Earls Court. Reserved Matters Application London Borough of Hammersmith & Fulham. Solar Glare Study November 2013

Transcription

1 Earls Court Reserved Matters Application London Borough of Hammersmith & Fulham Solar Glare Study November 2013 Prepared for EC Properties Ltd by Aedas R&D

2 Solar Glare Study Aedas R&D Computational Design Research

3 ABOUT Document Number: N/A Contribution to the document/name: Aedas Architects Ltd. Document Title: Solar Glare Study Profession: Research Date: 27/11/2013 CONTENTS 1 Brief 2 Existing Site 3 Proposed Development 4 Data Sources 5 Problem and Glare Definition 6 Tool Methodology 7 Analysis Methodology 8 Analysis Results 9 Conclusions Originated by: Anders Holden Deleuran Computational Designer R&D CDR Group Aedas Architects, anders.deleuran@aedas.com Authorised by: Christian Derix Director R&D CDR Group Aedas Architects, christian.derix@aedas.com

4 1 Brief Aedas Research and Development has been commissioned by CapCo to undertake a study to determine whether direct sunlight, reflected from three proposed developments in the first package of Reserved Matters applications for Earls Court, has the potential to produce glare that may adversely affect train driver visibility on the adjacent railway lines from Olympia to West Brompton. This technical study analyses the angle of reflected sunlight from three proposed buildings to establish whether reflected sunlight intersects with the critical field of view of train drivers travelling in both directions. The computational design research group within Aedas R&D has developed a custom software tool specifically for this purpose. This tool outputs a mapping of reflected sunlight rays over time and affords the user with several modes for analysing these rays. The results of the study have been presented in graphical form in this report, together with a written narrative. Solar Glare Study 3

5 2 Existing Site The geographical area of this study is located in Earls Court, London and is defined by an area restricted to West Cromwell Road to the north, Old Brompton road to the south, Warwick road to the east and North End road to the west. The study is focused on north and south bound trains going from Olympia to West Brompton and the impact of glare from the first package of Reserved Matters applications for Earls Court. These rail tracks and their directions are highlighted in red in the image on the right. Solar Glare Study 4

6 3 Proposed Development The proposed development is located about 200 meters southwest of Earls Court station itself. The overall site is approximately 700 meter long by 600 meter wide, with the rail track lying on a north-west to south-east axis. For the purposes of this study three buildings within this site have been identified as the subjects of interest. In the two images on the right these buildings are highlighted in light blue. The top image furthermore identifies the architects responsible for each building. The image on the lower left visualises the sun dial and resulting sun path across the site. The result is typical for a site located on the northern hemisphere. With the sun coming primarily from a south bound direction from east to west during the course of the day. With low incoming angles during winter and high angles during summer. Solar Glare Study 5

7 4 Data Sources 1) 2) The study is based on a diverse set of data describing the development site, the proposed buildings and the rail tracks: 1) A 3D model constructed by Aedas Architects. This model was subsequently remodelled to make it compatible with the geometry requirements of the developed glare raycasting tool. 2) The remodelled 3D model constructed by the Aedas R&D - computational design research group. This model is based on the first one, but has a smaller file size and is constructed using only manifold polysurfaces. 3) Preliminary drawings provided by Arup which describe the proposed deck extensions. 4) Earls Court illustrative master plan drawing provided by Farrells. The plan has been treated by CapCo, highlighting the buildings of interest to the study. 5/6) Track level details provided by Plowman Craven. This data has been used to determine the rail track height along the site. 3) 4) 5) 6) Solar Glare Study 6

