Geometry. Glossary. High School Level. English / Burmese. Translation of Geometry terms based on the Coursework for Geometry Grades 9 to 12.

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1 High School Level Glossary Geometry Glossary English / Burmese Translation of Geometry terms based on the Coursework for Geometry Grades 9 to 12. Word-for-word glossaries are used for testing accommodations for ELL/LEP students THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT / THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK / ALBANY, NY Last Updated: December 2017

2 THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT / THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK / ALBANY, NY P-16 Office of Elementary, Middle, Secondary and Continuing Education and Office of Higher Education Office of Bilingual Education and World Languages THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Regents of The University BETTY A. ROSA, Chancellor, B.A., M.S. in Ed., M.S. in Ed., M.Ed., Ed.D.... Bronx T. ANDREW BROWN, Vice Chancellor, B.A., J.D.... Rochester ROGER TILLES, B.A., J.D.... Great Neck LESTER W. YOUNG, JR., B.S., M.S., Ed.D..... Beechhurst CHRISTINE D. CEA, B.A., M.A., Ph.D..... Staten Island WADE S. NORWOOD, B.A.... Rochester KATHLEEN M. CASHIN, B.S., M.S., Ed.D.... Brooklyn JAMES E. COTTRELL, B.S., M.D.... New York JOSEPHINE VICTORIA FINN, B.A., J.D.... Monticello JUDITH CHIN, M.S. in Ed.... Little Neck BEVERLY L. OUDERKIRK, B.S. in Ed., M.S. in Ed.... Morristown CATHERINE COLLINS, R.N., N.P., B.S., M.S. in Ed., Ed.D.... Buffalo JUDITH JOHNSON, B.A., M.A., C.A.S.... New Hempstead NAN EILEEN MEAD, B.A.... Manhattan ELIZABETH S. HAKANSON, A.S., M.S., C.A.S.... Syracuse LUIS O. REYES, B.A., M.A., Ph.D.... New York SUSAN W. MITTLER, B.S., M.S.... Ithaca Commissioner of Education and President of The University MARYELLEN ELIA Executive Deputy Commissioner ELIZABETH R. BERLIN The State Education Department does not discriminate on the basis of age, color, religion, creed, disability, marital status, veteran status, national origin, race, gender, genetic predisposition or carrier status, or sexual orientation in its educational programs, services and activities. Portions of this publication can be made available in a variety of formats, including braille, large print or audio tape, upon request. Inquiries concerning this policy of nondiscrimination should be directed to the Department s Office for Diversity and Access, Room 530, Education Building, Albany, NY

3 Problem Solving ပ န ဖ႐ င ခင AA triangle similarity AAA triangle similarity AAS triangle congruence additive property of equality AA ႀတ ဂ ဆင တ မ AAA ႀတ ဂ ဆင တ မ AAS ႀတ ဂ ည ည မ ည မ ခင အ ပ င ဂ ဏ algorithm တ က ခ က ဖရ င ရ တ င လ က န ရမည နည လမ မ apply ASA triangle congruence conjecture constraints construct အသ ခ သည ASA ႀတ ဂ ည ည မ ထင ၾက ပ သည အဆ အတ မ တည ဆ က သည discover ရ ဖ တ ႔ရ သည dynamic geometry software လ ပ ရ န သ က န ဂဏန ဆ င ရ နည ပည ဆ ဝ explore generalization inductive reasoning justify စ စမ လ လ သည ယ ဘ ယ ပ သည ၿခ င ဆင ခင အ ၾက င ပ ခင ည မ အ င ပ သည parameters အတ င အတ မ reason အ ၾက င ပခ က truth value တန ဖ စစ valid argument တ က သခ သ ငင ခ မ Reasoning and Proof AA triangle similarity AAA triangle similarity AAS triangle congruence analytical proof angle addition postulate ASA triangle congruence axiom biconditional conclusion conditional statement conjecture conjunction AA ႀတ ဂ ဆင တ မ AAA ႀတ ဂ ဆင တ မ AAS ႀတ ဂ ည ည မ က ၾက င ပၿပ သက သ ပ ခင စ စစ ခ ခ ထ သ သက သအ ထ က အထ အမ န ဟ ယ ၾကည ထ သ ထ င ပ င ခင အဆ ASA ႀတ ဂ ည ည မ နဂ မ န အဆ အ ခအ န ၂ ရပ န ဂ အ ခအ န ဖ ပခ က ထင ၾက ပ သည စက စပ 1

