INEL-6080 VLSI Systems Design ooooooo Prof. Manuel Jiménez
Lecture 1 Introduction
Computational Devices The idea of developing computing devices is certainly not new A few chronological examples show the idea is as old as humanity
25,000BC: Notched Bones The Ishango Bone The Venus of Laussel The Ishango Bones Notched bone from Congo, Africa. 25,000 to 20,000 BC The markings represent a sixmonth lunar calendar Believed to be used to compute women s menstrual cycle Notched Bones
1300BC: Abacus Chinese Abacus Abacus Originally invented by the Babylonians between 1,000BC and 500BC Chinese Abacus (Ming Dynasty: 1368-1636) Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, and Division Notched Bones Abacus
1640: Pascal s Calculator Pascal s Calculator Pascal s Calculator (1640) First operational calculating machine Addition and Subtraction Multiplication and division implemented by a series of additions or subtractions Notched Bones Abacus Pascal s Calculator
1822: Difference Engine Part of Babbage s Difference Engine Babbage s Difference Engine (1822) Considered the 1 st computing engine 25,000 mechanical parts Cost: 17,470 Based on decimal system Add, Sub, Mult, Div, Sqr, Log, Exp, to 31 digits Notched Bones Abacus Pascal s Calculator Difference Machine
1946: ENIAC & UNIVAC The ENIAC Room Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) First general-purpose computer 1,000 square feet of area 30 tons of weigh: 18,000 vacuum tubes 150 kilowatts of power Performed 5000 additions/sec Burned 50 tubes/day Notched Bones Abacus Pascal s Calculator Difference Machine ENIAC & UNIVAC
1947: First Transistor The First Transistor Point-contact germanium transistor (Brattain & Bardeen) - 1947 Bipolar junction transistor (Shockley) - 1949 Field effect transistor (MOS FET) (Hofstain & Heiman) - 1962 First patent in 1926 (Lilienfeld) By 1960 all new computers used transistors Notched Bones Abacus Pascal s Calculator Difference Machine ENIAC & UNIVAC First Transistor
1958: First Integrated Circuit 1966 bipolar ECL Gate The First Integrated Circuit 1958 Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments integrated multiple components onto a single semiconductor piece A phase shift oscillator 1961 Fairchild and TI fabricate first commercial digital IC 1970 Fairchild introduced the first 256- bit static RAM Notched Bones Abacus Pascal s Calculator Difference Machine ENIAC & UNIVAC First Transistor First Integrated Circuit
The Microprocessor s Era Intel 4004 Intel P4 Modern IC Examples: INTEL 4004 (1971) 1.0 MHz 1K transistors INTEL Pentium 4 (2000) 3.20GHz 60M transistors FXP, FPU, Cache, Pipe Notched Bones Abacus Pascal s Calculator Difference Machine ENIAC & UNIVAC First Transistor First Integrated Circuit Modern Chips
IC DESIGN ISSUES Primary Issues in IC Design Integration Density and Performance Moore s Law (1965): Semiconductor technology will double its effectiveness every 18 months 1000 10000 100 2X growth in 1.96 years! 1000 Doubles every 2 years Transistors (MT) 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 386 286 8085 8086 8080 4004 8008 P6 Pentium proc 486 Frequency (Mhz) 100 10 1 0.1 8085 8008 4004 8080 8086 286 P6 Pentium proc 486 386 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Year 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Year
IC DESIGN ISSUES Memory Technology Has also followed Moore s Prediction Integration complexity doubles every 1 to 2 years Not expected to slowdown anytime soon Another issue has arisen POWER
IC DESIGN ISSUES Power in Microprocessors 100000 10000 1000 500W 1.5KW 18KW 5KW Power (Watts) 100 10 1 8008 80808085 4004 8086 286 386 Pentium proc 486 0.1 1971 1974 1978 1985 1992 2000 2004 2008 Year Power delivery and dissipation could become prohibitive, especially in battery powered devices
IC DESIGN ISSUES Power Density Problem Amount of heat in ICs is becoming too high to keep junctions working at low temperature Power Density (W/cm2) 10000 1000 100 10 1 4004 8008 8080 8086 Rocket Nozzle Nuclear Reactor Hot Plate 8085 286 386 486 P6 Pentium proc Small Signal RF Analog Baseband Power RF Power Management Digital Baseband (DSP + MCU) 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Year
IC DESIGN ISSUES Design Challenges Microscopic Level Size and Performance Power Dissipation Interconnect Parasitics Clock Distribution Noise Testability Reliability Manufacturability Macroscopic Level Time-to-market Technological Limits Abstraction-Level Reusability and Portability Intellectual Property Design Predictability