Map Construction and Comparison

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1 Map Construction and Comparison Using Local Structure Brittany Terese Fasy, Tulane University joint work with M. Ahmed and C. Wenk 6 February 2014 SAMSI Workshop B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

2 Introduction B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

3 Introduction B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

4 Examples Introduction B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

5 Examples Introduction Road networks: B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

6 Examples Introduction Road networks: GPS trajectories of cars. B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

7 Introduction Examples Road networks: GPS trajectories of cars. Hiking paths: B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

8 Introduction Examples Road networks: GPS trajectories of cars. Hiking paths: GPS paths of people. B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

9 Introduction Examples Road networks: GPS trajectories of cars. Hiking paths: GPS paths of people. Migration paths: B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

10 Introduction Examples Road networks: GPS trajectories of cars. Hiking paths: GPS paths of people. Migration paths: GPS on animals. B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

11 Introduction Examples Road networks: GPS trajectories of cars. Hiking paths: GPS paths of people. Migration paths: GPS on animals. Fillaments of galaxies: B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

12 Introduction Examples Road networks: GPS trajectories of cars. Hiking paths: GPS paths of people. Migration paths: GPS on animals. Fillaments of galaxies: point cloud data. B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

13 Introduction Examples Road networks: GPS trajectories of cars. Hiking paths: GPS paths of people. Migration paths: GPS on animals. Fillaments of galaxies: point cloud data. Biological systems: B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

14 Introduction Examples Road networks: GPS trajectories of cars. Hiking paths: GPS paths of people. Migration paths: GPS on animals. Fillaments of galaxies: point cloud data. Biological systems: Marron s brain vessels. B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

15 Introduction Examples Road networks: GPS trajectories of cars. Hiking paths: GPS paths of people. Migration paths: GPS on animals. Fillaments of galaxies: point cloud data. Biological systems: Marron s brain vessels. Hurricane paths: B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

16 Introduction Examples Road networks: GPS trajectories of cars. Hiking paths: GPS paths of people. Migration paths: GPS on animals. Fillaments of galaxies: point cloud data. Biological systems: Marron s brain vessels. Hurricane paths: historical paths. B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

17 Introduction Examples Road networks: GPS trajectories of cars. Hiking paths: GPS paths of people. Migration paths: GPS on animals. Fillaments of galaxies: point cloud data. Biological systems: Marron s brain vessels. Hurricane paths: historical paths. Networks: B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

18 Introduction Examples Road networks: GPS trajectories of cars. Hiking paths: GPS paths of people. Migration paths: GPS on animals. Fillaments of galaxies: point cloud data. Biological systems: Marron s brain vessels. Hurricane paths: historical paths. Networks: path-constrained trajectories. B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

19 Part I Part I: Map Construction B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

20 Part I Road Network Representation Definition (Road Network) A road network G = (V, E) is an embedded 1-complex. Edges E represent the roads or streets and the vertices V represent the intersections. B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

21 Part I Road Network Representation Definition (Road Network) A road network G = (V, E) is an embedded 1-complex. Edges E represent the roads or streets and the vertices V represent the intersections. B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

22 Part I The Data GPS Trajectories street-path: p : I G noise: ε: I R 2 Definition (Link Length) The Link Lengh of a path is the number of edges in the path. B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

23 Part I The Data GPS Trajectories street-path: p : I G noise: ε: I R 2 trajectory: ˆp = p + ε Definition (Link Length) The Link Lengh of a path is the number of edges in the path. B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

24 Part I Trajectory Data Athens Trajectories from School Bus Data B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

25 Part I The Reconstruction Problem Problem Statement Given a set of (constrained) trajectories, extract the underlying geometric graph structure, in particular: Intersections (Vertices of degree > 2) Streets (Edges: PL paths between vertices) B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

