Development of a Rapid Prototyping System for Custom. Contoured Foam Cushion Using the Pressure Mapping Method
|
|
- Erick Waters
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Author:Che-Chang Yang ( );recommend:Yeh-Liang Hsu ( ). Note: This paper is published in Biomedical Engineering, Applications, Basis, and Communications, Vol. 21, Iss. 1, pp. 9-16, February Development of a Rapid Prototyping System for Custom Contoured Foam Cushion Using the Pressur Abstract Prevention of pressure sore is an important health care issue for people with limited mobility. To relieve pressure at buttocks, foam cushion enveloping specific shape or contour matching with an individual s buttocks has commonly been employed. This paper presents a complete rapid prototyping system to generate custom contoured foam cushion using pressure distribution at the buttock-cushion interface. A pressure sensor mat is placed on top of a flat polyurethane (PU) foam to measure the pressure distribution at the buttock-cushion interface. Based on the load-deformation characteristics of the foam material, this pressure distribution is converted into the corresponding deformation of the foam. This conversion is followed by a surface smoothing process to generate a bi-cubic surface, which approximates all discrete data points. ASCII NC codes are then generated for the precise CNC fabrication of the cushion with the desired surface contour. The shape and pressure-relief performance of the custom contoured foam cushion is validated. This system is completely automated and provides a quick and economical way to fabricate custom contoured foam cushion. Keywords: pressure sore, custom contoured cushion, pressure mapping method 1
2 1. Introduction Decubitus ulcer (pressure sore) is one of the most common sitting-induced problems caused by prolonged sitting and unrelieved pressure. For people with limited mobility such as the wheelchair users, prevention of pressure sore is an important health care issue. Cushion filled with fluid or soft bulk material has been developed for this purpose. Cushion filled with air or gel in interconnected grid cells provides satisfactory effect of pressure relief [Hong et al., 2002]. However, it does not provide sufficient sitting stability and is relatively expensive. On the other hand, foam made from polyurethane has a combination of visco-elastic and resilient properties, which give abilities to hold, or memorize the buttock s shape while providing sufficient dynamic stability through resiliency [Brienza et al., 1999]. Compared with fluid-filled cushion, foam cushion provides similar performance in pressure relief at a relatively lower cost. To further relieve pressure at buttocks, foam cushion enveloping specific shape or contour matching with an individual s buttocks has commonly been employed [Chow et al., 1978]. There can be a uniform pressure distribution over the resilient foam with a pre-contoured shape [Springle et al., 1990]. A comparative evaluation also indicated that the contoured cushion has more uniform pressure distribution and lower peak pressure compared to the pressure distribution and peak pressure of flat foam cushion [Chung et al., 1987]. In order to produce such a matching shape, pressure and shape measurements for the buttock-seat interface are used clinically to evaluate and prescribe support surfaces for wheelchair users. Brienza et al. [1993] developed the computer-automated seating systems (CASS) for this purpose. The CASS has the ability to adjust the seating surface shape by measuring the pressure applied to the buttocks. The device comprises an force sensing array of spring-loaded elements coupled with linear potentiometers. Pressure sensors were mounted on the swiveling head atop of each element. The deflection (height) of each element can be independently controlled to vary the loading conditions and surface shape in evaluating soft tissue deformation. Both pressure distribution and deflections measured are incorporated altogether to generate an optimized custom contoured shape. There is an alternative method, the so-called pressure mapping method to approximate the shape of an individual s buttocks only by using the pressure distribution at the buttock-cushion interface. The intuited hypothesis is that the pressure distribution at the buttock-cushion interface could be used to generate a contour equivalent to that obtained by deflection sensors. Contour generation with this approach yields more economical and simplified instrumentation. A preliminary study conducted by Carmen et al. [2000] indicated that cushion with contour generated by this method reveals similar pressure-relieving characteristics compared with other types of cushions. Brienza et al. 2
3 [1996] also concluded that custom contour can be generated using interface pressure measurements without the need of a contour gauge. This study presents a complete rapid prototyping system to generate custom contoured foam cushion using the pressure mapping method. A pressure sensor mat (BPMS, Tekscan Inc.) is placed on top of a flat polyurethane (PU) foam to measure the pressure distribution at the buttock-cushion interface. Based on the load-deformation characteristics of the foam material, this pressure distribution is converted into the corresponding deformation of the foam. This conversion is followed by a surface smoothing process to generate a bi-cubic surface, which approximates all discrete data points. A spherical object (a basketball filled with air) is used to validate the contour generated by this process. ASCII NC codes are then generated for the precise CNC fabrication of the cushion with the desired surface contour. The pressure-relief performance of the custom contoured cushion fabricated using this process is evaluated. The whole process is completely automated, which is a more economical, effective and convenient technique to fabricate custom contoured foam cushion for clinical or residential uses. 2. Generating the custom-contour foam cushion In this study, the Body Pressure Measuring System (BPMS, Tekscan, Inc.) was used for pressure measurement. In BPMS, the sensor (SEATMAT #5315) is a flexible pressure sensor mat with a dimension of 622mm(length) 530mm(width). With sensing points distributed over an area of 488mm 427mm, this pressure sensor mat has a sensing density of 0.97 per square centimeter. The pressure sensor mat is connected to a handle for signal amplification, A/D conversion, and transmitting the measurement data to a PC. The graphical pressure contour and numerical information are then displayed in the PC. Figure 1 shows an example of pressure distribution at buttocks obtained by BPMS, in which the subject sits on a 75 mm in thick flat foam cushion. 3
