GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH

Transcription

1 GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH Vol123, No12 Mar1, , 1,2, 2 (1., ; 21, ) :, : ; ; DEM ( ),, ,, : ; ; ; : P344 : (2004) , [1 ], ( ),, ;,, ( ), Saint2Venant [1 ], [2 ], ( ), ; ( ),,,,, : [3,4 ] ; ; ( ),, :,,, ; : ; : : ( ) ; ( KZCX22SW2 317/ CX10G2E01208) ; : (19782),,,, E2mail :

2 176 23,,, [5 9 ],,,,, ;,, ( ), 2 GIS, DEM, DEM, : (square2grid/ raster net2 works) (contour2based networks) (triangulated ir2 regular networks, TIN) [3 ] DEM,,,, DEM,, TIN DEM,,,, GIS DEM, 211 [7 ],, DEM, SHE [7 ], Huggins Monke ANSWERS, Doe CASC2D, Bronstert Plate HILLFLOW, Refsgaard Karup SHE, 500m,, Karup [7 ] [10 ],,,,,, 212,,,, ( ), IHDM ( Institute of Hydrology Distributed Model) Smith KINEROS Beven (1977) [7 ],, GB ( Geomorphology2based hydrological mod2 el) [11 ] 213, GIS, Arc/

3 2 : 177 Info DEM, SWAT [12 ] (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) 3,,, : ( ),, ; ( ) 4 :, ;, 411 Muskingum ( Muskingum2Cunge), Muskingum, Muskingum [5 ] Muskingum2Cunge Muskingum, [1 ] Jayawardena RRM [13 ] (Runoff Routing Model), ( ), 412, ( ), [7 ], ( Darcy2Weisbach, Manning ) v ( ) h ( ) [7,14 ], h q ( = vh, (m 2 s 21 ) ), [7 ] h = aq (1) Saint2Venant,, Stoker 1953 Saint2Venant Ohio Saint2Venant,,,, [1 ] 5

4 178 23,,,, ;,,,,,,,,, 511 [15 ] -,,, ;,,,,, DEM,, ( ),,, 512, [7 ],,,, N 1, 2 1 (, 5 ) 1 Fig11 A sketch map of flow directions 513 Manning, (1) 2 Fig12 A sketch map of ranked grids = n/ S o 016, = 016 (2), n, [ 6 ] ; S 0 ( ), ArcView,, [1,7,14 ] (2),, Newton2Raphson [16 ]

5 2 : ,,,,,, DEM ( 100m 100m) ( ) ( 3) DEM m, km 2 ( km 2 ), 500m 500m, Fig13 Chaobaihe River Basin above Miyun Reservoir [7 ], DEM, 298, 398 ( 4) [17 ], [18 ],,, (, ), [19,20 ] ; , IVF ( ) R 2[17 ] 0170, 110 ; ,,,

6 ( 5) 4 (, ) Fig14 Ranked grids of Chaobaihe River Basin (Left is Baihe River and Right is Chaohe River) : (a), (b) Fig15 Observed and simulated daily runoff in 1990 : (a) Xiahui station, (b) Zhangjiafen station DTVGM Tab11 Observed and simulated streamflow peaks in Chaobaihe River Basin in 1990 DTVGM (m 3 / s) (m 3 / s) ( %) (day) , : ,, (

7 2 : %, 2 2 ) ,, ( , mm),, ( 180 m 3 / s 7419 m 3 / s) 6,,,, ;,,,, DEM,, ( ) ;, [21 ] ; : [ 1 ] David R Maidment1 (Handbook of Hydrology) 1 1 :, [ 2 ] 1 1 : ( ) 1 :, [ 3 ],, 1 (TIN) 1, 2001, 26(4) : [ 4 ],,, 1 DEM 1,2002,21(5) : [ 5 ] 1 Muskingum 1,2002,13(6) : [ 6 ] Thompson S A1 Hydrology for water management1 Rotterdam : A A Balkema, , [ 7 ] Keith J Beven1 Rainfall2Runoff Modelling1 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, , [ 8 ], 1 1, 1997, 52(4) : [ 9 ], 1 1, 2001, 29 (2) : [10 ] 1 GIS 1,2001,20(4) : [11 ] Yang Dawen, Herath Srikantha, Musiake Katumi1 Comparision of different distributed hydrological models for characterization of catchment spatial variability1 Hydrological Progresses,2000,14 : [12 ] Arnold J G, Williams J R, Srinivasan R, et al1 Model theory of SWAT1 USDA, Agricultural Research Service Grassland, Soil and Water Research Laboratory, [13 ] Jayawardena A W1 Daily river discharge prediction using GCM generated atmospheric data1 IAHS Publ1no1270, [ 14 ] Yutaka Ichikawa, Yasuto Tachikawa, Michiharu Shiiba1 Lumping slope runoff model using digital elevation model and steady state assumption1 Water 99 Joint Congress2Brisbane, Australia 628 July [15 ], 1 1 :, , [16 ], 1 Visual Fortran 1 :, [17 ] Xia J1 A system approach to real time hydrological forecasts in watersheds1 Water International, 2002,27(1) : [18 ] Xia Jun, Wang Gangsheng, Tan Ge1 A distributed hydrological model applied to Heihe mountainous basin in western China1 I2 AHS Publication no1282, [19 ] 1 Kriging 1, 2001,20(4) : [20 ] 1 1, 2001,20(6) :

8 [21 ] 1 1, 2002,21(5) : Flow routing method and its application in distributed hydrological modeling WANG Gang2sheng 1, XIA Jun 1,2, NIU Cun2wen 2 (11Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing , China ; 21 Wuhan University, Wuhan , China) Abstract :Flow routing model ( FRM) plays important roles in the distributed hydrological modeling1 Whether a simple or complex FRM is chosen depends on the relative relationship between the time res2 olution and the lagging time of routing1 Generally, the FRM of a distributed hydrological model (DHM) consists of three components : the first is subdivision method of the basin ; the second is the routing path ; and the last is the routing method based on the routing path1 In order to decrease the runtime of model, an efficient routing method, the so2called Ranked2Grid2based Kinematic Wave Routing model (RGKWR), is developed in this paper1 This model applies the kinematic wave method to successive routing on ranked raster grids1 Raster grids can be divided into different ranks due to each grid s flow direction computed by the single direction algorithm1 We define the basin s outlet grids as the first rank, and the grids from which water flows into the first ranked grids as the second rank, the rest can be deduced by analogy, so the most upstream grids are defined as the highest rank1 Flow routing is un2 dertaken from those grids having higher rank onto the grids having lower rank1this paper puts forward the classifying method for raster grids, discusses the kinematic wave model and its numerical solutions, and carries out a case study on Chaobaihe River Basin in North China1 The basin, with a drainage area of 13,846 km 2, has two outlets to Miyun Reservoir : one is Xiahui hydrologic station on Chaohe River, the other is Zhangjiafen station on Baihe River1 The whole basin is divided into 55,444 grid elements at a 5002m resolution, with the Chaohe River basin partitioned into 298 ranks, and Baihe River basin 398 ranks1 The application shows RGKWR based on GIS/ DEM is reasonable and efficient1 Key words :distributed hydrological modeling ; flow routing ; kinematic wave ; Chaobaihe River Basin