Hardware platforms for computer graphics visualization F. Gareeboo Datapath Ltd., Alfreton Rd., Derby DE2 4AD,
|
|
- Crystal Jones
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Hardware platforms for computer graphics visualization F. Gareeboo Datapath Ltd., Alfreton Rd., Derby DE2 4AD, UK ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to present the hardware platforms currently used at various levels for computer graphics visualization. The main parameters that characterize the different hardware platforms are described and methods explored to help in the selection of the most appropriate platform for particular visualisation tasks. The paper concludes with a methodology for the selection of appropriate hardware platforms for visualization. INTRODUCTION Visualization embraces both image understanding and image synthesis. That is visualisation is a tool both for interpreting image data fed into a computer, and for generating images from complex multi-dimensional data sets. It studies those mechanisms in humans and computers which allow them in concert to perceive, use and communicate visual information. Visualization unifies the largely independent but convergent fields of computer graphics, image processing, computer vision, computer-aided design, signal processing and user interface studies. McCormick et al [3]
2 282 Visualization and Intelligent Design History. Computer visualization probably started in 1950s, with the use of point-display screen on the MIT Whirlwind computer. The seminal work in the field was Ivan Sutherland's 1963 Ph.D dissertation 'Sketchpad'. In the mid 1960s, CRT displays were expensive ($50,000 - $100,000) but in 1968 Tektronix launched an inexpensive graphics terminal which encouraged expansion of the market. In the 1980s, the emergence of raster displays (as opposed to the previous generation of displays which was vector based) led to even cheaper solutions and further expansion of the market Since the publication of the NSF Panel on Graphics, Image Processing and Workstations report "Visualization in Scientific Computing", there has been a very high level of interest in both the computer industry and the user community in Visualization. Some current uses of computer visualization are : Discipline Planetary Science Pharmacology Mathematics Medicine Science in general Use by NASA JPL to accurately define optimal flight paths and camera positions of spacecraft. Dmg Design Fractals, Iterated Function Systems Volume visualization in diagnostic radiology To help define, compute and analyze simulations Table 1. Uses of Computer Visualization
3 Visualization and Intelligent Design 283 VISUALIZATION PROCESSES An understanding of the processes used to achieve computer visualization is vital for developing an appreciation of hardware requirements. ^Database V-^f Image CreationV>T Image Display! I Software User Interface Figure 1. Main components of a visualisation system. In this paper, we focus on the image creation and image display parts of the process. Simple Raster Display system In the most common type of display system (Figure 2), the image is created from a 'Raster', consisting of a matrix of pixels representing the entire screen. The matrix is scanned by the video controller sequentially from top to bottom (displaying the image concurrently on the monitor) continuously. (The number of times per second that the whole raster is scanned by the video controller is called the refresh rate). VIDEO BUFFER MAIN COMPUTER I DISPLAY CONTRO- LLER H I VIDEO CONTRO LLER T: Figure 2. A Raster display system
4 284 Visualization and Intelligent Design Table 2 below lists the main characteristics of raster display systems. Parameter Resolution Refresh rate Colours Description Greater resolution of the display allows you to see more detail. However, it also requires more expensive hardware and monitors. Typical resolutions of PCs for example is 640x480 (VGA), but 1280 x 1024 is more commonly used for visualization. For a static picture, the human eye requires a refresh rate of 70 frames per second to avoid eye strain due to screen flicker. Number of colours displayed varies between 16 to 16.7 million. This is an important parameter for volume visualisations, because of the use of colour and intensity to represent data variables. Table 2. Main characteristics of raster display systems. There are a number of different types of visualization; as listed in Table 3 below. Visualization type 2D lines 3D lines 3D shaded 3D rendered Volume Description Uses only 2 dimensional lines Uses 3 dimensional lines Displays 3D shaded objects/scenes Displays 'realistic' 3D objects/scenes uses textures, transparencies, etc Displays contents of 3D objects; not just surface. Table 3. Tvnes of Visualization
5 Visualization and Intelligent Design 285 Different processes are used to create the image in the video buffer, depending on the type of visualization being used. For example, for 3D shaded and 3D rendered visualization, Table 4 below illustrates the stages in the image creation process. ( The cost of each stage is characterized in terms of operations per vertex. 3D shading and rendering is typically applied to a collection of 3D polygons. See Foley,Van Dam,Feiner & Hughes [1] for more details.) Image Creation Stage Operations/ vertex. Database Traversal Modeling Transformation 25 x; 18 + Trivial Culling 18 x; 14 + Lighting 12x;5 + Viewing Transform 8 x; 6 + Clipping Perspective Transform 2 x; 2 +; 3 / Rasterization Table 4. The Image Creation Process The end result of the image generation process is a 'picture' in the display buffer. Using a simple PC, it is technically possible to generate images of unlimited complexity and realism given enough time (and memory). However, computer visualization is no longer a practical option if it takes too long to generate the visuals ( the length of time that is 'too long' depends on a number of factors eg importance of visualization, seniority of user, etc ).