4 Figure 1. An example of pressure distribution at buttocks The visco-elastic foam (memory foam) made from polyurethane (PU) was used in this study. Small foam samples with dimensions of 60mm 60mm 75mm were tested on a universal testing machine to determine their load-deformation characteristics. The foam sample deforms with the distributed pressure load applied onto it. Figure 2 shows the relation between load and the corresponding deformation. In this figure, two materials (high-resiliency foam and memory foam) exhibit similar characteristics. For pressure below 0.1 kg/cm 2, the pressure-deformation relationship is almost linear. The amount of deformation at 0.1 kg/cm 2 is about 50mm (note that the thickness of the foam samples was 75mm). Beyond this pressure, the deformation of the foam saturates, and dramatically higher pressure is required to produce the same increments of deformation. The average pressures at buttocks obtained from the subjects recruited in this study ranges from 0.04kg/cm 2 to 0.06 kg/cm 2. In addition, less than 10% of the sensing points are greater than 0.1 kg/cm 2. Therefore, most pressure sensing points at the buttock-cushion interface are within the region of linear deformation in Figure 2. 4
5 70 60 Deformation (mm) HR Foam Memory Foam Pressure (kg per square centimeter) Figure 2. Load-deformation characteristics of two foam materials The load-deformation relation in Figure 2 can be represented by a function D(p). The pressure contour obtained in Figure 1 is then transformed into the deformation contour of the foam using the load deformation relation D(p). Assume P is a matrix, which represents the raw measurement data at the pressure sensing points when the subject sits on a flat foam cushion. Each component p ij in P can be converted to the corresponding deformation D(p ij ) at that point to form a deformation matrix D. It is also assumed that the buttock is a rigid body compared with the foam, and most deformation occurs at the foam. Therefore D represents the shape of the buttock. Figure 3 shows the deformation contour obtained from the pressure distribution in Figure 2. 5
6 Figure 3. Deformation contour converted from the pressure distribution in Figure 2 As shown in Figure 3, the deformation contour directly converted from the raw measurement data at the pressure sensing points contains many discontinuous fragments, which are far from a realistic surface. Therefore an algorithm is designed to smoothen the deformation contour. The strategy is to reduce the size of the matrix D, while the smooth surface generated from the reduced matrix should retain most characteristics of the original matrix. As shown in Figure 4, in this study, the matrix D is reduced to a 7 8 matrix D. Each component in D contains the average of the neighboring 6 6 sub matrix from matrix D. Finally a bi-cubic surface is generated to approximate the smooth surface using the data points in D, as shown in Figure 5. ASCII NC codes are generated for this bi-cubic surface by discretizing the surface (or using a standard CAM software). Custom-contour cushion can then be fabricated using a CNC machine (Figure 6). 6
7 (1,1) (1,2) (1,3) (1,4) (1,5) (1,6) (1,7) (1,8) (2,1) (2,2) (2,3) (2,4) (2,5) (2,6) (2,7) (2,8) (1,1) (1,2) (1,3) (1,4) (1,5) (1,6) (2,1) (2,2) (2,3) (2,4) (2,5) (2,6) (3,1) (3,2) (3,3) (3,4) (3,5) (3,6) (4,1) (4,2) (4,3) (4,4) (4,5) (4,6) (5,1) (5,2) (5,3) (5,4) (5,5) (5,6) (3,1) (3,2) (3,3) (3,4) (3,5) (3,6) (3,7) (3,8) (4,1) (4,2) (4,3) (4,4) (4,5) (4,6) (4,7) (4,8) (5,1) (5,2) (5,3) (5,4) (5,5) (5,6) (5,7) (5,8) (6,1) (6,2) (6,3) (6,4) (6,5) (6,6) (6,7) (6,8) (7,1) (7,2) (7,3) (7,4) (7,5) (7,6) (7,7) (7,8) (6,1) (6,2) (6,3) (6,4) (6,5) (6,6) 6 6 sub martix Reduced 7 8 martix D Figure 4. The matrix D is reduced to a 7 8 matrix D Figure 5. Contour generated after surface smoothing 7
8 Figure 6. Custom-contour cushion fabricated using a CNC machine 3. Validation of the shape and pressure-relief performance of the custom contoured foam cushion The purpose of the process presented in this paper is to generate a contour on the foam cushion that completely matches the actual shape of a subject s buttocks, which should result in the preferred effect of pressure-relief. It is difficult to actually measure the shape of a subject s buttock. Therefore in this section, a sphere (a basketball filled with air) of diameter 240.3mm is used to validate whether the surface generated by this process actually matches the shape of the original object. The sphere was initially placed on a flat foam to yield a pressure distribution as shown in Figure 7. An external force of 120N was exerted. Following the process presented in the previous section, this pressure distribution was then converted to the smooth bi-cubic surface as shown in Figure 8. Note that the sphere is rigid enough that deformation of the sphere is neglected throughout the test. 8
9 Figure 7. Pressure distribution of the sphere Figure 8. The smooth surface generated from the pressure distribution in Figure 7 Figure 9 shows a cross-sectional view of the sphere and the deformed cushion surface obtained in Figure 8. The dashed line at the zero depth level represents the flat plane of the foam cushion. The maximum depth, which reflects the maximum pressure is identified at point C. This point is used as a common reference point for the sphere and the deformed 9