8 5 Problem and Glare Definition Glare is the discomfort or impairment of vision caused by excessive or large contrasts in luminance within the observer s field of view. There are two categories of glare: 1) Discomfort Glare: Excessive brightness of surfaces or luminaires within the field of view. Causes discomfort, does not directly impair vision. 2) Disability Glare: The presence of a high luminance source within a low luminance scene. Impairs vision. This effect is due to stray light entering the eye and scattering, forming a veil over the visual image of the task. Discomfort and disability glare can happen simultaneously or separately. As maintaining driver visibility is the key priority disability glare will be the focus of this study. In order to minimise the risk of disability glare, effective luminance sources, such as reflected sunlight, must not fall into the observer s field of view. Geometrically speaking the definition of glare used here is the specular reflection of the sun onto reflective surfaces such as window panes. That is, the sun ray is reflected as if the surface is a perfect mirror, not taking into account the diffusion which would happen on most real world surfaces. The problem is thus to track and map these reflected rays over time, allowing us to analyse whether or not they pose an issue for the train driver. Glare captured in the vicinity of the Aedas R&D CDR office in Stockholm, Sweden in July Critical Field of View The effect of disability glare impairing vision most noticeably occurs when the incoming ray is close to the line of sight of the driver. In the design of road lighting in the UK, for example, disability glare sources are ignored laterally passed 30 degrees of the central line of sight and vertically, past 20 degrees of the central line. These values are not directly translated to analysis. Instead a generic analysis mapping mode has been developed which calculates and analyses the angle of incidence from the incoming reflected ray and the tangent vector of the rail track direction, thereby enabling the evaluation of critical field of view within a single mapping. Rail track centre curve. Tangent vector along rail track centre curve. Incoming sun ray with obtuse angle to directional track vector =. Incoming sun ray with acute angle to directional track vector = Potential Glare. Solar Glare Study 7

9 6 Tool Methodology The tool consists of a suite of custom components developed for the parametric Grasshopper interface within the 3D CAD package Rhinoceros. These components have been written using the Python programming language and implements the Rhino system development kit named RhinoCommon. The components cover four overall areas: 1) The sun path describing sun position and direction of incoming rays. 2) Input geometry representing the context, buildings of interest and rail tracks, 3) Shooting and reflecting the sun rays over time, 4) Analysing the sun rays using various measures of representation. Sun Path The sun path is calculated using an implementation of the radiance sun-path script by Greg Ward authored by Mostapha Sadeghipour Roudsari. The RADIANCE source code can be accessed at: CVS%20source%20code. The component allows the user to run a simulation of the sun movement within a desired time period and interval, outputting the date and time as well as a plane representing both the position of the sun and direction of its rays. The sun path is not adjusted according to daylight savings time. The context model contained by the sun path. Input Geometry The context model is used as the primary geometrical input. Here each building is considered an occluding object which sun rays are not allowed to pass through. In order to determine how many rays to shoot and where to shoot them from, each of the buildings of interest to the study has their facade discretized into a user defined grid of reflective panels, representing a worst case scenario of full glazing. Each of these glazing panels are sampled at their centre point and a corresponding point is calculated on the sun plane from which to shoot the sun ray from. This eliminates the need for brute force shooting of rays and enables the user to quickly set up scenarios and run analysis. Finally the rail tracks are represented by two surfaces where reflected sunrays are mapped onto. The tracks are wider than in reality to take account of the 15 minute sample rates. The discretized buildings facades/sample points and the generated rail track surfaces. Solar Glare Study 8

10 6 Tool Methodology Sun Ray Shooter The sun ray shooter component shoots the rays from the sun onto the list of reflective panels and calculates how these reflect and continue onto the rail tracks. Both the direct ray from the sun to the panel and the reflected ray from the panel to the remaining geometry are returned for further analysis. Reflected Ray Analysis The reflected sun rays may be analysed both during the ray shooting process and after the data has been generated. The latter option enables the user to view and analyse the data using a time slider to scrub through the data over time, or, by evaluating all the scenario time frames at once, providing a single mapping of the selected scenario. In either case the user may select from three different measures of analysis and visualisation of ray properties. image of rays being shot. Sun Ray Shooter: Shooting rays on February 15th at 08:15. The yellow lines are incoming rays from the sun, red lines are rays which reflected off their assigned panel and hit an occluding object at the red dot. Measure 1: Solar Altitude This measure provides a mapping of the solar altitude of the incoming rays. That is, how low or high the sun rays are for the driver should he/she be looking vertically facing the direction of the reflected ray. Lower angles indicate higher chance of glare. The measure is visualised as rays (lines) and hits (points) which are coloured by the angle of incidence of the incoming sun ray to itself as projected onto a local XY plane placed vertically where the ray hits the occluding geometry. These angle values are visualised with the ray lines and hit points coloured on a hue gradient going from red (0 degrees = high glare) to green (60 degrees = low glare) to blue (180 degrees = no glare). High Glare Low Glare Measure 1: Colour legend Measure 1: Solar Altitude analysis on full ray data set captured on December 15th. Solar Glare Study 9