26 Part I Existing Reconstructing Algorithms [ACCGGM-12] M. Aanjaneya, F. Chazal, D. Chen, M. Glisse, L. Guibas, and D. Morozov. Metric Graph Reconstruction from Noisy Data, [BE-12a] J. Biagioni, J. Eriksson. Map Inference in the Face of Noise and Disparity. SIGSPATIAL, [KP-12] S. Karagiorgou and D. Pfoser. On Vehicle Tracking Data-Based Road Network Generation. SIGSPATIAL, [AW-12] M. Ahmed, C. Wenk. Constructing Street Networks from GPS Trajectories. European Symp. on Algorithms, [OTHER] There were too many algorithms to cite here... B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

27 Part I Incremental Fréchet Matching [AW] Assumptions 1 A1: d F (p, ˆp) ε 2 for all trajectories ˆp. B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

28 Part I Assumption A1 Trajectories are Close to Paths Definition (Fréchet Distance) d F (p, ˆp) = inf α max t d (p(t), ˆp(α(t))). Assumption A1 d F (p, ˆp) ε 2 for all trajectories ˆp. B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

29 Part I Incremental Fréchet Matching [AW] Assumptions 1 A1: d F (p, ˆp) ε 2 for all trajectories ˆp. B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

30 Part I Incremental Fréchet Matching [AW] Assumptions 1 A1: d F (p, ˆp) ε 2 for all trajectories ˆp. 2 A2: If two paths in G come close enough, they intersect. B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

31 Part I Assumption A2 Close Paths Intersect Assumption A2 If two paths in G come close enough, they intersect. B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

32 Part I Assumption A2 Close Paths Intersect Assumption A2 If two paths in G come close enough, they intersect. B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

33 Part I Incremental Fréchet Matching [AW] Assumptions 1 A1: d F (p, ˆp) ε 2 for all trajectories ˆp. 2 A2: If two paths in G come close enough, they intersect. B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

34 Part I Incremental Fréchet Matching [AW] Assumptions 1 A1: d F (p, ˆp) ε 2 for all trajectories ˆp. 2 A2: If two paths in G come close enough, they intersect. 3 A3: For each street s and a ball B far enough away from the endpoints of s, s B is two points. B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

35 Part I Assumption A3 Roads Are Nice Assumption A3 For each street s and a ball B far enough away from the endpoints of s, s B is two points. B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

36 Part I Incremental Fréchet Matching [AW] Assumptions 1 A1: d F (p, ˆp) ε 2 for all trajectories ˆp. 2 A2: If two paths in G come close enough, they intersect. 3 A3: For each street s and a ball B far enough away from the endpoints of s, s B is two points. B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

37 Part I Incremental Fréchet Algorithm [AW] For each trajectory t: 1 Find the portion of the map closest to t. 2 Add edges if necessary. 3 Simplify: B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

38 Part I Incremental Fréchet Algorithm [AW] For each trajectory t: 1 Find the portion of the map closest to t. 2 Add edges if necessary. 3 Simplify: B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

39 Part I Computing the Fréchet Distance The Free Space Diagram B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

40 Part I Computing the Fréchet Distance The Free Space Diagram B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

41 Part I Computing the Fréchet Distance The Free Space Diagram B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

42 Part I Computing the Fréchet Distance The Free Space Diagram B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

43 Part I Computing the Fréchet Distance The Free Space Diagram O(mn log(mn)) using parametric search [AG-95]. O(mn log 2 (mn)) randomized approach [CW-10]. B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

44 Finding Closest Match... Partial Fréchet Distance Part I Let grey region have weight 1 and white region weight 0. Find the shortest path from one end to the other under this metric. B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

45 Finding Closest Match... Partial Fréchet Distance Part I Let grey region have weight 1 and white region weight 0. Find the shortest path from one end to the other under this metric. B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

46 Best Match in Graph [BBW-09] Part I B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

47 Best Match in Graph [BBW-09] Part I B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

48 Best Match in Graph [BBW-09] Part I B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

49 Best Match in Graph [BBW-09] Part I B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

50 Part I Incremental Fréchet Algorithm [AW] For each trajectory t: 1 Find the portion of the map closest to t. 2 Add edges if necessary. 3 Simplify: B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