10 cushion surface, by which the common center of circle can be identified. The distances D n, which are the differences in radii between the sphere and the deformed cushion surface, are calculated for 187 discrete points in two orthogonal directions on the deformed surface. A sphere with radius R which best fitted this deformed contour is calculated by examining the minimum standard deviation STD in D n. There exists a minimum standard deviation STD=5.18mm in D n when the radius of this sphere is R=127.15mm. Therefore, the difference in radii between the real sphere and fitted sphere is 7mm. Figure 9. Cross-sectional view of the sphere and the deformed cushion surface Figure 10 compares the pressure distribution of a subject sitting on a flat foam cushion (Figure 10 (a)) and that of the same subject sitting on a custom contoured cushion fabricated by the process described in the previous section (Figure 10 (b)), and Table 1 shows the comparison of the test data. The contact area in the buttock-cushion interface rises by 12.8% in the custom-contour cushion, and the peak pressure and average pressure decreases by 22.8% and 11.2%, respectively. Moreover, the standard deviation of the pressure data on the sensing points decreases by 16.4%, which indicates a more evenly distributed pressure over the buttock-cushion interface. 10
11 Figure 10. Pressure distributions on flat and contoured foam cuhion Table 1. Comparison of contoured and flat foam cushions Contact area Peak pressure Ave. pressure STD Flat cushion cm kg/cm kg/cm kg/cm 2 Custom-contoured cushion cm kg/cm kg/cm kg/cm 2 Results +12.8% -22.8% -11.2% -16.4% 4. Conclusions This paper presents a complete rapid prototyping system to generate custom contoured foam cushion using pressure distribution at the buttock-cushion interface. The shape and pressure-relief performance of the custom contoured foam cushion is validated. This system is completely automated and provides a quick and economical way of custom fabricate custom contoured foam cushion. Acknowledgement This research is supported by the National Science Council, Taiwan ROC, grant no E CC3, and by SEDA Co. Ltd. This support is gratefully acknowledged. 11
12 Reference Brienza, D. M., Karg, P. E., Brubaker, C. E., 1996, Seat Cushion Design for Elderly Wheelchair Users Based on Minimization of Soft Tissue Deformation Using Stiffness and Pressure Measurements, IEEE Trans. on Rehab. Eng., vol. 4, pp Brienza, D.M., Chung, K.-C., Brubaker, C.E., Kwiatkowski, R. J., 1993, Design if a Computer-Controlled Seating Surface for Research Applications, IEEE Trans. on Rehab. Eng., vol. 1, pp Brienza, D. M., Lin, C.-T., Karg, P. E., 1999, A Method for Custom-Contoured Cushion Design Using Interface Pressure Measurement, IEEE Traans. On Rehab. Eng., vol. 7, pp Chow, W. W., Odell, E. I., 1978, Deformation and stresses in soft body tissues of a sitting person, J. Biomed. Eng., vol. 100, pp Chung, K.-C., DiNello, A. M., McLaurin, C. A., 1987, Comparative Evaluation of Pressure Distribution on Flat Foams and Contoured Cushions, Assoc. for the Advan. of Rehab. Tech., pp Hong, J. H., Kim, G. S., Chu, J. U., Ryu, J. C., Mun, M. S., Lee, I. H., 2002, Development of Air Seat Cushion Orthosis, Proceedings of the Second Joint EMBS/BMES Conference. Springle, S.H., Chang, K.-C., Brubaker, C.E., 1990, Reduction of sitting pressures with custom contoured cushions, J. Rehab. Res. Develop., vol. 27, no. 2, pp Sy, C. P. L., Tam, E. W. C., 2000, Fabrication of Custom Contour Cushion Using Pressur: A Preliminary Study, Proceedings of the 22 nd Annual EMBS International Conference. Wang, J., Brienza, D. M., Yuan, Y.-W., Karg, P., Bertocci, G., 1998, Biomedical Analysis of Buttock Soft Tissue Using Computer-Aided Seating System, Proceedings of the 20 th Annual Conf. of the IEEE Eng. In Medicine and Biology Society, vol. 20, pp
Accurate Trajectory Control for Five-Axis Tool-Path Planning
Accurate Trajectory Control for Five-Axis Tool-Path Planning Rong-Shine Lin* and Cheng-Bing Ye Abstract Computer-Aided Manufacturing technology has been widely used for three-axis CNC machining in industry
More informationA Precision Grinding Technique for Radome Inner Surfaces. Z.Y. Jia, T. Ji, D.M. Guo and G.H. Bian
Key Engineering Materials Online: 2004-02-15 ISSN: 1662-9795, Vols. 257-258, pp 177-182 doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.257-258.177 2004 Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland A Precision Grinding Technique
More informationSet No. 1 IV B.Tech. I Semester Regular Examinations, November 2010 FINITE ELEMENT METHODS (Mechanical Engineering) Time: 3 Hours Max Marks: 80 Answer any FIVE Questions All Questions carry equal marks
More informationDevelopment of a Methodology for Simulating Seat Back Interaction Using Realistic Body Contours
Development of a Methodology for Simulating Seat Back Interaction Using Realistic Body Contours Jingwen Hu Matthew P. Reed Biosciences Group April 16, 2013 Introduction Dimensional mismatch between a seat
More informationDepartment of Veterans Affairs
Department of Veterans Affairs Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development Vol. 29 No. 4, 1992 Pages 32-40 A Technical Note A manufacturing system for contoured fo cushions David M. Brienza, PhD;
More informationMultipatched B-Spline Surfaces and Automatic Rough Cut Path Generation
Int J Adv Manuf Technol (2000) 16:100 106 2000 Springer-Verlag London Limited Multipatched B-Spline Surfaces and Automatic Rough Cut Path Generation S. H. F. Chuang and I. Z. Wang Department of Mechanical
More information(Based on a paper presented at the 8th International Modal Analysis Conference, Kissimmee, EL 1990.)
Design Optimization of a Vibration Exciter Head Expander Robert S. Ballinger, Anatrol Corporation, Cincinnati, Ohio Edward L. Peterson, MB Dynamics, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio David L Brown, University of Cincinnati,
More informationRepose. new. A cushion of air, for pressure care, on a riser recliner chair. Repose Contur, riser recliner pressure redistribution overlay
At home in the community Repose new A cushion of air, for pressure care, on a riser recliner chair Repose Contur, riser recliner pressure redistribution overlay www.contur.co.uk Combines enhanced comfort...