11 6 Tool Methodology Measure 2: Critical Field of View This measure has been developed to analyse the effects of the reflected sun rays with regards to the critical field of view of the train driver. For each ray that hits one of the two track surfaces the closest point on a curve running along the track centre is calculated. The curve tangent at this point is calculated and this vector is used to represent the view direction of the train driver along the track. By calculating the angle between the incoming ray and the track direction it is possible to quickly identify areas along the track which pose a potential glare threat for the driver. These angle values are visualised with the ray lines and hit points coloured on a hue gradient going from red (0 degrees = critical glare) to green (60 degrees = non-critical glare) to blue (180 degrees = no glare). Critical Glare Non-Critical Glare Track Direction Measure 2: Colour legend Measure 2: Critical Field of View analysis on full ray data set captured on January 15th. Measure 2: Calculation method. Green vectors represent reflected rays, red vectors track direction and blue values the angle between these sets of vectors. Measure 2: Driver view of Critical Field of View analysis showing rays hitting track. Solar Glare Study 10

12 6 Tool Methodology Measure 3: Reflection Distance This measure maps the general intensity of the reflected rays as a factor of their travel distance. The reflected rays diffuse as a factor of travel distance due to the imperfect finish of even the most high gloss surfaces. Making rays which travel a short distance potentially cause more intense glare than those travelling a further distance. These travel distances are visualised with the reflected ray lines and hit points coloured on a hue gradient going from red (0 Meter = high intensity ray) to blue (500 Meter = lower intensity ray). 0 Meter High Intensity ray 500 Meter Lower intensity ray Measure 3: Colour legend Measure 3: Reflection Distance analysis on full ray data set captured on November 15th. Solar Glare Study 11

13 7 Analysis Methodology The analysis results presented on the following pages have been collated to ascertain if glare may be a potential issue using the following steps: 1) Define Scenarios: To obtain a relatively accurate representation of the sun ray reflections over the course of the year each month is sampled twice on the dates of the 1st and 15th. Each of these dates is further sampled from 04:00 to 24:00 in 15 minute increments. Spread A Solar Altitude 2) Generate Data: The tool generates four datasets per day each containing 80 entries/frames (DateTime, DirectRays, ReflectedRays and IncidenceAngles). This output data is cached and saved allowing for further analysis without having to recalculate it. 3) Output Data: Each frame of a scenario is captured as a sequence of images in top view using the Solar Altitude measure. These sequences are compiled into one animation visualising how the ray hits build up over time on each date. This animation is available in both a slow version (10 frames per second) and a fast version (60 frames per second). An image mapping each measure (excluding Panel Angle) for the full scenario data is also saved along with data describing total ray hits and the total values of these. Finally the deck extensions are added, allowing the user to visually confirm whether or not these prevent sun rays from hitting the train track surfaces. Scenario Critical Field of View Reflection Distance 4) Analyse Data: The following pages present the generated data. Each of the 24 scenarios is given two spreads. The first spread presents the Solar Altitude and Critical Field of View measures, the second spread the Reflection Distance and an image in which the deck extensions have been added along with the Critical Field of View measure. This allows the report viewer to compare and flip through the scenarios when viewing the presented PDF on a computer. Spread B Deck Extensions Solar Glare Study 12

14 Scenario: 0 Sun Up: 1 Jan 8:15 to 1 Jan15:45 Ray Measure: Solar Altitude Reflected Ray Hits: 2352 Reflected Ray Values Total: High Glare Low Glare Ray Measure:Critical Field of View Reflected Ray Hits: 322 Reflected Ray Values Total: Critical Glare Non-Critical Glare

15 Scenario: 0 Sun Up: 1 Jan 8:15 to 1 Jan15:45 Ray Measure: Reflection Distance Reflected Ray Hits: 2352 Reflected Ray Values Total: Meter High Intensity ray 500 Meter Lower intensity ray Deck Extension Ray Hit Coverage