4 contradiction contrapositive of a statement converse of a statement counterexample deductive proof deductive reasoning definition disjunction ဆန ႔က င ဘက အဆ ဖ ပခ က တစ ခ ဆန ႔က င ဘက ဖစ ခင ဖ ပခ က စက ရပ တန ပန ဥပမ ထ တ တ ထ သ သက သအ ထ က အထ ထ တ တ အ ၾက င ပ ခင အဓ ပၸ ယ သတ မ တ ခ က အဆက အဆက မရ dynamic geometry software လ ပ ရ န သ က န ဂဏန ဆ င ရ နည ပည ဆ ဝ equivalence relation တ ည မ ဆက သ ယ ခ က Euclidean Parallel Postulate ယ ကလ က အမ န ဟ ယ ၾကည ထ သ ပ င န သ အဆ explain geometry hypotenuse and leg triangle congruence ႐ င ပသည ဂ ၾသ မႀတ hypothesis အဆ ၾကမ ထ င မ န ႀတ ဂ ထ င မ န ခ အန ပ သနည indirect proof သ ယ ဝ က သ သက သအ ထ က အထ inductive reasoning inverse of a statement ၿခ င ဆင ခင အ ၾက င ပ ခင ပ င ပန ဖ ပခ က investigate စ စမ စစ ဆ သည justify logical equivalence negation ည မ အ င ပ သည က င ဆက တ ည မ အ ငင paragraph proof စ ပ ဒ သက သ အ ထ က အထ parallel postulate (s) proof proof by contradiction proportional အမ န ဟ ယ ၾကည ထ သ အ ပ င အဆ သက သ ဆင က င ဘက အဆ ဖင သက သ ပ ခင အခ က သ Pythagorean Theorem ပ က သ ဂ ရပ စ သ အ ရမ reason အ ၾက င ပခ က reflexive property of equality တန ပန ဂ ဏ သတ ည မ မ SAS triangle congruence SSS ႀတ ဂ ည ည မ SAS similarity theorem SAS ဆင တ မ သ အ ရမ SSS triangle congruence SSS ႀတ ဂ ည ည မ substitution property အစ ထ ဂ ဏ သတ subtraction property of equality ထ တ တ ခင ဂ ဏ သတ ည မ မ 2

5 symmetric property of equality အခ ည ဂ ဏ သတ ည မ မ theorem သ အ ရမ transformational proof ပ ပ င လ ထ သ သက သအ ထ က အထ transitive property of equality ည မ မ ပ င လ င သ ဂ ဏ သတ truth value တန ဖ စစ two-column proof undefined terms union of sets valid argument က လ စ ခ ပ သက သ ပခ က အဓ ပၸ ယ မသတ မ တ ထ သ ဝ ဟ ရမ အစ မ အ ပ င အစည တ က သခ သ ငင ခ မ Communication ဆက သ ယ မ axiom bi-conditional compound statement conclusion conjecture conjunction contrapositive of a statement definition disjunction explain နဂ မ န အဆ အ ခအ န စ ရပ ပ င စည ဖ ပခ က န ဂ ထင ၾက ပ သည စက စပ ဖ ပခ က တစ ခ ဆန ႔က င ဘက ဖစ ခင အဓ ပၸ ယ သတ မ တ ခ က အဆက အဆက မရ ႐ င ပသည hypothesis အဆ ၾကမ Inverse of a statement justify negation ဖ ပခ က ပ င ပန ည မ အ င ပ သည အ ငင theorem သ အ ရမ truth value တန ဖ စစ undefined terms အဓ ပၸ ယ မသတ မ တ ထ သ ဝ ဟ ရမ Connections ခ တ ဆက မ မ apply compound locus အသ ခ သည ပ င စည တည ရ discover ရ ဖ တ ႔ရ သည intersection of sets အစ မ တစ ခ င တစ ခ ဖတ ခင investigate စ စမ စစ ဆ သည spatial relationships အက အ ဝ ၾက ဆက သ ယ မ မ 3