More informationCylinders in Vs An optomechanical methodology Yuming Shen Tutorial for Opti521 November, 2006
Cylinders in Vs An optomechanical methodology Yuming Shen Tutorial for Opti521 November, 2006 Introduction For rotationally symmetric optical components, a convenient optomechanical approach which is usually
More informationInterpreting three-dimensional structural topology optimization results
Computers and Structures 83 (2005) 327 337 www.elsevier.com/locate/compstruc Interpreting three-dimensional structural topology optimization results Ming-Hsiu Hsu a, Yeh-Liang Hsu b, * a Center for Aerospace
More informationStable Grasp and Manipulation in 3D Space with 2-Soft-Fingered Robot Hand
Stable Grasp and Manipulation in 3D Space with 2-Soft-Fingered Robot Hand Tsuneo Yoshikawa 1, Masanao Koeda 1, Haruki Fukuchi 1, and Atsushi Hirakawa 2 1 Ritsumeikan University, College of Information
More informationCE Advanced Structural Analysis. Lab 4 SAP2000 Plane Elasticity
Department of Civil & Geological Engineering COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING CE 463.3 Advanced Structural Analysis Lab 4 SAP2000 Plane Elasticity February 27 th, 2013 T.A: Ouafi Saha Professor: M. Boulfiza 1. Rectangular
More informationTV & Office Solutions by equip solutions with a high value of benefit
TV & Office Solutions by equip solutions with a high value of benefit The brand equip stands for a product development driven by quality management and continuous adjustments to the requirements of the
More informationApplication of isight for Optimal Tip Design of Complex Tool Holder Spindle
Application of isight for Optimal Tip Design of Complex Tool Holder Spindle WMSCI 2010 Author: Koo Hong Kwon Won Jee Chung Ki Beom Park School of Mechatronics, Changwon National University Email: goodgoohong@hanmail.net
More informationFirst Order Analysis for Automotive Body Structure Design Using Excel
Special Issue First Order Analysis 1 Research Report First Order Analysis for Automotive Body Structure Design Using Excel Hidekazu Nishigaki CAE numerically estimates the performance of automobiles and
More informationTwo-Dimensional Mathematical Model of Sports Surfaces with Angled Multi-Intensity Impact Tests
Proceedings Two-Dimensional Mathematical Model of Sports Surfaces with Angled Multi-Intensity Impact Tests Harutoshi Yukawa 1, *, Noriyuki Gyokusen 2 and Shozo Kawamura 2 1 Faculty of Regional Policy,
More informationES 128: Computer Assignment #4. Due in class on Monday, 12 April 2010
ES 128: Computer Assignment #4 Due in class on Monday, 12 April 2010 Task 1. Study an elastic-plastic indentation problem. This problem combines plasticity with contact mechanics and has many rich aspects.
More informationDesign of Miniaturized Optical Image Stabilization and Autofocusing Camera Module for Cellphones
Sensors and Materials, Vol. 29, No. 7 (2017) 989 995 MYU Tokyo 989 S & M 1390 Design of Miniaturized Optical Image Stabilization and Autofocusing Camera Module for Cellphones Yu-Hao Chang, Chieh-Jung Lu,
More informationTOLERANCE ALLOCATION IN FLEXIBLE ASSEMBLIES: A PRACTICAL CASE
TOLERANCE ALLOCATION IN FLEXIBLE ASSEMBLIES: A PRACTICAL CASE Pezzuti E., Piscopo G., Ubertini A., Valentini P.P. 1, Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Rome Tor Vergata via del Politecnico
More informationctbuh.org/papers Structural Member Monitoring of High-Rise Buildings Using a 2D Laser Scanner Title:
ctbuh.org/papers Title: Authors: Subject: Keyword: Structural Member Monitoring of High-Rise Buildings Using a 2D Laser Scanner Bub-Ryur Kim, Masters Degree Candidate, Yonsei University Dong Chel Lee,
More informationOffshore Platform Fluid Structure Interaction (FSI) Simulation
Offshore Platform Fluid Structure Interaction (FSI) Simulation Ali Marzaban, CD-adapco Murthy Lakshmiraju, CD-adapco Nigel Richardson, CD-adapco Mike Henneke, CD-adapco Guangyu Wu, Chevron Pedro M. Vargas,
More informationDESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF ORTHOGONALLY COMPLIANT FEATURES FOR DURAFORM/SLS MANUFACTURED PLATES
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF ORTHOGONALLY COMPLIANT FEATURES FOR DURAFORM/SLS MANUFACTURED PLATES Mario Faustini*, Richard Crawford*, Richard R. Neptune*, William Rogers, Andrew Gitter and Gordon Bosker *The
More informationOptimization and Simulation of Machining Parameters in Radial-axial Ring Rolling Process
International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems, Vol.4, No. 3 (May, 0). Optimization and Simulation of Machining Parameters in Radial-axial Ring Rolling Process Shuiyuan Tang, Jiping Lu *,
More informationANALYSIS OF BOX CULVERT - COST OPTIMIZATION FOR DIFFERENT ASPECT RATIOS OF CELL
ANALYSIS OF BOX CULVERT - COST OPTIMIZATION FOR DIFFERENT ASPECT RATIOS OF CELL M.G. Kalyanshetti 1, S.A. Gosavi 2 1 Assistant professor, Civil Engineering Department, Walchand Institute of Technology,