16 Scenario: 1 Sun Up: 15 Jan 8:00 to 15 Jan 15:45 Ray Measure: Solar Altitude Reflected Ray Hits: 2338 Reflected Ray Values Total: High Glare Low Glare Ray Measure:Critical Field of View Reflected Ray Hits: 492 Reflected Ray Values Total: Critical Glare Non-Critical Glare

17 Scenario: 1 Sun Up: 15 Jan 8:00 to 15 Jan 15:45 Ray Measure: Reflection Distance Reflected Ray Hits: 2338 Reflected Ray Values Total: Meter High Intensity ray 500 Meter Lower intensity ray Deck Extension Ray Hit Coverage

18 Scenario: 2 Sun Up: 1 Feb 7:30 to 1 Feb 16:00 Ray Measure: Solar Altitude Reflected Ray Hits: 2718 Reflected Ray Values Total: High Glare Low Glare Ray Measure:Critical Field of View Reflected Ray Hits: 843 Reflected Ray Values Total: Critical Glare Non-Critical Glare

19 Scenario: 2 Sun Up: 1 Feb 7:30 to 1 Feb 16:00 Ray Measure: Reflection Distance Reflected Ray Hits: 2718 Reflected Ray Values Total: Meter High Intensity ray 500 Meter Lower intensity ray Deck Extension Ray Hit Coverage

20 Scenario: 3 Sun Up: 15 Feb 7:00 to 15 Feb 16:30 Ray Measure: Solar Altitude Reflected Ray Hits: 3187 Reflected Ray Values Total: High Glare Low Glare Ray Measure:Critical Field of View Reflected Ray Hits: 1157 Reflected Ray Values Total: Critical Glare Non-Critical Glare

21 Scenario: 3 Sun Up: 15 Feb 7:00 to 15 Feb 16:30 Ray Measure: Reflection Distance Reflected Ray Hits: 3187 Reflected Ray Values Total: Meter High Intensity ray 500 Meter Lower intensity ray Deck Extension Ray Hit Coverage

22 Scenario: 4 Sun Up: 1 Mar 6:30 to 1 Mar 17:00 Ray Measure: Solar Altitude Reflected Ray Hits: 3606 Reflected Ray Values Total: High Glare Low Glare Ray Measure:Critical Field of View Reflected Ray Hits: 1455 Reflected Ray Values Total: Critical Glare Non-Critical Glare

23 Scenario: 4 Sun Up: 1 Mar 6:30 to 1 Mar 17:00 Ray Measure: Reflection Distance Reflected Ray Hits: 3606 Reflected Ray Values Total: Meter High Intensity ray 500 Meter Lower intensity ray Deck Extension Ray Hit Coverage

24 Scenario: 5 Sun Up: 15 Mar 6:15 to 15 Mar 17:30 Ray Measure: Solar Altitude Reflected Ray Hits: 4231 Reflected Ray Values Total: High Glare Low Glare Ray Measure:Critical Field of View Reflected Ray Hits: 1661 Reflected Ray Values Total: Critical Glare Non-Critical Glare

25 Scenario: 5 Sun Up: 15 Mar 6:15 to 15 Mar 17:30 Ray Measure: Reflection Distance Reflected Ray Hits: 4231 Reflected Ray Values Total: Meter High Intensity ray 500 Meter Lower intensity ray Deck Extension Ray Hit Coverage

26 Scenario: 6 Sun Up: 1 Apr 5:45 to 1 Apr 18:15 Ray Measure: Solar Altitude Reflected Ray Hits: 5314 Reflected Ray Values Total: High Glare Low Glare Ray Measure:Critical Field of View Reflected Ray Hits: 1906 Reflected Ray Values Total: Critical Glare Non-Critical Glare

27 Scenario: 6 Sun Up: 1 Apr 5:45 to 1 Apr 18:15 Ray Measure: Reflection Distance Reflected Ray Hits: 5314 Reflected Ray Values Total: Meter High Intensity ray 500 Meter Lower intensity ray Deck Extension Ray Hit Coverage

28 Scenario: 7 Sun Up: 15 Apr 5:15 to 15 Apr 18:45 Ray Measure: Solar Altitude Reflected Ray Hits: 6072 Reflected Ray Values Total: High Glare Low Glare Ray Measure:Critical Field of View Reflected Ray Hits: 2075 Reflected Ray Values Total: Critical Glare Non-Critical Glare