51 Adding Edges Part I B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

52 Adding Edges Part I B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

53 Part I Incremental Fréchet Algorithm [AW] For each trajectory t: 1 Find the portion of the map closest to t. 2 Add edges if necessary. 3 Simplify: B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

54 Part I Incremental Fréchet Algorithm [AW] For each trajectory t: 1 Find the portion of the map closest to t. 2 Add edges if necessary. 3 Simplify: Min-link curve simplification algorithm. B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

55 Part I Dataset 1: Berlin 27,188 GPS trajectories from school buses. D = 5.2km x 6.1km. Trajectories have 7 observations on average. B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

56 Dataset 1: Berlin Part I B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

57 Dataset 1: Berlin Part I B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

58 Dataset 1: Berlin Part I B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

59 Dataset 1: Berlin Part I B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

60 Part I Dataset 2: Chicago GPS trajectories from university buses. D = 7 km x 4.5 km Trajectories: samples (avg km). B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

61 Dataset 2: Chicago Part I B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

62 Dataset 2: Chicago Part I B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

63 Dataset 2: Chicago Part I B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

64 Dataset 2: Chicago Part I B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

65 Dataset 2: Chicago Part I B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

66 Part II Part II: Map Comparison B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

67 Different Approaches Part II [BE-12b] J. Biagioni, J. Eriksson. James Biagioni and Jakob Eriksson. Inferring Road Maps from GPS Traces: Survey and Comparative Evaluation. In 91st Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, [AFHW-14] M. Ahmed, B. Fasy, K. Hickmann, C. Wenk. Path-Based Distance for Street Map Comparison. Arxiv. [AFW-14] M. Ahmed, B. Fasy, C. Wenk. Local Homology Based Distance Between Maps. In Submission. B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

68 Path-Based Methods Part II B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

69 Path-Based Methods Part II B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

70 Path-Based Methods Part II B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

71 Path-Based Methods Part II B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

72 Path-Based Methods Part II B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

73 Part II Local Topology Approach [AFW] We will use the embedding and the local homology to create a local distance signature. B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

74 Local Distance Signature Finding the Local Persistence Diagram Part II D R 2 is the compact domain. G 1 D is the road network. r > 0 is the scale. x D. LG 1 (x, 0) = (G 1 B r (x))/ B r (x) B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

75 Local Distance Signature Finding the Local Persistence Diagram Part II D R 2 is the compact domain. G 1 D is the road network. r > 0 is the scale. x D. LG 1 (x, ε) = (G 1 ε B r (x))/ B r (x) B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

76 Local Distance Signature Finding the Local Persistence Diagram Part II D R 2 is the compact domain. G 1 D is the road network. r > 0 is the scale. x D. LG 1 (x, 2ε) = (G 1 2ε B r (x))/ B r (x) B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

77 Local Distance Signature Finding the Local Persistence Diagram Part II LG 1 (x, 0) = (G 1 B r (x))/ B r (x) B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

78 Local Distance Signature Computing the Local Distance Part II (death-birth)/ (birth+death)/2 25 lhd(x, r) := W (Dgm 1 (LG 1 (x, r)), Dgm 1 (LG 2 (x, r))) B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

79 Local Distance Signature Computing the Local Distance Part II (death-birth)/ (birth+death)/2 25 lhd(x, r) := W (Dgm 1 (LG 1 (x, r)), Dgm 1 (LG 2 (x, r))) B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

80 Part II Local Topology Based Distance Definition (Local Homology Distance) d LH (G 1, G 2 ) = 1 D D lhd(x, r) dx B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

81 Part II Local Topology Based Distance Definition (Local Homology Distance) d LH (G 1, G 2 ) = 1 D r1 r 0 D lhd(x, r) dx dr B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

