philip Doty, November 2000 Core of the Internet, August

25 3/11/16 Networks in SciFi Neuromancer (1984) Internet: ~1000 hosts Snow Crash (1992) A metaverse Becoming an infrastructure: 1988 Number of Internet nodes began to double every year An Internet worm affected about 10% of the 60,000 computers connected to the Internet Robert Morris, Cornell now teaches CS at MIT Losses of up to $10 million due to Internet down time 25

26 Becoming an infrastructure 1991: NSF rescinded Acceptable Use Policy (AUP) 1992: transition to civilian control 1995: NSF no longer infrastructure provider for the ordinary Internet The Internet was not known as "The Internet" until January 1984, at which time there were 1000 hosts that were all converted over to using TCP/IP 26

27 Key factors in Internet growth, 1980s Network builders NSFnet backbone large government investment ARPANET/Milnet split end of military control Success of TCP/IP (vs. OSI) Ethernet built into personal computers Non-Internet BBSs (bulletin board services) Users Usenet (newsgroups) Online services and BBSs Widespread adoption of PCs Network development overhead shrinks: users become builders Computers as communication devices The core of the networking idea Users goal: universal communication The reason the Internet was inevitable 27

28 Next time: Japan Reading: Wikipedia, Post-occupation Japan and Ministry of International Trade and Industry Cortada, Computing Comes to Japan (2012) Context: Flamm, Government and Computers in Japan and Europe (1987) New York Times, Fifth Generation' Became Japan's Lost Generation Optional: poke around in the Fifth Generation Computer Systems Museum (mostly technical documents, some pictures) Computing: Shapard, Islands in the (Data)Stream: Language, Character Codes, and Electronic Isolation in Japan (1993) Primary sources: Ferguson and Morris, Coloring the World Blue 28