More informationSimulations of tunnel excavation in 2D and 3D conditions considering building loads
Simulations of tunnel excavation in D and 3D conditions considering building loads T. Nakai, E. Sung, H.M. Shahin & M. Yamamoto Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan ABSTRACT: Two-dimensional model
More informationCAE Analysis of Secondary Shaft Systems in Great Five-axis Turning-Milling Complex CNC Machine
Advances in Technology Innovation, vol. 3, no. 1, 2018, pp. 43-50 CAE Analysis of Secondary Shaft Systems in Great Five-axis Turning-Milling Complex CNC Machine Chih-Chiang Hong 1,*, Cheng-Long Chang 1,
More informationAvailable online at ScienceDirect. Procedia Manufacturing 6 (2016 ) 33 38
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia Manufacturing 6 (2016 ) 33 38 16th Machining Innovations Conference for Aerospace Industry - MIC 2016 Multi-point Clamping with Automatic
More information1224. Seismic test and numerical verification of the scaled-down reinforced concrete containment vessel
1224. Seismic test and numerical verification of the scaled-down reinforced concrete containment vessel Yu-Chih Chen 1, Wei-Ting Lin 2, Tung-Liang Chu 3, Yuan-Chieh Wu 4 1 National Center for Research
More informationTactile Sensor Without Wire and Sensing Element in the Tactile Region using New Rubber Material
22 Tactile Sensor Without Wire and Sensing Element in the Tactile Region using New Rubber Material Yo Kato and Toshiharu Mukai Bio-Mimetic Control Research Center, RIKEN Japan 1. Introduction Recently
More informationIN-PLANE MATERIAL CONTINUITY FOR THE DISCRETE MATERIAL OPTIMIZATION METHOD
IN-PLANE MATERIAL CONTINUITY FOR THE DISCRETE MATERIAL OPTIMIZATION METHOD René Sørensen1 and Erik Lund2 1,2 Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Aalborg University Fibigerstraede 16,
More informationA New Way for Multi-piece and Multi-hit Fragment Impact Simulation Using LS-DYNA
9 th International LS-DYNA Users Conference Impact Analysis (1) A New Way for Multi-piece and Multi-hit Fragment Impact Simulation Using LS-DYNA Xudong Xin Karagozian and Case 255 N. Hollywood Way, Suite
More informationPrincipal Roll Structure Design Using Non-Linear Implicit Optimisation in Radioss
Principal Roll Structure Design Using Non-Linear Implicit Optimisation in Radioss David Mylett, Dr. Simon Gardner Force India Formula One Team Ltd. Dadford Road, Silverstone, Northamptonshire, NN12 8TJ,
More informationDefect Inspection of Liquid-Crystal-Display (LCD) Panels in Repetitive Pattern Images Using 2D Fourier Image Reconstruction
Defect Inspection of Liquid-Crystal-Display (LCD) Panels in Repetitive Pattern Images Using D Fourier Image Reconstruction Du-Ming Tsai, and Yan-Hsin Tseng Department of Industrial Engineering and Management
More informationQuantifying Three-Dimensional Deformations of Migrating Fibroblasts
45 Chapter 4 Quantifying Three-Dimensional Deformations of Migrating Fibroblasts This chapter presents the full-field displacements and tractions of 3T3 fibroblast cells during migration on polyacrylamide
More informationComputer Numerical Control System for Automatic Surface Machining. Chen Zuo Yue, Wang Xiao E, Yang Mei
3rd International Conference on Mechanical Engineering and Intelligent Systems (ICMEIS 2015) Computer Numerical Control System for Automatic Surface Machining Chen Zuo Yue, Wang Xiao E, Yang Mei Department
More informationSupplementary document to Programming 2D/3D shape-shifting with hobbyist 3D printers
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Materials Horizons. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 2017 Supplementary document to Programming 2D/3D shape-shifting with hobbyist 3D printers
More informationThe development of a laser array measurement system for three dimensional positioning testing in machine tool
The development of a laser array measurement system for three dimensional ing testing in machine tool Wenyuh Jywe 1, Fong-Zhi Chen 2, Chun-Jen Chen 2, Hsin Hong Jwo 1, Jhih-Ming Pan 1 1 National Formosa
More informationEquivalence between 2D and 3D Numerical Simulations of the Seismic Response of Improved Sites
Equivalence between 2D and 3D Numerical Simulations of the Seismic Response of Improved Sites A. G. Papadimitriou 1, A. C. Vytiniotis 2, G. D. Bouckovalas 3, G. J. Bakas 4 1 Research Associate, National
More information25 METER - MIJ/LIKETER WAVE'TELESCOPE MEMO // 3 4
25 METER - MIJ/LIKETER WAVE'TELESCOPE MEMO // 3 4 Specification for Prototype Surface Panels for 25 m Diameter mm Wave Radio Telescope October 20, 1975 I. General The National Radio Astronomy Observatory
More informationSkills Practice Skills Practice for Lesson 6.1
Skills Practice Skills Practice for Lesson.1 Name Date As the Crow Flies Properties of Spheres Vocabulary Define each term in your own words. 1. sphere 2. diameter of a sphere 3. radius of a sphere 4.