82 Part II Local Topology Based Distance Definition (Local Homology Distance) d LH (G 1, G 2 ) = 1 D r1 ω r r 0 D lhd(x, r) dx dr B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

83 Part II Local Topology Based Distance Definition (Local Homology Distance) d LH (G 1, G 2 ) = 1 D r1 ω r r 0 D lhd(x, r) dx dr Variants 1 D is a rectangular domain. 2 D = (G 1 G 2 ) + B δ 3 r 0 = r 1 (fixed radius) 4 r 0 = 0 = metric B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

84 Part II Local Topology Based Distance Definition (Local Homology Distance) d LH (G 1, G 2 ) = 1 D r1 ω r r 0 D lhd(x, r) dx dr Variants 1 D is a rectangular domain. 2 D = (G 1 G 2 ) + B δ 3 r 0 = r 1 (fixed radius) 4 r 0 = 0 = metric B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

85 Part II Dataset 3: Athens GPS trajectories from school buses. D = 2.6 km x 6 km Two reconstruction algorithms: [BE-12a] and [KP-12]. Trajectories: samples B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

86 Dataset 3: Athens Part II B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

87 Dataset 3: Athens Part II B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

88 Dataset 3: Athens Part II Thanks Fabrizio and Jisu! B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

89 Part II Results Athens: Comparing Two Different Reconstructions B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

90 Part II Results Athens: Comparing Two Different Reconstructions B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

91 Part II The Bootstrap... When the Ground Truth is Unknown The Bootstrap n input trajectories S n. Compute Ĝ = Ĝ(S n). B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

92 Part II The Bootstrap... When the Ground Truth is Unknown The Bootstrap n input trajectories S n. Compute Ĝ = Ĝ(S n). Find subsample Sn. Compute Ĝ = Ĝ(S n). B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

93 Part II The Bootstrap... When the Ground Truth is Unknown The Bootstrap n input trajectories S n. Compute Ĝ = Ĝ(S n). Find subsample S n. Compute Ĝ = Ĝ(S n). Repeat B times, obtaining Ĝ 1,... Ĝ B. Let T j = d LH (Ĝ, Ĝ j ). B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

94 Part II The Bootstrap... When the Ground Truth is Unknown The Bootstrap n input trajectories S n. Z α = inf{z : 1 B B I (T j > z) α} 1 Compute Ĝ = Ĝ(S n). Find subsample S n. Compute Ĝ = Ĝ(S n). Repeat B times, obtaining Ĝ 1,... Ĝ B. Let T j = d LH (Ĝ, Ĝ j ). B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

95 Part II The Bootstrap... When the Ground Truth is Unknown The Bootstrap n input trajectories S n. Z α = inf{z : 1 B B I (T j > z) α} 1 Compute Ĝ = Ĝ(S n). Find subsample S n. Compute Ĝ = Ĝ(S n). Repeat B times, obtaining Ĝ 1,... Ĝ B. Let T j = d LH (Ĝ, Ĝ j ). B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

96 Part II Ongoing Apply this to different construction algorithms versus the ground truth to rank algorithms. Implementation of distance measure. Improve theoretical guarantees. Input Model: other noise models? Output Model: road category, direction, intersection regions,... B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

97 Conclusion Summary Map Construction [AW-12] Constructing Street Networks from GPS Trajectories. Map Comparison [AFW-14] Local Homology Based Distance Between Maps. B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

98 More References Conclusion [AG-95] H. Alt, M. Godau. Computing the Frchet Distance Between Two Polygonal Curves. IJCGA, [BBW-09] K. Buchin, M. Buchin, Y. Wang. Exact Algorithms for Partial Curve Matching via the Fréchet Distance. SODA [CW-10] A. F. Cook IV, C. Wenk. Geodesic Frchet Distance Inside a Simple Polygon. ACM TALG 7(1), B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

99 Conclusion Thank You! Contact me: B. Fasy (Tulane) Map Construction and Comparison 6 Feb / 42

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