Claus Weitkamp Editor. Lidar. Range-Resolved Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere. Foreword by Herbert Walther. With 162 Ulustrations.

Transcription

1 Claus Weitkamp Editor Lidar Range-Resolved Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere Foreword by Herbert Walther With 162 Ulustrations 4Q Springer

2 Contents Foreword Preface List of Contributors v vii xix 1 Introduction to Lidar Ulla Wandinger Lidar and the Atmosphere Lidar History Lidar Setup Lidar Equation Lidar Techniques and the Contents of This Book References 18 2 Polarization in Lidar Kenneth Sassen Introduction Measures of Depolarization and Their Uncertainties Causes of Lidar Depolarization: Approximate Theories Lidar Depolarization in the Atmosphere Pure Molecular Scattering Aerosol Scattering Clouds of the Middle and Upper Atmosphere Water Cloud Scattering Ice Cloud Scattering 29

3 xii Contents Mixed-Phase Clouds Precipitation Scattering Notable Applications in the Field Outlook and Conclusions 39 References 40 3 Lidar and Multiple Scattering Luc R. Bissonnette Pertinence of Multiple Scattering Experimental Evidence Modeling Monte Carlo Methods Stochastic and Phenomenological Methods QSA Approximation General Theorem QSA Approximation A Neumann Series Solution QSA Approximation Analytic Solutions QSA Approximation A Semiempirical Solution Diffusion Limit Summary Accounting for Multiple Scattering Inverse Problem Particle Size Distribution Extinction and Effective Particle Size Bulk Properties 99 References Lidar and Atmospheric Aerosol Particles Albert Ansmann and Detlef Müller Introduction Determination of Optical Parameters of Atmospheric Particles Elastic-Backscatter Lidar Raman Lidar and HSRL Retrieval of Physical Properties of Atmospheric Particles x Tropospheric Particles Stratospheric Particles 129

4 Contents xiii 4.4 Measurement Examples Indo-Asian Haze Over the Tropical Indian Ocean Mount-Pinatubo Aerosol Layer 135 References High Spectral Resolution Lidar Edwin E. Eloranta Introduction The Principle of High Spectral Resolution Lidar HSRL Implementations Scanning Fabry-Perot Interferometer Fixed Fabry-Perot Interferometer Atomic and Molecular Absorption Filters HSRL Designed for Remote Operation Transmitter Receiver Calibration Data Examples Future Prospects 161 References Visibility and Cloud Lidar Christian Werner, Jürgen Streicher, Ines Leike, and Christoph Münlcel Introduction The Notion of Visual Range Normal Visual Range Meteorological Optical Range Vertical Optical Range Slant Optical Range Runway Visual Range, Slant Visual Range Visibility Measurements with Lidar Aerosol Distributions Visibility and Multiple Scattering Instruments Applications Meteorological Optical Range (MOR) at Hamburg Airport Slant Visibility (SOR) at Quickborn 177

5 xiv Contents Detection of Clouds Cloud Ceiling Mass Concentration Measurements Recent Developments Intelligent Taillight: Adaptation of Brightness Using the Lidar Technique Miniaturized Visual-Range Lidar for Heliports Summary 185 References Differential-Absorption Lidar for Ozone and Industrial Einissions Gary G. Gimmestad Introduction The DIAL Equation DIAL Systems Ultraviolet DIAL Systems Visible-Light DIAL Systems Mid-Infrared DIAL Systems Far-Infrared DIAL Systems Multi-Wavelength DIAL Outlook and Conclusions 209 References Differential-Absorption Lidar for Water Vapor and Temperature Profiling Jens Bösenberg Introduction Methodology Spectroscopy Detailed DIAL Methodology Specific Solutions for Water Vapor DIAL Systems Applications of Water Vapor Profiling Assessment of Accuracy Turbulence Studies in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Airborne Water Vapor Profiling Temperature Profiling Conclusions 238 References 238

6 Contents xv 9 Raman Lidar Ulla Wandinger Introduction Basic Principles of Raman Scattering Frequency Shifts Cross Sections Technical Requirements Laser Beam Expander Telescope Receiver Optics Detectors and Data Acquisition Measurement of Water Vapor Mixing Ratio Calibration Errors Example Other Applications Ozone Raman DIAL Measurement of Liquid Water Concluding Remarks 265 References Temperature Measurements with Lidar Andreas Behrendt Introduction Overview on Temperature Lidar Techniques The Integration Lidar Technique Theory Applications Rotational Raman Lidar Brief Historical Survey Theory Technological Considerations Technical Implementation: Combined Lidar for Temperature Measurements with the Rotational Raman and the Integration Technique State-of-the-Art Performance 300 References 303

7 xvi Contents 11 Resonance Scattering Lidar Makoto Abo Introduction The Mesospheric Na Layer: Methodology and Observations Observations of Other Metallic Layers Measurements of Temperature and Wind with Resonance-Scattering Lidar Summary and Future Prospects 320 References Doppier Wind Lidar Christian Werner Introduction The Optical Doppier Effect Brief Overview of Wind Lidar Measurement Schemes Crosswind Determination by Pattern Correlation Laser Time-of-Flight Velocimetry (LTV) Laser Doppier Velocimetry (LDV) Continuous-Wave Doppier Lidar Pulsed Doppier Lidar Doppier Wind Lidar Detection and Scan Techniques Wavelength Considerations Detection Techniques Scan Techniques Systems and Applications Direct-Detection Lidar of the OHP Boundary-Layer Flow Measurements with the NOAA Heterodyne Doppier Wind Lidar Airborne Heterodyne Lidar Within the WIND Project Ground-Based Continuous-Wave Heterodyne Lidar for the Measurement of Wake Vortices Clear-Air Turbulence Remote Wind Speed Measurements for Wind Power Stations Future Developments Instruments 350

8 Contents xvii Weather Forecast Standardization 352 References Airborne and Spaceborne Lidar M. Patrick McCormick Introduction History of Airborne Lidar History of Spaceborne Lidars The Use of Airborne Lidar Elastic Backscatter Resonance Fluorescence Raman Scattering Differential Absorption The Use of Spaceborne Lidars The LITE Experience ALISSA GLAS CALIPSO The Future 390 References DIAL Revisited: BELINDA and White-Light Femtosecond Lidar Felix A. Theopold, Jean-Pierre Wolf, and Ludger Wöste Introduction BELINDA ßroadband Emission L/dar with Afarrowband Determination of Absorption Scattering Processes Lidar Equations BELINDA Practical Considerations White-Light Femtosecond Lidar Non-Linear Propagation ofterawatl Pulses The TERAMOBILE Project White-Light Femtosecond Lidar Measurements Nonlinear Interactions with Aerosols Conclusion 439 References 441