6 286 Visualization and Intelligent Design The three main bottlenecks in the image generation process are Stages 2-6 require extensive Floating-point processing. This is measured in MFLOPS (Million Floating point Operations Per Second). Most common hardware platforms have low MFlops ratings compared to MIPS rating. Stage 8 requires extensive Integer Pixel processing capability. This is a function of the Mips rating of the hardware. After Stage 7, we start to write the pixels that compose the picture into the display buffer. The Video-buffer memory bandwidth limits the speed at which the 'picture' can be composed. The performance of a visualization system can be improved by using: display processors, which are specialised for displaying graphics, integrated processors, which are general purpose processors with integrated support for graphics operations, multiple processors; and splitting the graphics tasks between them using pipelining or parallelism.
7 Visualization and Intelligent Design 287 A display processor (eg TI34020) is an inexpensive method of increasing the display performance of a system. Increased performance is achieved by purchasing a 'plug-in expansion card'. An integrated processor (eg Intel i860 which supports 3D graphics) is a more expensive option, but delivers a much higher performance. The most expensive option, (and highest performing) is the use of multiple processors (specialised or general purpose) for processing the visuals. The last two options usually require the purchase of complete high-performance visualization workstations. (Except for the Merlin plug-in card which uses the i860 as a display processor). HARDWARE PLATFORMS CHARACTERIZED The previous sections of this paper outlined the types of visualization currently used, and the processes used to implement them. We also looked at the performance bottlenecks in the visualization process, and hardware solutions to those performance problems. In this section, we look at the hardware platforms currently available and their suitability for computer visualization. Hardware platforms are usually characterized by their manufacturers in terms of peak processing power expressed in MIPS, MFLOPS, etc. Those figures can only hint at the visualization potential of those platforms, since a number of crucial layers come between the raw hardware performance, and visualization power: implementation of graphics libraries that use the hardware power to the maximum, and, availability of suitable software to perform visualization
8 288 Visualization and Intelligent Design To have a feel for the performance requirements, we look at a number of typical drawings (I choose some models shipped with AutoCAD as examples). Table 5 below lists some of those models, and the number of lines and number of triangles that they are made up of. Model Lines Triangles Airplane Site-3D Hook Table 5. Some typical models and sizes A medium complexity data set has of the order of lines/triangles. On average, the lines may be assumed to be 10 pixels long, and the triangles to have an area of 100 pixels. To display different views of this data set in real time (10 updates per second) would require performance of the order indicated in Table 6 below. WireFrame Smooth Shading 15 MFLOPS 34 MFLOPS 5 MIPS 33 MIPS 2MFBAS 51MFBAS Table 6. Performance required to visualize average model (MFBAS stands for Million Frame Buffer Accesses per Second) Table 7 below lists some of the currently available hardware platforms and their performance characteristics. The table lists only the Mips, Mflops ratings.
9 Visualization and Intelligent Design 289 Platform Mips M flops IBM PC 48650MHz 40 3 Merlin (i860) Mac (Quadra 950) Next Sun-SparcSation 10 Model SG (Indigo R4000) HP9000/ Other platforms : Tektronix, Evans and Sutherland,Convex,Stellar, Cray Table 7. Characteristics of Current Platforms As can be seen from Table 7 above, current 'low-cost' platforms can deliver reasonable solutions for 2D and 3D wireframe visualization. However, for 3D shading, rendering and volume visualisation, the cost of adequate hardware platforms starts to rise dramatically. Apart from raw graphics performance, there are a number of characteristics of hardware platforms that are relevant for visualization. These are listed below :- Display quality - Resolution and refresh rates. These characteristics are defined earlier. For adequate visualization, the minimum requirements are 1024 x 768 resolution, and 72Hz refresh rate.
10 290 Visualization and Intelligent Design Openness of the system. This is an important consideration to safeguard any software development investment that you may have to make in the system. The issue of openness can be considered at various levels; hardware : eg use of industry standard bus architecture like ISA,EISA,VL, VME,etc.. operating system : use of 'industry standard* operating system; POSIX compliance. Graphics API : use of standard Application Programming interface to display graphics (eg PfflGS3D,PEX,GL) Connectivity The ability to connect to other Identical* stations, or different ones electronically is an important consideration. This may be particularly important if the visualization facilities are to be made available to a large number of users, and if the data is generated from another station and need to be viewed in 'real-time'. Software solution - Features The visualization hardware on its own is completely useless without usable software that gives you access to the functionality (unless you are prepared to develop your own visualization software). Video compatible computers The ability to record the visualization sequence(s) onto video tape is of relevance to a number of applications.
11 Visualization and Intelligent Design 291 SELECTION OF HARDWARE PLATFORM The first step in the selection of a hardware platform for Computer Visualization (and for any other application for that matter) is a precise definition of your requirements. These must include the data, the form(s) of output, functionality, ease of use, support, upgrade paths, and budget. Visualization Software Most of the requirements are satisfied by the software component(s) of the system rather that the hardware. See Appendix A for a list of commonly available visualization software, and reference 4 for an evaluation of some of them. In most scenarios, the need for visualization arises after the user has already made significant investments in hardware, so that the search for appropriate software that runs on existing machine is the most important task. In fact, the origination of some of the current crop of visualization software from Academia means that some of them (eg Khoros) are available free of charge. When there is an opportunity to pick both the software and a new hardware platform, some of your requirements may have important implications for the hardware platform (See Table 8 on the following page).