More informationTailgate Hinge Stiffness Design using Topology Optimization
Tailgate Hinge Stiffness Design using Topology Optimization Yunsik Yang Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School Kongju National University (KNU) Euy Sik Jeon Department of Mechanical Engineering,
More informationG 2 Interpolation for Polar Surfaces
1 G 2 Interpolation for Polar Surfaces Jianzhong Wang 1, Fuhua Cheng 2,3 1 University of Kentucky, jwangf@uky.edu 2 University of Kentucky, cheng@cs.uky.edu 3 National Tsinhua University ABSTRACT In this
More informationMesh Morphing and the Adjoint Solver in ANSYS R14.0. Simon Pereira Laz Foley
Mesh Morphing and the Adjoint Solver in ANSYS R14.0 Simon Pereira Laz Foley 1 Agenda Fluent Morphing-Optimization Feature RBF Morph with ANSYS DesignXplorer Adjoint Solver What does an adjoint solver do,
More informationGEMINI 8-M Telescopes Project
GEMINI 8-M Telescopes Project TN-O-G0022 Report on Deformation of the Primary Mirror Cell and Its Effect on Mirror Figure Assuming the Use of an Overconstrained Axial Defining System Larry Stepp Optics
More informationALE and Fluid-Structure Interaction in LS-DYNA March 2004
ALE and Fluid-Structure Interaction in LS-DYNA March 2004 Workshop Models 1. Taylor bar impact 2. One-dimensional advection test 3. Channel 4. Underwater explosion 5. Bar impacting water surface 6. Sloshing
More informationStandards for Computer Workstations at Duke Contents
Standards for Computer Workstations at Duke Contents I. Introduction...2 II. Task Seating...3 For Employees Who Sit More Than Four Hours Per Day...3 For Employees Who Sit Four Hours or Less Per Day...3
More informationTorque Ripple Minimization in PM Synchronous Motors Using Tooth Shape Optimization
27 Torque Ripple Minimization in PM Synchronous Motors Using Tooth Shape Optimization Ali Jabbari* Department of Mechanical Engineering, E-mail: Jabbari84@gmail.com *Corresponding author Mohsen Shakeri
More informationSkills Practice Skills Practice for Lesson 6.1
Skills Practice Skills Practice for Lesson.1 Name Date As the Crow Flies Properties of Spheres Vocabulary Define each term in your own words. 1. sphere A sphere is the set of all points in space that are
More informationA Multiple Constraint Approach for Finite Element Analysis of Moment Frames with Radius-cut RBS Connections
A Multiple Constraint Approach for Finite Element Analysis of Moment Frames with Radius-cut RBS Connections Dawit Hailu +, Adil Zekaria ++, Samuel Kinde +++ ABSTRACT After the 1994 Northridge earthquake
More informationAnalysis of fluid-solid coupling vibration characteristics of probe based on ANSYS Workbench
Analysis of fluid-solid coupling vibration characteristics of probe based on ANSYS Workbench He Wang 1, a, Changzheng Zhao 1, b and Hongzhi Chen 1, c 1 Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao
More informationStep Change in Design: Exploring Sixty Stent Design Variations Overnight
Step Change in Design: Exploring Sixty Stent Design Variations Overnight Frank Harewood, Ronan Thornton Medtronic Ireland (Galway) Parkmore Business Park West, Ballybrit, Galway, Ireland frank.harewood@medtronic.com
More informationCHAPTER-10 DYNAMIC SIMULATION USING LS-DYNA
DYNAMIC SIMULATION USING LS-DYNA CHAPTER-10 10.1 Introduction In the past few decades, the Finite Element Method (FEM) has been developed into a key indispensable technology in the modeling and simulation
More informationApplications of ICFD /SPH Solvers by LS-DYNA to Solve Water Splashing Impact to Automobile Body. Abstract
Applications of ICFD /SPH Solvers by LS-DYNA to Solve Water Splashing Impact to Automobile Body George Wang (1 ), Kevin Gardner (3), Eric DeHoff (1), Facundo del Pin (2), Inaki Caldichoury (2), Edouard
More informationDesign of a Precision Robot Wrist Interface. Patrick Willoughby Advisor: Alexander Slocum MIT Precision Engineering Research Group
Design of a Precision Robot Wrist Interface Patrick Willoughby Advisor: Alexander Slocum MIT Precision Engineering Research Group Project Summary Problem: Current bolted robot wrist replacements are inaccurate,
More informationON INVESTIGATING THE C-TRANSITION CURVE FOR NOISE REDUCTION
On Investigating The C-Transition Curve for Noise Reduction ON INVESTIGATING THE C-TRANSITION CURVE FOR NOISE REDUCTION Azma Putra 1*, Or Khai Hee 2, Saifudin Hafiz Yahaya 3 1,2 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering,
More informationSimplified FE Simulation of Frontal Occupant Restraint Systems
7 th European LS-DYNA Conference Simplified FE Simulation of Frontal Occupant Restraint Systems Richard Brown, David Coleman, Ian Bruce Jaguar Land Rover, Coventry, UK. Arup, Solihull, UK. Summary: The
More informationSimulation of AJWSP10033_FOLDED _ST_FR
Phone: 01922 453038 www.hyperon-simulation-and-cad-services.co.uk Simulation of AJWSP10033_FOLDED _ST_FR Date: 06 May 2017 Designer: Study name: AJWSP10033_FOLDED_STATIC Analysis type: Static Description
More informationinter.noise 2000 The 29th International Congress and Exhibition on Noise Control Engineering August 2000, Nice, FRANCE
Copyright SFA - InterNoise 2000 1 inter.noise 2000 The 29th International Congress and Exhibition on Noise Control Engineering 27-30 August 2000, Nice, FRANCE I-INCE Classification: 7.6 CHARACTERIZING
More informationHAZE REMOVAL WITHOUT TRANSMISSION MAP REFINEMENT BASED ON DUAL DARK CHANNELS
HAZE REMOVAL WITHOUT TRANSMISSION MAP REFINEMENT BASED ON DUAL DARK CHANNELS CHENG-HSIUNG HSIEH, YU-SHENG LIN, CHIH-HUI CHANG Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering Chaoyang University
More informationDesign of three-dimensional photoelectric stylus micro-displacement measuring system
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Engineering 15 (011 ) 400 404 Design of three-dimensional photoelectric stylus micro-displacement measuring system Yu Huan-huan, Zhang Hong-wei *, Liu
More informationAvailable online at ScienceDirect. Procedia Engineering 161 (2016 ) Bohdan Stawiski a, *, Tomasz Kania a
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 161 (16 ) 937 943 World Multidisciplinary Civil Engineering-Architecture-Urban Planning Symposium 16, WMCAUS 16 Testing Quality
More informationApplication of a FEA Model for Conformability Calculation of Tip Seal in Compressor
Purdue University Purdue e-pubs International Compressor Engineering Conference School of Mechanical Engineering 2008 Application of a FEA Model for Conformability Calculation of Tip Seal in Compressor
More informationUsing three-dimensional CURVIC contact models to predict stress concentration effects in an axisymmetric model
Boundary Elements XXVII 245 Using three-dimensional CURVIC contact models to predict stress concentration effects in an axisymmetric model J. J. Rencis & S. R. Pisani Department of Mechanical Engineering,
More informationTOPOLOGY OPTIMIZATION OF WING RIBS IN CESSNA CITATION
TOPOLOGY OPTIMIZATION OF WING RIBS IN CESSNA CITATION [1],Sathiyavani S [2], Arun K K [3] 1,2 student, 3 Assistant professor Kumaraguru College of technology, Coimbatore Abstract Structural design optimization
More informationLesson 9. Three-Dimensional Geometry
Lesson 9 Three-Dimensional Geometry 1 Planes A plane is a flat surface (think tabletop) that extends forever in all directions. It is a two-dimensional figure. Three non-collinear points determine a plane.
