Lecture contents Electronics and Microelectronics AE4B34EM Lectures: Labs: Jiří Jakovenko jakovenk@fel.cvut.cz Vladimír Janíček janicev@fel.cvut.cz Historical overview of electronics and microelectronics, Moore's Law, electronic components - the ideal and the real parameters Basic methods of solving electrical circuits (Thevenin's theorem, superposition principle, voltage divider Basic types and properties of semiconductors, PN junction, the metal-semiconductor junction, semiconductor diodes, the basic types of rectifiers Bipolar transistor BJT MOSFET Technological process of manufacturing semiconductor devices and integrated circuits Basic CMOS manufacturing process, layout, advanced submicron technologies Lecture contents Parameters of CMOS logic gates, power dissipation in log. gates, delays, bus drivers Basic electronic circuits blocks, feedback. Operational amplifier, comparator, oscillators Integrated memory structures: types and characteristics, methods of writing and reading, speed, access time Optoelectronics components: a photodiode, phototransistor, laser, LED, their characteristics and applications Power switching elements: power MOSFET, tyristor, IGBT Sensors: types, characteristics, technologies and applications. Design and technology of micro-electro-mechanical systems MEMS Labs - content Introduction to the laboratory. Measurement equipment for measuring and diagnosing of electronic circuits. Measurement - VA characteristics of diodes, diode operating point. Measurement - Applications LED: One way and two-way rectifier. Measurements - Bipolar transistors: characteristics, parameters and applications of bipolar transistors. Measurement - MOSFET: characteristics, application parameters with MOS transistor. Circuit simulation, analysis types (DC, AC, Transient). Models of active and passive components. Design, simulation and testing of amplifier stage. Labs - content Static and dynamic properties of logic gates and CMOS transmission gates. Measurement - Operational Amplifier: basic circuits, static and dynamic properties Measurement - Optoelectronic components: properties of opto-couplers, photodiodes and a phototransistor Individual project Presentation of projects, credit Electronics and Microelectronics AE4B34EM Studing materials: server MOODLE http://moodle.kme.fel.cvut.cz AE4B34EM Electronics and Microelectronics Book:Sedra, Smith: Microelectronic Circuits
Main benefits of electronics and microelectronics technologies Absolutely unique technology Increased speed and performance Increasing integration density (transistors) Less power dissipation in the functional block (energy saving) - but dramatically increases the power loss per chip Less cost per functional unit Less weight Negative??? 50 years of electronic integrated circuits Integrated circuits have a relatively short history. From its inception until today, however, have seen an unprecedented momentum. " If the car industry followed the same rules of progress as microelectronics tehnologies, cars would get 1 000 000 miles per gallon, travel at millions of miles per hour and be so cheap that it would be cheaper to buy a new Rolls-Royce than park it downtown for a day. " G.E. Moore, cofounder of Intel The history of semiconductor electronics Lilienfeld - FET Tranzistor (1930) 1906 Semiconductors are used to detect the radio signals (Pickard, ATT) 1912 Discovery of the rectifying characteristics of semiconductors (Pickard, ATT) 1925 FET - J. Lilienfeld patented principle US#1,745,175, #1,900,018, #1,877,140), 1935 O. Heil (British #439,457 ) 1943 Germanium crystals are used for demodulation of radio signals. 1947 Tranzistor Invention Bardeen, Brattain a Schockley, ATT, Nobel Price, 1956 Implementation was not possible due to the presence of the large surface charges at the interface of the semiconductor and gate insulator. In the fifties, this issue was resolved 1952 Implementation of the first FET (Field Effect Transistor) The First Computer Babbage Difference Engine (1832) 25 000 Mechanical parts Price: 17 470 liber ENIAC The first electronic computer (1946) Constructed by: John W. Mauchly (computer architecture) and J. Presper Eckert (electronics circuits), university of Pennsylvan