12 292 Visualization and Intelligent Design ITEM ASPECT IMPLICATION Data Origineg on Tape Format Tape drive Is it readable by platform? Real-time Network, HIPPI channel Size Hard-disk size Memory size Output Type Update speed Hardcopy Video Raw performance Performance Driver for hardcopy device Video interface Budget Tightness Prevents us from getting what we really want! Table 8. Reauirements and hardware implications
13 Visualization and Intelligent Design 293 FUTURES The nature of the computing industry is such that the future holds out some very exciting prospects. For example, more powerful chip-sets allowing better price-performance ratios are being announced now, and we can look forward to desktop stations of 8,000 with a rating of 200 MIPS and 100MFLOPS by the middle-end of next year. (A MHz and Merlin currently delivers 80MIPS and 80MFLOPS for 8,000). This will, for example, allow volume visualization (the most processor intensive type) on an affordable desktop platform. New and exotic displays and input devices are also appearing over the horizon. For example, Deering[7] describes a 3D holographies station integrated with a 3D pointing device in his paper on "High resolution Virtual Reality". Stereoscopic specs are also available from a number of manufacturers. The physical display side of Visualization has now seen as much change as for example the hardware processors, but this may change soon with better LCD technology.
14 294 Visualization and Intelligent Design REFERENCES 1. Foley James D., van Dam Andries, Feiner Steven K., Hughes John K. Computer Graphics Principles and Practice. Addison- Wesley Defanti Thomas A, Brown Maxine D. Visualization in Scientific Computing. Advances in Computing Vol McCormick, B.H., DeFanti, T.A. and Brown, M.D., eds Visualization in Scientific computing. Computer Graphics 20 (6) (1987). 4. Advisory Group on Computer Graphics Technical Report Series, Evaluation of Visualization Systems No 9, May Rae A. Earnshaw (Ed) Fundamental Algorithms for Computer Graphics, Springer-Verlag (Section 6 - Hardware Architecture and Algorithms) Ian Hirschsohn, Personal Supercomputing,Dr. Dobb's Journal, June Michael Deering, High Resolution Virtual Reality, SIGGRAPH '92.
15 Visualization and Intelligent Design 295 APPENDIX A List of currently available visualization software and graphics libraries. Alias's 3D software AVS MOVIE.BYU DISSPLA PC-MGL H Visualization Data Explorer AVS Inc. Brigham Young University. Computer Associates. Datapath Ltd. IBM. PHIGS+ RenderMan and CubeTool PV-WAVE Iris Explorer Open GL DORE MatLab ape FIGARO Khoros Pixar. Precision Visuals. Silicon Graphics. Silicon Graphics. Stardent. Stardent. TaraVisual Corporation. Template Graphics System. University of New Mexico. Wavefront Techology. Mathematica Wolfram Associates.
Development of Computer Graphics
1951 Whirlwind, Jay Forrester (MIT) CRT displays mid 1950s SAGE air defense system command & control CRT, light pens late 1950s Computer Art, James Whitney Sr. Visual Feedback loops 1962 Sketchpad, Ivan
More informationDevelopment of Computer Graphics. mid 1950s SAGE air defense system command & control CRT, light pens
1951 Whirlwind, Jay Forrester (MIT) CRT displays mid 1950s SAGE air defense system command & control CRT, light pens late 1950s Computer Art, James Whitney Sr. Visual Feedback loops 1962 Sketchpad, Ivan
More informationIntroduction to Computer Graphics. Overview. What is Computer Graphics?
INSTITUTIONEN FÖR SYSTEMTEKNIK LULEÅ TEKNISKA UNIVERSITET Introduction to Computer Graphics David Carr Fundamentals of Computer Graphics Spring 2004 Based on Slides by E. Angel Graphics 1 L Overview What
More informationNational Chiao Tung Univ, Taiwan By: I-Chen Lin, Assistant Professor
Computer Graphics 1. Graphics Systems National Chiao Tung Univ, Taiwan By: I-Chen Lin, Assistant Professor Textbook: Hearn and Baker, Computer Graphics, 3rd Ed., Prentice Hall Ref: E.Angel, Interactive
More informationMMGD0206 Computer Graphics. Chapter 1 Development of Computer Graphics : History
MMGD0206 Computer Graphics Chapter 1 Development of Computer Graphics : History What is Computer Graphics? Computer graphics generally means creation, storage and manipulation of models and images Such
More informationComputer graphics and visualization
CAAD FUTURES DIGITAL PROCEEDINGS 1986 63 Chapter 5 Computer graphics and visualization Donald P. Greenberg The field of computer graphics has made enormous progress during the past decade. It is rapidly
More informationLecturer Athanasios Nikolaidis
Lecturer Athanasios Nikolaidis Computer Graphics: Graphics primitives 2D viewing and clipping 2D and 3D transformations Curves and surfaces Rendering and ray tracing Illumination models Shading models
More informationBinghamton University. EngiNet. Thomas J. Watson. School of Engineering and Applied Science. State University of New York. EngiNet WARNING CS 560
Binghamton University EngiNet State University of New York EngiNet Thomas J. Watson School of Engineering and Applied Science WARNING All rights reserved. No Part of this video lecture series may be reproduced
More informationComputer Graphics. Bing-Yu Chen National Taiwan University
Computer Graphics Bing-Yu Chen National Taiwan University Introduction The Graphics Process Color Models Triangle Meshes The Rendering Pipeline 1 INPUT What is Computer Graphics? Definition the pictorial
More informationComputer Graphics Introduction. Taku Komura
Computer Graphics Introduction Taku Komura What s this course all about? We will cover Graphics programming and algorithms Graphics data structures Applied geometry, modeling and rendering Not covering
More informationIntroduction to Computer Graphics
Introduction to Computer Graphics James D. Foley Georgia Institute of Technology Andries van Dam Brown University Steven K. Feiner Columbia University John F. Hughes Brown University Richard L. Phillips
More informationBooks: 1) Computer Graphics, Principles & Practice, Second Edition in C JamesD. Foley, Andriesvan Dam, StevenK. Feiner, John F.