More informationDETECTION AND ROBUST ESTIMATION OF CYLINDER FEATURES IN POINT CLOUDS INTRODUCTION
DETECTION AND ROBUST ESTIMATION OF CYLINDER FEATURES IN POINT CLOUDS Yun-Ting Su James Bethel Geomatics Engineering School of Civil Engineering Purdue University 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette,
More informationChapter 14 Mensuration Surface Area and Volume Conversion of one solid into another solid Some time we have to melt one solid and convert it to another shap. For example we have to convert a metallic sphere
More informationPIXEL2BRICK: Constructing Brick Sculptures from Pixel Art
PIXEL2BRICK: Constructing Brick Sculptures from Pixel Art Ming-Hsun Kuo 1 You-En Lin 1 Hung-Kuo Chu 1 Ruen-Rone Lee 1 Yong-Liang Yang 2 1 National Tsing-Hua University, Taiwan 2 University of Bath LEGO
More informationRevised Sheet Metal Simulation, J.E. Akin, Rice University
Revised Sheet Metal Simulation, J.E. Akin, Rice University A SolidWorks simulation tutorial is just intended to illustrate where to find various icons that you would need in a real engineering analysis.
More informationWorkshop 15. Single Pass Rolling of a Thick Plate
Introduction Workshop 15 Single Pass Rolling of a Thick Plate Rolling is a basic manufacturing technique used to transform preformed shapes into a form suitable for further processing. The rolling process
More informationUsing surface markings to enhance accuracy and stability of object perception in graphic displays
Using surface markings to enhance accuracy and stability of object perception in graphic displays Roger A. Browse a,b, James C. Rodger a, and Robert A. Adderley a a Department of Computing and Information
More information12 m. 30 m. The Volume of a sphere is 36 cubic units. Find the length of the radius.
NAME DATE PER. REVIEW #18: SPHERES, COMPOSITE FIGURES, & CHANGING DIMENSIONS PART 1: SURFACE AREA & VOLUME OF SPHERES Find the measure(s) indicated. Answers to even numbered problems should be rounded
More informationDEVELOPMENT OF A NUMERICAL MODEL FOR SIMULATIONS OF SPLIT HOPKINSON PRESSURE BAR
DEVELOPMENT OF A NUMERICAL MODEL FOR SIMULATIONS OF SPLIT HOPKINSON PRESSURE BAR Afdhal 1, Annisa Jusuf 1, Muhammad Agus Kariem 2 and Leonardo Gunawan 1 1 Lightweight Structures Research Group, Faculty
More informationEffect of Fillet on the Resolution of a Four-Axis Force/Torque Sensor
Effect of Fillet on the Resolution of a Four-Axis Force/Torque Sensor Mohammad Hosein Tashakori Heravi, Alireza Akbarzadeh, Amin Valizadeh Center of Excellence on Soft Computing and Intelligent Information
More informationDESIGN OF 16 ACTUATORS FOR 3D MASSIVE PARALLEL ROBOTS (3D-MPRs)
DESIGN OF 16 ACTUATORS FOR 3D MASSIVE PARALLEL ROBOTS (3D-MPRs) Felix Pasila, IEEE Member Department of Electrical Engineering Petra Christian University Surabaya, East Java 60236, Indonesia felix@petra.ac.id
More informationPATCH TEST OF HEXAHEDRAL ELEMENT
Annual Report of ADVENTURE Project ADV-99- (999) PATCH TEST OF HEXAHEDRAL ELEMENT Yoshikazu ISHIHARA * and Hirohisa NOGUCHI * * Mitsubishi Research Institute, Inc. e-mail: y-ishi@mri.co.jp * Department
More informationECE421: Electronics for Instrumentation
ECE421: Electronics for Instrumentation Lecture #8: Introduction to FEA & ANSYS Mostafa Soliman, Ph.D. March 23 rd 2015 Mostafa Soliman, Ph.D. 1 Outline Introduction to Finite Element Analysis Introduction
More informationScienceDirect. The use of Optical Methods for Leak Testing Dampers
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 69 ( 2014 ) 788 794 24th DAAAM International Symposium on Intelligent Manufacturing and Automation, 2013 The use of Optical
More informationMATHS WORKSHOP NTSE MENSURATION (SURFACE AREA AND VOLUME) A Pre-Foundation Program PAGE# 1. A Pre-Foundation Program
MATHS WORKSHOP NTSE MENSURATION (SURFACE AREA AND VOLUME) PAGE# PAGE# VOLUME AND SURFACE AREA OF A FRUSTUM OF A RIGHT CIRCULAR CONE Total surface area of the frustum = curved surface area + surface area
More informationModelling Flat Spring Performance Using FEA
Modelling Flat Spring Performance Using FEA Blessing O Fatola, Patrick Keogh and Ben Hicks Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Corresponding author bf223@bath.ac.uk Abstract. This paper
More informationCNC-RP: A Technique for Using CNC Machining as a Rapid Prototyping Tool in Product/Process Development
CNC-RP: A Technique for Using CNC Machining as a Rapid Prototyping Tool in Product/Process Development Matthew Frank Graduate Student mcf113@psu.edu Drs. Sanjay B. Joshi and Richard A. Wysk Department
More informationInnovations in touch-trigger probe sensor technology
White paper Innovations in touch-trigger probe sensor technology Abstract Since the invention of the touch-trigger probe in the 1970s, these devices have formed the main means of sensing for dimensional
More informationPHASED EXCAVATION OF A SHIELD TUNNEL
5 PHASED EXCAVATION OF A SHIELD TUNNEL The lining of a shield tunnel is often constructed using prefabricated concrete ring segments, which are bolted together within the tunnel boring machine to form