29 Scenario: 7 Sun Up: 15 Apr 5:15 to 15 Apr 18:45 Ray Measure: Reflection Distance Reflected Ray Hits: 6072 Reflected Ray Values Total: Meter High Intensity ray 500 Meter Lower intensity ray Deck Extension Ray Hit Coverage

30 Scenario: 8 Sun Up: 1 May 5:00 to 1 May 19:15 Ray Measure: Solar Altitude Reflected Ray Hits: 6927 Reflected Ray Values Total: High Glare Low Glare Ray Measure:Critical Field of View Reflected Ray Hits: 2380 Reflected Ray Values Total: Critical Glare Non-Critical Glare

31 Scenario: 8 Sun Up: 1 May 5:00 to 1 May 19:15 Ray Measure: Reflection Distance Reflected Ray Hits: 6927 Reflected Ray Values Total: Meter High Intensity ray 500 Meter Lower intensity ray Deck Extension Ray Hit Coverage

32 Scenario: 9 Sun Up: 15 May 4:30 to 15 May 19:30 Ray Measure: Solar Altitude Reflected Ray Hits: 7508 Reflected Ray Values Total: High Glare Low Glare Ray Measure:Critical Field of View Reflected Ray Hits: 2559 Reflected Ray Values Total: Critical Glare Non-Critical Glare

33 Scenario: 9 Sun Up: 15 May 4:30 to 15 May 19:30 Ray Measure: Reflection Distance Reflected Ray Hits: 7508 Reflected Ray Values Total: Meter High Intensity ray 500 Meter Lower intensity ray Deck Extension Ray Hit Coverage

34 Scenario: 10 Sun Up: 1 Jun 4:15 to 1 Jun 20:00 Ray Measure: Solar Altitude Reflected Ray Hits: 7807 Reflected Ray Values Total: High Glare Low Glare Ray Measure:Critical Field of View Reflected Ray Hits: 2633 Reflected Ray Values Total: Critical Glare Non-Critical Glare

35 Scenario: 10 Sun Up: 1 Jun 4:15 to 1 Jun 20:00 Ray Measure: Reflection Distance Reflected Ray Hits: 7807 Reflected Ray Values Total: Meter High Intensity ray 500 Meter Lower intensity ray Deck Extension Ray Hit Coverage

36 Scenario: 11 Sun Up: 15 Jun 4:00 to 15 Jun 20:00 Ray Measure: Solar Altitude Reflected Ray Hits: 8107 Reflected Ray Values Total: High Glare Low Glare Ray Measure:Critical Field of View Reflected Ray Hits: 2704 Reflected Ray Values Total: Critical Glare Non-Critical Glare

37 Scenario: 11 Sun Up: 15 Jun 4:00 to 15 Jun 20:00 Ray Measure: Reflection Distance Reflected Ray Hits: 8107 Reflected Ray Values Total: Meter High Intensity ray 500 Meter Lower intensity ray Deck Extension Ray Hit Coverage

38 Scenario: 12 Sun Up: 1 Jul 4:00 to 1 Jul 20:00 Ray Measure: Solar Altitude Reflected Ray Hits: 8031 Reflected Ray Values Total: High Glare Low Glare Ray Measure:Critical Field of View Reflected Ray Hits: 2715 Reflected Ray Values Total: Critical Glare Non-Critical Glare

39 Scenario: 12 Sun Up: 1 Jul 4:00 to 1 Jul 20:00 Ray Measure: Reflection Distance Reflected Ray Hits: 8031 Reflected Ray Values Total: Meter High Intensity ray 500 Meter Lower intensity ray Deck Extension Ray Hit Coverage

40 Scenario: 13 Sun Up: 15 Jul 4:00 to 15 Jul 19:45 Ray Measure: Solar Altitude Reflected Ray Hits: 7883 Reflected Ray Values Total: High Glare Low Glare Ray Measure:Critical Field of View Reflected Ray Hits: 2657 Reflected Ray Values Total: Critical Glare Non-Critical Glare

41 Scenario: 13 Sun Up: 15 Jul 4:00 to 15 Jul 19:45 Ray Measure: Reflection Distance Reflected Ray Hits: 7883 Reflected Ray Values Total: Meter High Intensity ray 500 Meter Lower intensity ray Deck Extension Ray Hit Coverage