Computer Graphics Books: 1) Computer Graphics, Principles & Practice, Second Edition in C JamesD. Foley, Andriesvan Dam, StevenK. Feiner, John F. Huges 2) Schaim s Outline Computer Graphics Roy A. Plastock,
More informationCOMP30019 Graphics and Interaction Rendering pipeline & object modelling
COMP30019 Graphics and Interaction Rendering pipeline & object modelling Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering The Lecture outline Introduction to Modelling Polygonal geometry The rendering
More informationLecture outline. COMP30019 Graphics and Interaction Rendering pipeline & object modelling. Introduction to modelling
Lecture outline COMP30019 Graphics and Interaction Rendering pipeline & object modelling Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering The Introduction to Modelling Polygonal geometry The rendering
More informationAnimation & Rendering
7M836 Animation & Rendering Introduction, color, raster graphics, modeling, transformations Arjan Kok, Kees Huizing, Huub van de Wetering h.v.d.wetering@tue.nl 1 Purpose Understand 3D computer graphics
More informationCOURSE DELIVERY PLAN - THEORY Page 1 of 6
COURSE DELIVERY PLAN - THEORY Page 1 of 6 Department of Department of Computer Science and Engineering B.E/B.Tech/M.E/M.Tech : Department of Computer Science and Engineering Regulation : 2013 Sub. Code
More informationComputer Graphics Lecture 2
1 / 16 Computer Graphics Lecture 2 Dr. Marc Eduard Frîncu West University of Timisoara Feb 28th 2012 2 / 16 Outline 1 Graphics System Graphics Devices Frame Buffer 2 Rendering pipeline 3 Logical Devices
More informationCurrent Trends in Computer Graphics Hardware
Current Trends in Computer Graphics Hardware Dirk Reiners University of Louisiana Lafayette, LA Quick Introduction Assistant Professor in Computer Science at University of Louisiana, Lafayette (since 2006)
More informationComputer Graphics. Chapter 1 (Related to Introduction to Computer Graphics Using Java 2D and 3D)
Computer Graphics Chapter 1 (Related to Introduction to Computer Graphics Using Java 2D and 3D) Introduction Applications of Computer Graphics: 1) Display of Information 2) Design 3) Simulation 4) User
More informationCSE 591: GPU Programming. Introduction. Entertainment Graphics: Virtual Realism for the Masses. Computer games need to have: Klaus Mueller
Entertainment Graphics: Virtual Realism for the Masses CSE 591: GPU Programming Introduction Computer games need to have: realistic appearance of characters and objects believable and creative shading,
More informationVISUALIZE Workstation Graphics for Windows NT. By Ken Severson HP Workstation System Lab
VISUALIZE Workstation Graphics for Windows NT By Ken Severson HP Workstation System Lab BACKGROUND HP set the standard for performance and functionality for the Microsoft Windows NT-based technical workstations
More informationSome Resources. What won t I learn? What will I learn? Topics
CSC 706 Computer Graphics Course basics: Instructor Dr. Natacha Gueorguieva MW, 8:20 pm-10:00 pm Materials will be available at www.cs.csi.cuny.edu/~natacha 1 midterm, 2 projects, 1 presentation, homeworks,
More informationCourse Title: Computer Graphics Course no: CSC209
Course Title: Computer Graphics Course no: CSC209 Nature of the Course: Theory + Lab Semester: III Full Marks: 60+20+20 Pass Marks: 24 +8+8 Credit Hrs: 3 Course Description: The course coversconcepts of
More informationCSE 591/392: GPU Programming. Introduction. Klaus Mueller. Computer Science Department Stony Brook University
CSE 591/392: GPU Programming Introduction Klaus Mueller Computer Science Department Stony Brook University First: A Big Word of Thanks! to the millions of computer game enthusiasts worldwide Who demand
More informationINTRODUCTION. Slides modified from Angel book 6e
INTRODUCTION Slides modified from Angel book 6e Fall 2012 COSC4328/5327 Computer Graphics 2 Objectives Historical introduction to computer graphics Fundamental imaging notions Physical basis for image
More informationComputer Graphics. Instructor: Oren Kapah. Office Hours: T.B.A.