1947 The birth of modern electronics Bell Laboratories - Invention of point-contact transistor - gain 18 William Shockley, Walter Brittain and John Bardeen Nobel Prize in Physics 1956 1951: Shockley transistors suitable for series production. 1954: The first transistor radio, The first silicon transistor (TI price $2.50) 1958 Revolutionary invention - the invention of the integrated circuit The first integrated circuit - Jack Kilby, Texas Instruments 1 transistor and 4 resistorst integrated to 1 chip Nobel Prize in 2000 Practically at the same time Robert Noyce invented the IC Much more favorable for the production of integrated transistors Fairchild Electronics -- Jean Hoerni and Robert Noyce The planar technology - 1959 The first commercial planar IC Fairchild -- One Binary Digital (Bit) Memory Device on a Chip 4 Tranzistory a 5 Rezistorů Begining of SSI (SMALL SCALE INTEGRATION) 1961: Dual flip-flop Price ~ $50 1963: Higher interration density and yield 4 x flip flop. Integration of MOS Tranzistors - 1962 Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor Radio Corporation of America (RCA) Sarnoff Laboratories The first analogue IC - 1964 Operational Amplifier MA 702 Fairchild
The first 1024 bit memory chip - 1970 Intel Corporation DRAM The first 256-Bit Static RAM - 1970 Fairchild 4 The first EPROM - 1971 INTEL 1702 Birth of first Microprocesor - 1971 Intel 4004 2,300 Tranzistors, 108 khz The first computer on a single chip - constructed (Ted Hoff) for calculators The first comertial Microprocessor - 1974 16-Bit Microprocessor 1979 8-Bit Intel 8080, Intel Corporation 6,500 Tranzistors, 2MHz Motorola 68000 ETAPA LSI (LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION)
The first 256 kb Bit Dynamic RAM 1981 The first 32-Bit Microprocessor 1981 IBM Corporation Hewlett-Packard Co. 450,000 Tranzistors Bebining of VLSI (VERY LARGE SCALE INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ) And how is it today? Intel Nehalem - surface of the chip size is approximately 246 mm 2 in 45nm process technology 731 million transistors - each core has 32 KB instructions memmory and 32 KB of data cache L1 and 256KB L2 cache, 8 MB L3 cache is shared between all cores The most advanced technologies Intel I7 45 nm, 710 milions of tranzistors chip size 107 mm 2 - origin of all the latest Intel CPUs The most advanced technologies World Semiconductor Market 2003 by SIA Semiconductor Industry Asociation AMD - core Shanghai "K10.5" 705 millions tranzistors chip size 243 mm 2,
Kbit chip capacity Ratios of end-users Moore s Law In 1965, Gordon Moore noted that the number of transistors on a chip doubled every 18 to 24 months. He made a prediction that semiconductor technology will double its effectiveness every 18 months K 1,000,000,000 10,000 1,000 Moore s Law Transistors on Lead Microprocessors double every 2 years i486 Pentium i386 80286 1 Billion Transistors Nahalem Pentium IV Pentium III Pentium II Pentium Pro 10 8086 Zdroj: Intel 1 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Evolution of CMOS technologies When will it end??? Today's look of MOS transistors Evolution of DRAM memories Human memmory 1E+09 000000 00000 0000 000 4X growth each 3 years! Book 640 000 000 160 000 000 0.07 m 40 000 000 0.1 m 10 000 000 0.13 m 0.18-0.25 m 256 000 64 0000.35-0.4 m Strained Silicon Gate oxide thickness = 1.2 nm 00 0 64 10 16 0000.5-0.6 m 4 000 0.7-0.8 m 1 000 256 1.0-1.2 m 1.6-2.4 m page 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 enciklopedia 2 hours of CD audio 30 sec HDTV
Clock Frequency Frequency (Mhz) Power (Watts) Power (Watts) Power Dissipation 00 0 10 1 0.1 8085 8008 4004 8080 Doubles every 2 years P6 Pentium proc 486 386 286 8086 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 10 1 0.1 8085 8080 8008 4004 286 8086 386 486 P6 Pentium proc 1971 1974 1978 1985 1992 2000 2009 000 00 0 Power will be a major problem!!! 10 1 0.1 286 486 8086 8085 386 8080 8008 4004 Pentium proc 18KW 5KW 1.5KW 500W 1971 1974 1978 1985 1992 2010 2015 2020 Power delivery and dissipation will be prohibitive Evolution of computers Costumer will be never satisfied 1995 2000 2003 Processor Pentium Pentium III Pentium IV Power dissipation (W) Frequency (MHz) 1 12 60 81 650 1800 Memory(MB) 8 64 512 HDD (GB) 0.8 15 80 GB Price (Euro) 1 000 1 000 1 000 And what about today??? MEMS Technologies MEMS Technologies & Aplications Mikrofluidics Accelerometers Preassure sensors Optical MEMS High frequency MEMS Other technologies Ink jet trysky Lab on chip Akccelerometres Gyroscopes MAP sensors Barometric sensors TIP display DP projectors Switchers Coils with high Q Fractal antena R/W drive heads Mikro-motors RF power measurement Electronic tveasure Hewlett Packard Seiko Epson Delphi - Delco SensoNor Vaisala Lucas Novasensor TI, Nortel, JDS Uniphase, Lucent Siemens MEMSCAP Seagate
Natural vs Human made things