42 Scenario: 14 Sun Up: 1 Aug 4:30 to 1 Aug 19:30 Ray Measure: Solar Altitude Reflected Ray Hits: 7363 Reflected Ray Values Total: High Glare Low Glare Ray Measure:Critical Field of View Reflected Ray Hits: 2512 Reflected Ray Values Total: Critical Glare Non-Critical Glare

43 Scenario: 14 Sun Up: 1 Aug 4:30 to 1 Aug 19:30 Ray Measure: Reflection Distance Reflected Ray Hits: 7363 Reflected Ray Values Total: Meter High Intensity ray 500 Meter Lower intensity ray Deck Extension Ray Hit Coverage

44 Scenario: 15 Sun Up: 15 Aug 4:45 to 15 Aug 19:00 Ray Measure: Solar Altitude Reflected Ray Hits: 6885 Reflected Ray Values Total: High Glare Low Glare Ray Measure:Critical Field of View Reflected Ray Hits: 2339 Reflected Ray Values Total: Critical Glare Non-Critical Glare

45 Scenario: 15 Sun Up: 15 Aug 4:45 to 15 Aug 19:00 Ray Measure: Reflection Distance Reflected Ray Hits: 6885 Reflected Ray Values Total: Meter High Intensity ray 500 Meter Lower intensity ray Deck Extension Ray Hit Coverage

46 Scenario: 16 Sun Up: 1 Sep 5:30 to 1 Sep 18:30 Ray Measure: Solar Altitude Reflected Ray Hits: 5953 Reflected Ray Values Total: High Glare Low Glare Ray Measure:Critical Field of View Reflected Ray Hits: 2081 Reflected Ray Values Total: Critical Glare Non-Critical Glare

47 Scenario: 16 Sun Up: 1 Sep 5:30 to 1 Sep 18:30 Ray Measure: Reflection Distance Reflected Ray Hits: 5953 Reflected Ray Values Total: Meter High Intensity ray 500 Meter Lower intensity ray Deck Extension Ray Hit Coverage

48 Scenario: 17 Sun Up: 15 Sep 6:00 to 15 Sep 18:15 Ray Measure: Solar Altitude Reflected Ray Hits: 5107 Reflected Ray Values Total: High Glare Low Glare Ray Measure:Critical Field of View Reflected Ray Hits: 1864 Reflected Ray Values Total: Critical Glare Non-Critical Glare

49 Scenario: 17 Sun Up: 15 Sep 6:00 to 15 Sep 18:15 Ray Measure: Reflection Distance Reflected Ray Hits: 5107 Reflected Ray Values Total: Meter High Intensity ray 500 Meter Lower intensity ray Deck Extension Ray Hit Coverage

50 Scenario: 18 Sun Up: 1 Oct 6:30 to 1 Oct 17:45 Ray Measure: Solar Altitude Reflected Ray Hits: 4139 Reflected Ray Values Total: High Glare Low Glare Ray Measure:Critical Field of View Reflected Ray Hits: 1633 Reflected Ray Values Total: Critical Glare Non-Critical Glare

51 Scenario: 18 Sun Up: 1 Oct 6:30 to 1 Oct 17:45 Ray Measure: Reflection Distance Reflected Ray Hits: 4139 Reflected Ray Values Total: Meter High Intensity ray 500 Meter Lower intensity ray Deck Extension Ray Hit Coverage

52 Scenario: 19 Sun Up: 15 Oct 7:15 to 15 Oct 17:15 Ray Measure: Solar Altitude Reflected Ray Hits: 3527 Reflected Ray Values Total: High Glare Low Glare Ray Measure:Critical Field of View Reflected Ray Hits: 1395 Reflected Ray Values Total: Critical Glare Non-Critical Glare

53 Scenario: 19 Sun Up: 15 Oct 7:15 to 15 Oct 17:15 Ray Measure: Reflection Distance Reflected Ray Hits: 3527 Reflected Ray Values Total: Meter High Intensity ray 500 Meter Lower intensity ray Deck Extension Ray Hit Coverage