Computer Graphics Instructor: Oren Kapah (orenkapahbiu@gmail.com) Office Hours: T.B.A. The CG-IDC slides for this course were created by Toky & Hagit Hel-Or 1 CG-IDC 2 Exercise and Homework The exercise
More informationCS380: Introduction to Computer Graphics Introduction to OpenGLSL. Min H. Kim KAIST School of Computing. [CS380] Introduction to Computer Graphics
CS380: Introduction to Computer Graphics Introduction to OpenGLSL Min H. Kim KAIST School of Computing Welcome [CS380] Introduction to Computer Graphics Professor: Min H. Kim ( 김민혁 ) (minhkim@vclab.kaist.ac.kr)
More informationReading. 18. Projections and Z-buffers. Required: Watt, Section , 6.3, 6.6 (esp. intro and subsections 1, 4, and 8 10), Further reading:
Reading Required: Watt, Section 5.2.2 5.2.4, 6.3, 6.6 (esp. intro and subsections 1, 4, and 8 10), Further reading: 18. Projections and Z-buffers Foley, et al, Chapter 5.6 and Chapter 6 David F. Rogers
More informationGraphics and Interaction Rendering pipeline & object modelling
433-324 Graphics and Interaction Rendering pipeline & object modelling Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering The Lecture outline Introduction to Modelling Polygonal geometry The rendering
More informationNVIDIA workstation 2D and 3D graphics adapter upgrade options let you experience productivity improvements and superior image quality
Lenovo United States Announcement 107-732, dated December 18, 2007 NVIDIA workstation 2D and 3D graphics adapter upgrade options let you experience productivity improvements and superior image quality
More informationComputer Graphics Fundamentals. Jon Macey
Computer Graphics Fundamentals Jon Macey jmacey@bournemouth.ac.uk http://nccastaff.bournemouth.ac.uk/jmacey/ 1 1 What is CG Fundamentals Looking at how Images (and Animations) are actually produced in
More informationApplication of Parallel Processing to Rendering in a Virtual Reality System
Application of Parallel Processing to Rendering in a Virtual Reality System Shaun Bangay Peter Clayton David Sewry Department of Computer Science Rhodes University Grahamstown, 6140 South Africa Internet:
More informationRendering. Converting a 3D scene to a 2D image. Camera. Light. Rendering. View Plane
Rendering Pipeline Rendering Converting a 3D scene to a 2D image Rendering Light Camera 3D Model View Plane Rendering Converting a 3D scene to a 2D image Basic rendering tasks: Modeling: creating the world
More informationInstitutionen för systemteknik
Code: Day: Lokal: M7002E 19 March E1026 Institutionen för systemteknik Examination in: M7002E, Computer Graphics and Virtual Environments Number of sections: 7 Max. score: 100 (normally 60 is required
More informationGraphics Hardware and Display Devices
Graphics Hardware and Display Devices CSE328 Lectures Graphics/Visualization Hardware Many graphics/visualization algorithms can be implemented efficiently and inexpensively in hardware Facilitates interactive
More informationCSE4030 Introduction to Computer Graphics
CSE4030 Introduction to Computer Graphics Dongguk University Jeong-Mo Hong Timetable 00:00~00:10 Introduction (English) 00:10~00:50 Topic 1 (English) 00:50~00:60 Q&A (English, Korean) 01:00~01:40 Topic
More informationImage Formation. Introduction to Computer Graphics. Machiraju/Zhang/Möller/Klaffenböck
Image Formation Introduction to Computer Graphics Machiraju/Zhang/Möller/Klaffenböck Today Input and displays of a graphics system Raster display basics: pixels, the frame buffer, raster scan, LCD displays
More informationComputer Graphics CS 543 Lecture 1 (Part I) Prof Emmanuel Agu. Computer Science Dept. Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI)
Computer Graphics CS 543 Lecture 1 (Part I) Prof Emmanuel Agu Computer Science Dept. Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI) About This Course Computer graphics: algorithms, mathematics, data structures..
More informationComputer Graphics - Chapter 1 Graphics Systems and Models
Computer Graphics - Chapter 1 Graphics Systems and Models Objectives are to learn about: Applications of Computer Graphics Graphics Systems Images: Physical and Synthetic The Human Visual System The Pinhole
More informationWelcome to CS 4/57101 Computer Graphics
Welcome to CS 4/57101 Computer Graphics Goal: The goal of this course is to provide an introduction to the theory and practice of computer graphics. The course will assume a good background in programming
More informationVTU QUESTION PAPER SOLUTION UNIT -1 INTRODUCTION
VTU QUESTION PAPER SOLUTION UNIT -1 INTRODUCTION 1. Briefly explain any two applications of computer graphics. (June 2012) 4M Ans: Applications of computer graphics are: Display Of Information Design Simulation
More informationLenovo United States Hardware Announcement , dated August 19, 2008
, dated August 19, 2008 ThinkStation NVIDIA Quadro FX 570 and Quadro FX 3700 graphics adapter cards -- Deliver productivity improvements and superior image quality in CAD and DCC environments Table of
More informationStandard Graphics Pipeline
Graphics Architecture Software implementations of rendering are slow. OpenGL on Sparc workstations. Performance can be improved using sophisticated algorithms and faster machines. Real-time large-scale
More informationPowerVR Hardware. Architecture Overview for Developers
Public Imagination Technologies PowerVR Hardware Public. This publication contains proprietary information which is subject to change without notice and is supplied 'as is' without warranty of any kind.