More information5-Axis Flex Track Drilling Systems on Complex Contours: Solutions for Position Control
5-Axis Flex Track Drilling Systems on Complex Contours: Solutions for Position Control 2013-01-2224 Published 09/17/2013 Joseph R. Malcomb Electroimpact Inc. Copyright 2013 SAE International doi:10.4271/2013-01-2224
More information1.2 Connection configurations:
1.2 Connection configurations: 1.2.1 Simple connections: Simple connections are assumed to transfer shear only shear at some nominal eccentricity. Therefore such connections can be used only in non-sway
More informationComputer Aided Design of Helical Cutting Tools
Computer Aided Design of Helical Cutting Tools Ngoc Thiem Vu, Shinn Liang Chang, Jackson Hu, and Tacker Wang Abstract The helical cutting tools have complex geometries. A rack cutter is the most economical
More information3DEC 3DEC ITASCA ITASCA VERSION 5.0 VERSION 5.0
ITASCA Consulting Group, Inc. An Itasca International Company 3DEC VERSION 5.0 Advanced, Three Dimensional Discrete Element Modeling for Geotechnical Analysis of Rock, Blocky Structures and Structural
More informationFIRST RESULTS OF NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF BERGY BIT COLLISIONS WITH THE CCGS TERRY FOX ICEBREAKER
FIRST RESULTS OF NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF BERGY BIT COLLISIONS WITH THE CCGS TERRY FOX ICEBREAKER R.E. Gagnon and A. Derradji-Aouat Institute for Ocean Technology National Research Council of Canada St.
More informationNUMERICAL DESIGN OPTIMISATION OF A COMPOSITE REACTION LINK
THE 19 TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPOSITE MATERIALS NUMERICAL DESIGN OPTIMISATION OF A COMPOSITE REACTION LINK Y. Yang*, C. Schuhler, T. London, C. Worrall TWI Ltd, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6AL
More informationXL-80 spares list. Application note. Overview
XL-80 spares list Overview This application note lists the system components for the XL-80 laser system. To order please contact your local Renishaw office at www.renishaw.com/contact Description XL-80
More informationLinear, and segmented over up to 1000 points Squareness calibration Matrix compensation over up to 30 x 30 points
ND 1404 Axes Encoder inputs* 4 (XYZQ)» 1 V PP or «TTL (other interfaces upon request) Subdivision factor* 10-fold (only for 1 V PP ) Display step 1) Display Functions Error compensation Data interface
More informationTV packaging optimization of the frontal drop impact using equivalent static loads
11 th World Congress on Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimisation 7-12, June 2015, Sydney Australia TV packaging optimization of the frontal drop impact using equivalent static loads Insik Han 1, Youngmyung
More informationThe optimisation of shot peen forming processes
The optimisation of shot peen forming processes T. Wang a, M.J. Platts b, J. Wu c a School of Engineering and Design, Brunel University, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, U. b Department of Engineering, University of
More informationOptimization to Reduce Automobile Cabin Noise
EngOpt 2008 - International Conference on Engineering Optimization Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 01-05 June 2008. Optimization to Reduce Automobile Cabin Noise Harold Thomas, Dilip Mandal, and Narayanan Pagaldipti
More informationCOLLAPSE LOAD OF PIPE BENDS WITH ASSUMED AND ACTUAL CROSS SECTIONS UNDER IN-PLANE AND OUT-OF-PLANE MOMENTS
VOL., NO., NOVEMBER 6 ISSN 8968 6-6 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved. COLLAPSE LOAD OF PIPE BENDS WITH ASSUMED AND ACTUAL CROSS SECTIONS UNDER IN-PLANE AND OUT-OF-PLANE MOMENTS
More informationPredicting the mechanical behaviour of large composite rocket motor cases
High Performance Structures and Materials III 73 Predicting the mechanical behaviour of large composite rocket motor cases N. Couroneau DGA/CAEPE, St Médard en Jalles, France Abstract A method to develop
More informationModule 1: Introduction to Finite Element Analysis. Lecture 4: Steps in Finite Element Analysis
25 Module 1: Introduction to Finite Element Analysis Lecture 4: Steps in Finite Element Analysis 1.4.1 Loading Conditions There are multiple loading conditions which may be applied to a system. The load
More informationDEVELOPMENT OF SUBSTRUCTURED SHAKING TABLE TEST METHOD
DEVELOPMENT OF SUBSTRUCTURED SHAKING TABLE TEST METHOD Akira IGARASHI 1, Hirokazu IEMURA 2 And Takanori SUWA 3 SUMMARY Since various kinds of issues arise in the practical application of structural response
More informationTactile Sensor System Processing Based On K-means Clustering
Tactile Sensor System Processing Based On K-means Clustering Harry Chan-Maestas Rochester Institute of Technology One Lomb Memorial Drive Rochester, NY 14623 USA Email: hxc1414@rit.edu Donald A. Sofge
More informationCHAPTER 4 DESIGN AND MODELING OF CANTILEVER BASED ELECTROSTATICALLY ACTUATED MICROGRIPPER WITH IMPROVED PERFORMANCE
92 CHAPTER 4 DESIGN AND MODELING OF CANTILEVER BASED ELECTROSTATICALLY ACTUATED MICROGRIPPER WITH IMPROVED PERFORMANCE 4.1 INTRODUCTION Bio-manipulation techniques and tools including optical tweezers,
More information