54 Scenario: 20 Sun Up: 1 Nov 7:45 to 1 Nov 16:45 Ray Measure: Solar Altitude Reflected Ray Hits: 3003 Reflected Ray Values Total: High Glare Low Glare Ray Measure:Critical Field of View Reflected Ray Hits: 1049 Reflected Ray Values Total: Critical Glare Non-Critical Glare

55 Scenario: 20 Sun Up: 1 Nov 7:45 to 1 Nov 16:45 Ray Measure: Reflection Distance Reflected Ray Hits: 3003 Reflected Ray Values Total: Meter High Intensity ray 500 Meter Lower intensity ray Deck Extension Ray Hit Coverage

56 Scenario: 21 Sun Up: 15 Nov 8:00 to 15 Nov 16:30 Ray Measure: Solar Altitude Reflected Ray Hits: 2544 Reflected Ray Values Total: High Glare Low Glare Ray Measure:Critical Field of View Reflected Ray Hits: 708 Reflected Ray Values Total: Critical Glare Non-Critical Glare

57 Scenario: 21 Sun Up: 15 Nov 8:00 to 15 Nov 16:30 Ray Measure: Reflection Distance Reflected Ray Hits: 2544 Reflected Ray Values Total: Meter High Intensity ray 500 Meter Lower intensity ray Deck Extension Ray Hit Coverage

58 Scenario: 22 Sun Up: 1 Dec 8:15 to 1 Dec 16:00 Ray Measure: Solar Altitude Reflected Ray Hits: 2396 Reflected Ray Values Total: High Glare Low Glare Ray Measure:Critical Field of View Reflected Ray Hits: 450 Reflected Ray Values Total: Critical Glare Non-Critical Glare

59 Scenario: 22 Sun Up: 1 Dec 8:15 to 1 Dec 16:00 Ray Measure: Reflection Distance Reflected Ray Hits: 2396 Reflected Ray Values Total: Meter High Intensity ray 500 Meter Lower intensity ray Deck Extension Ray Hit Coverage

60 Scenario: 23 Sun Up: 15 Dec 8:30 to 15 Dec 15:45 Ray Measure: Solar Altitude Reflected Ray Hits: 2266 Reflected Ray Values Total: High Glare Low Glare Ray Measure:Critical Field of View Reflected Ray Hits: 296 Reflected Ray Values Total: Critical Glare Non-Critical Glare

61 Scenario: 23 Sun Up: 15 Dec 8:30 to 15 Dec 15:45 Ray Measure: Reflection Distance Reflected Ray Hits: 2266 Reflected Ray Values Total: Meter High Intensity ray 500 Meter Lower intensity ray Deck Extension Ray Hit Coverage

62 9 Conclusions Critical Field of View The primary analysis measure in regards to the train driver is the Critical Field of View. Here the analysis results demonstrate that all three buildings has the potential to cause disability glare which may adversely affect a train drivers critical field of view as a direct result of reflected sunlight onto the glazing of the buildings. This is particularly evident during the winter months in which the sun hangs low in the sky. In the image on the right all three buildings are reflecting rays onto the rail track in acute angles of the train travelling direction. This is most notable for building A and B on the southbound track and for building C on the northbound track. A B C Critical Field of View measure analysis on full ray data set captured on January 15th. C B A Building C causing critical glare rays on the northbound track on December 15th. The deck will however cover these rays. Building A and B causing substantial critical glare rays on the southbound track on December 15th. The deck extensions will not cover all these rays. Solar Glare Study 61

63 9 Conclusions Deck Extensions The proposed deck extensions would remedy the potential critical field of view glare for buildings C and B. However building A might still reflect substantial rays which are not covered by the decks. This is particularly noticeable on the northern part of the southbound track during January, February, November and December. However even small amounts of ray hits appear on this same stretch of track starting as early as May 15th. Approximate location of shrouded signals. A A Mitigation To mitigate the risk of disability glare for train drivers, particularly in the southbound direction, the two signals currently sited underneath the Earl s Court 2 deck at the north edge, should be moved further north into the open along the line beyond the section of track with critical reflections from surrounding buildings. The signals should therefore be shrouded to enable better visibility for drivers travelling southbound. The exact location of the signals will be confirmed by Network Rail s Signal Siting Committee. Uncovered ray hits on the northern stretch of the southbound track on December 15th and July 1st. Solar Glare Study 62