More informationCMT315 - Computer Graphics & Visual Computing
UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA Stamford College First Semester Examination 2004/2005 Academic Session October 2004 External Degree Programme Bachelor of Computer Science (Hons.) CMT315 - Computer Graphics &
More informationLecture 1. Computer Graphics and Systems. Tuesday, January 15, 13
Lecture 1 Computer Graphics and Systems What is Computer Graphics? Image Formation Sun Object Figure from Ed Angel,D.Shreiner: Interactive Computer Graphics, 6 th Ed., 2012 Addison Wesley Computer Graphics
More informationCourse Title. Computer Graphics. Course Code CE313. Theory : 03. Practical : 01. Course Credit. Tutorial : 00. Credits : 04. Course Learning Outcomes
Course Title Course Code Computer Graphics CE313 Theory : 03 Course Credit Practical : 01 Tutorial : 00 Course Learning Outcomes Credits : 04 On the completion of the course, students will be able to:
More informationDrawing Fast The Graphics Pipeline
Drawing Fast The Graphics Pipeline CS559 Fall 2015 Lecture 9 October 1, 2015 What I was going to say last time How are the ideas we ve learned about implemented in hardware so they are fast. Important:
More informationSRI VENKATESWARA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING. COURSE DELIVERY PLAN - THEORY Page 1 of 6
COURSE DELIVERY PLAN - THEORY Page 1 of 6 Department of Information Technology B.E/B.Tech/M.E/M.Tech : IT Regulation: 2016 PG Specialisation : -- Sub. Code / Sub. Name : IT16501 / Graphics and Multimedia
More informationComputer Graphics. - Introduction - Hendrik Lensch. Computer Graphics WS07/08 - Introduction
Computer Graphics - Introduction - Hendrik Lensch Overview Today Administrative stuff Introduction First lecture Ray Tracing I General Information Core Lecture (Stammvorlesung) Applied Computer Science
More informationCS 316: Multicore/GPUs
CS 316: Multicore/GPUs Kavita Bala Fall 2007 Computer Science Cornell University Announcements Core Wars will be out in the next couple of days Aim at having fun! Number of points allocated to it is small
More informationImage Formation. Introduction to Computer Graphics Torsten Möller. Machiraju/Zhang/Möller
Image Formation Introduction to Computer Graphics Torsten Möller Machiraju/Zhang/Möller Today Input and displays of a graphics system Raster display basics: pixels, the frame buffer, raster scan, LCD displays
More informationRendering Objects. Need to transform all geometry then
Intro to OpenGL Rendering Objects Object has internal geometry (Model) Object relative to other objects (World) Object relative to camera (View) Object relative to screen (Projection) Need to transform
More informationCSE 167: Introduction to Computer Graphics Lecture #5: Rasterization. Jürgen P. Schulze, Ph.D. University of California, San Diego Fall Quarter 2015
CSE 167: Introduction to Computer Graphics Lecture #5: Rasterization Jürgen P. Schulze, Ph.D. University of California, San Diego Fall Quarter 2015 Announcements Project 2 due tomorrow at 2pm Grading window
More informationOverview. Computer Graphics CS324. OpenGL. Books. Learning Resources. CS131 Notes. 30 Lectures 3hr Exam
Computer Graphics CS324 Dr Abhir Bhalerao Department of Computer Science University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL TJA 1999-2003, AHB 2004+ 30 Lectures 3hr Exam Overview Recommended books: Hearn and Baker,
More informationDistributed Virtual Reality Computation
Jeff Russell 4/15/05 Distributed Virtual Reality Computation Introduction Virtual Reality is generally understood today to mean the combination of digitally generated graphics, sound, and input. The goal
More informationMcq In Computer Graphics
Mcq In Free PDF ebook Download: Mcq In Download or Read Online ebook mcq in computer graphics in PDF Format From The Best User Guide Database 1.4 PC Hardware. 1.5 PC Logical graphics (CG) is the field
More informationSAZ4C COMPUTER GRAPHICS. Unit : 1-5. SAZ4C Computer Graphics
SAZ4C COMPUTER GRAPHICS Unit : 1-5 1 UNIT :1 SYLLABUS Introduction to computer Graphics Video display devices Raster scan Systems Random Scan Systems Interactive input devices Hard copy devices Graphics
More informationMattan Erez. The University of Texas at Austin
EE382V: Principles in Computer Architecture Parallelism and Locality Fall 2008 Lecture 10 The Graphics Processing Unit Mattan Erez The University of Texas at Austin Outline What is a GPU? Why should we
More informationGPU Architecture and Function. Michael Foster and Ian Frasch
GPU Architecture and Function Michael Foster and Ian Frasch Overview What is a GPU? How is a GPU different from a CPU? The graphics pipeline History of the GPU GPU architecture Optimizations GPU performance
More informationDrawing Fast The Graphics Pipeline
Drawing Fast The Graphics Pipeline CS559 Fall 2016 Lectures 10 & 11 October 10th & 12th, 2016 1. Put a 3D primitive in the World Modeling 2. Figure out what color it should be 3. Position relative to the
More informationDrawing Fast The Graphics Pipeline
Drawing Fast The Graphics Pipeline CS559 Spring 2016 Lecture 10 February 25, 2016 1. Put a 3D primitive in the World Modeling Get triangles 2. Figure out what color it should be Do ligh/ng 3. Position
More informationUsing Graphics Chips for General Purpose Computation
White Paper Using Graphics Chips for General Purpose Computation Document Version 0.1 May 12, 2010 442 Northlake Blvd. Altamonte Springs, FL 32701 (407) 262-7100 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION....1
More informationWhat Next? Kevin Walsh CS 3410, Spring 2010 Computer Science Cornell University. * slides thanks to Kavita Bala & many others
What Next? Kevin Walsh CS 3410, Spring 2010 Computer Science Cornell University * slides thanks to Kavita Bala & many others Final Project Demo Sign-Up: Will be posted outside my office after lecture today.
More informationLecture 25: Board Notes: Threads and GPUs
Lecture 25: Board Notes: Threads and GPUs Announcements: - Reminder: HW 7 due today - Reminder: Submit project idea via (plain text) email by 11/24 Recap: - Slide 4: Lecture 23: Introduction to Parallel
More informationCOMPUTER GRAPHICS. Computer Multimedia Systems Department Prepared By Dr Jamal Zraqou
COMPUTER GRAPHICS Computer Multimedia Systems Department Prepared By Dr Jamal Zraqou Introduction What is Computer Graphics? Applications Graphics packages What is Computer Graphics? Creation, Manipulation
More informationME COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN 2 MARKS Q&A
ME6501 - COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN 2 MARKS Q&A Unit I 1. What is CAD? Computer aided design (CAD) is the technology concerned with the use of computer systems to assist the creation,
More informationHot Chips Bringing Workstation Graphics Performance to a Desktop Near You. S3 Incorporated August 18-20, 1996
Hot Chips 1996 Bringing Workstation Graphics Performance to a Desktop Near You S3 Incorporated August 18-20, 1996 Agenda ViRGE/VX Marketing Slide! Overview of ViRGE/VX accelerator features 3D rendering
More informationComputer Graphics: Programming, Problem Solving, and Visual Communication
Computer Graphics: Programming, Problem Solving, and Visual Communication Dr. Steve Cunningham Computer Science Department California State University Stanislaus Turlock, CA 95382 copyright 2002, Steve
More informationGPGPU. Peter Laurens 1st-year PhD Student, NSC
GPGPU Peter Laurens 1st-year PhD Student, NSC Presentation Overview 1. What is it? 2. What can it do for me? 3. How can I get it to do that? 4. What s the catch? 5. What s the future? What is it? Introducing
More informationParallelizing Graphics Pipeline Execution (+ Basics of Characterizing a Rendering Workload)
Lecture 2: Parallelizing Graphics Pipeline Execution (+ Basics of Characterizing a Rendering Workload) Visual Computing Systems Analyzing a 3D Graphics Workload Where is most of the work done? Memory Vertex
More informationComputer Graphics. Hardware Pipeline. Visual Imaging in the Electronic Age Prof. Donald P. Greenberg October 23, 2014 Lecture 16
Computer Graphics Hardware Pipeline Visual Imaging in the Electronic Age Prof. Donald P. Greenberg October 23, 2014 Lecture 16 Moore s Law Chip density doubles every 18 months. Processing Power (P) in
More informationSurvey in Computer Graphics Computer Graphics and Visualization
Example of a Marble Ball Where did this image come from? Fall 2010 What hardware/software/algorithms did we need to produce it? 2 A Basic Graphics System History of Computer Graphics 1200-2008 Input devices
More informationFaster Scan Conversion Using the TMS320C80
Disclaimer: This document was part of the First European DSP Education and Research Conference. It may have been written by someone whose native language is not English. TI assumes no liability for the
More informationImage Precision Silhouette Edges
Image Precision Silhouette Edges by Ramesh Raskar and Michael Cohen Presented at I3D 1999 Presented by Melanie Coggan Outline Motivation Previous Work Method Results Conclusions Outline Motivation Previous
More informationHardware Displacement Mapping
Matrox's revolutionary new surface generation technology, (HDM), equates a giant leap in the pursuit of 3D realism. Matrox is the first to develop a hardware implementation of displacement mapping and
More informationGrafica Computazionale: Lezione 30. Grafica Computazionale. Hiding complexity... ;) Introduction to OpenGL. lezione30 Introduction to OpenGL
Grafica Computazionale: Lezione 30 Grafica Computazionale lezione30 Introduction to OpenGL Informatica e Automazione, "Roma Tre" May 20, 2010 OpenGL Shading Language Introduction to OpenGL OpenGL (Open
More informationComputer Graphics and Visualization. What is computer graphics?
CSCI 120 Computer Graphics and Visualization Shiaofen Fang Department of Computer and Information Science Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis What is computer graphics? Computer graphics
More informationOverview CS Plans for this semester. References. CS 4600 Fall Prerequisites
Overview CS 4600 What is CS 4600? What should know (pre reqs)? What will you get out of this course? Chuck Hansen Website: www.eng.utah.edu/~cs4600 Thanks to Ed Angel and Jeff Parker for slides and materials
More informationRendering Grass with Instancing in DirectX* 10
Rendering Grass with Instancing in DirectX* 10 By Anu Kalra Because of the geometric complexity, rendering realistic grass in real-time is difficult, especially on consumer graphics hardware. This article
More informationDesign of a Programmable Vertex Processing Unit for Mobile Platforms
Design of a Programmable Vertex Processing Unit for Mobile Platforms Tae-Young Kim 1, Kyoung-Su Oh 2 1 Dept. of Computer Engineering, Seokyeong University 136704 Seoul, Korea tykim@skuniv.ac.kr 2 Dept.
More informationSoftware Occlusion Culling
Software Occlusion Culling Abstract This article details an algorithm and associated sample code for software occlusion culling which is available for download. The technique divides scene objects into
More informationDesign of a Programmable Vertex Processing Unit for Mobile Platforms
Design of a Programmable Vertex Processing Unit for Mobile Platforms Tae-Young Kim 1 and Kyoung-Su Oh 2 1 Dept of Computer Engineering, Seokyeong University 136704 Seoul, Korea tykim@skunivackr 2 Dept
More informationCS482: Interactive Computer Graphics
CS482: Interactive Computer Graphics Min H. Kim KAIST School of Computing Welcome [CS482] Interactive Computer Graphics (Lecture) Tuesday and Thursday 10:30AM 11:45AM, Rm. 114, N-1, KAIST (Lab) Wednesday
More informationA SXGA 3D Display Processor with Reduced Rendering Data and Enhanced Precision
A SXGA 3D Display Processor with Reduced Rendering Data and Enhanced Precision Seok-Hoon Kim KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea I. INTRODUCTION Recently, there has been tremendous progress in 3D graphics
More informationIntroduction to Computer Graphics. Knowledge basic concepts 2D and 3D computer graphics
Introduction to Computer Graphics Knowledge basic concepts 2D and 3D computer graphics 1 Introduction 2 Basic math 3 2D transformations 4 3D transformations 5 Viewing 6 Primitives 7 Geometry 8 Shading
More informationComputer Graphics Shadow Algorithms
Computer Graphics Shadow Algorithms Computer Graphics Computer Science Department University of Freiburg WS 11 Outline introduction projection shadows shadow maps shadow volumes conclusion Motivation shadows
More informationComputer Graphics. Anders Hast. måndag 25 mars 13
Computer Graphics Anders Hast Who am I? 5 years in Industry after graduation, 2 years as highschool teacher. 1996 Teacher, University of Gävle 2004 PhD, Computerized Image Processing Computer Graphics
More informationReal-Time Graphics Architecture
RealTime Graphics Architecture Kurt Akeley Pat Hanrahan http://www.graphics.stanford.edu/courses/cs448a01fall About Kurt Personal history B.E.E. Univeristy of Delaware, 1980 M.S.E.E. Stanford, 1982 SGI
More informationSpring 2009 Prof. Hyesoon Kim
Spring 2009 Prof. Hyesoon Kim Application Geometry Rasterizer CPU Each stage cane be also pipelined The slowest of the pipeline stage determines the rendering speed. Frames per second (fps) Executes on
More informationEnhancing Traditional Rasterization Graphics with Ray Tracing. October 2015
Enhancing Traditional Rasterization Graphics with Ray Tracing October 2015 James Rumble Developer Technology Engineer, PowerVR Graphics Overview Ray Tracing Fundamentals PowerVR Ray Tracing Pipeline Using
More informationAlpha AXP Workstation Family Performance Brief - OpenVMS
DEC 3000 Model 500 AXP Workstation DEC 3000 Model 400 AXP Workstation INSIDE Digital Equipment Corporation November 20, 1992 Second Edition EB-N0102-51 Benchmark results: SPEC LINPACK Dhrystone X11perf
More informationSpring 2011 Prof. Hyesoon Kim
Spring 2011 Prof. Hyesoon Kim Application Geometry Rasterizer CPU Each stage cane be also pipelined The slowest of the pipeline stage determines the rendering speed. Frames per second (fps) Executes on
More informationA Reconfigurable Architecture for Load-Balanced Rendering
A Reconfigurable Architecture for Load-Balanced Rendering Jiawen Chen Michael I. Gordon William Thies Matthias Zwicker Kari Pulli Frédo Durand Graphics Hardware July 31, 2005, Los Angeles, CA The Load
More informationHidden surface removal. Computer Graphics
Lecture Hidden Surface Removal and Rasterization Taku Komura Hidden surface removal Drawing polygonal faces on screen consumes CPU cycles Illumination We cannot see every surface in scene We don t want
More informationINTRODUCTION. Computer Graphics
INTRODUCTION Computer Graphics 1 INTRODUCTION: THE OUTLINE I. Image Processing / Computer Graphics II. Advantages III. Representative Uses IV. Classification of Applications V. History VI. Conceptual Framework
More informationCSE 167: Introduction to Computer Graphics Lecture #5: Projection. Jürgen P. Schulze, Ph.D. University of California, San Diego Fall Quarter 2017
CSE 167: Introduction to Computer Graphics Lecture #5: Projection Jürgen P. Schulze, Ph.D. University of California, San Diego Fall Quarter 2017 Announcements Friday: homework 1 due at 2pm Upload to TritonEd
More informationIntroduction: Tech Report Frameless Antialiasing Ellen J. Scher Zagier Page #1
Introduction: Despite the significant advances in real-time computer graphics performance via improvements in hardware and software algorithmic design, there are, and will continue to be data sets expanding
More informationThe VISUALIZE fx family of graphics subsystems consists of three
An Overview of the VISUALIZE fx Graphics Accelerator Hardware Three graphics accelerator products with different levels of performance are based on varying combinations of five custom integrated circuits.
More informationGeForce4. John Montrym Henry Moreton
GeForce4 John Montrym Henry Moreton 1 Architectural Drivers Programmability Parallelism Memory bandwidth 2 Recent History: GeForce 1&2 First integrated geometry engine & 4 pixels/clk Fixed-function transform,
More information