6 union of sets အစ မ အ ပ င အစည Representation က ယ စ ပ မ analytical geometry ပ င ခ စ တ ဖ ဂ ၾသ မႀတ coordinate geometry က ၾသဒ န တ ဂ ၾသ မႀတ definition Euclidean geometry function အဓ ပၸ ယ သတ မ တ ခ က ယ ကလစ ဂ ၾသ မႀတ လ ပ ငန graphical representation ပ ဖင က ယ စ ပ မ locus of points အမ တ မ တည ႐ ရ logical equivalence non-euclidean geometry three dimensional space က င ဆက တ ည မ ယ ကလစ မဟ တ သ ဂ ၾသ မႀတ သ ဘက ပ က က လပ transformational geometry အသ င သ႑ န ပ င လ ခင ဆ င ရ ဂ ၾသ မႀတ two dimensional space စ ဘက မင က က လပ Geometric Relationships ဂ ၾသမတ ထရစ ဆက စပ မ မ AA triangle similarity AAA triangle similarity AAS triangle congruence ASA triangle congruence AA ႀတ ဂ ဆင တ မ AAA ႀတ ဂ ဆင တ မ AAS ႀတ ဂ ည ည မ ASA ႀတ ဂ ည ည မ absolute value အၾက င မ တန ဖ acute angle acute triangle adjacent angles ထ င က ဥ ထ င က ဥ ႀတ ဂ န စပ ထ င မ algebraic representation အကၡရ သခ က ယ စ ပ မ alternate interior angles မ ဥ ၿပ င စ ၾက င က ဖတ သ သ မ ဥ အတ င altitude တစ ဘက တစ ခ က ထ င မ ပင လယ ပင ထက အ မင analytical geometry ပ င ခ စ တ ဖ ဂ ၾသ မႀတ angle angle bisector angle measure ထ င apothem အပ သမ ထ င တစ ခ က စ ပ င အည အမ ဖတ သ မ ဥ ဖ င ထ င အတ င အတ arc စက ဝ င ပတ arc measure စက ဝ င ပတ အတ င အတ 4

7 area ဧရ ယ axis of symmetry အခ ည ဝင ႐ base betweenness bisector အ ခ အၾက တ င ဖစ ခင center of a circle စက ဝန ဗဟ center of a regular polygon စ ပ င အည အမ ပ င သ မ ဥ ပ မ န ဗဟ ဂ ဗဟ center of gravity ဆ အ ဗဟ ခ က central angle ဗဟ ထ င central angle of a regular polygon centroid chord circle စက ဝ င ပ မ န ဗဟ ဂ ဗဟ ထ င ႀတ ဂ အလယ မ တ စက ဝန ပတ အန စ ခ ဆက သ မ ဥ circumcenter ႀတ ဂ သ ႔မဟ တ ဗဟ ဂ အ မင မ ဥ မ အ လ က ထ န သ circumcircle (about a polygon) circumference collinear points common tangents စက ဝန ဗဟ ဂ အ မင မ ဥ မ အ လ က ထ န သ စက ဝန အဝအက ယ မ ဥ ဖ င အတ င အမ တ မ ဘ တန ဂ န ႔မ ဥ complementary angles စ ခ ပ င လ င ၉၀ ဒ ဂရ ႐ သ ထ င စ ခ concave polygon ဗဟ ဂ အခ က concentric circles ဗဟ တ စက ဝန မ concurrent lines တၿပ င တည ဖစ သ လ င မ cone အဝ င ထ ခၽ န congruence သင လ အ က ခင conic sections ထ ခၽ န မ က ပင င ကန တ ပ အၾက ဖတ မ တ မ constant of proportionality convex polygon အခ က ခင က န သ ဗဟ ဂ အခ coordinate geometry က ၾသဒ န တ ဂ ၾသ မႀတ coplanar မ က ပင တစ ခ တည တ င ဖစ သ corresponding angles သက ဆ င ရ ထ င မ corresponding parts သင ဆ င ရ အပ င မ corresponding side သက ဆ င ရ အန မ cross-section cube ကန ႔လန ႔ ဖတ က ဗတ 5

8 cylinder definition diagonal diameter ထ လ ႐ ည ဆလင ဒ အဓ ပၸ ယ သတ မ တ ခ က ထ င ဖတ အခ င dihedral angle ဖတ သ သ မ က ပင စ ခ အၾက ႐ သ ထ င distance အက အ ဝ distance between a point and a line အမ တ င လ င အၾက ႐ အက အ ဝ distance between two parallel lines distance between two points dodecahedron ellipse endpoint equiangular မ ဥ ၿပ င စ ၾက င အၾက အက အ ဝ အမ တ စ ခ အၾက အက အ ဝ မ က ပင ဆယ စ ခ ပ သ ထ လ ဘ ဥပ အဆ သတ မ တ တ ည သ ထ င မ ႐ သ equidistant တ ည သ အက အ ဝ ႐ သ equilateral triangle equilateral polygon Euclidean Geometry သ န ည ႀတ ဂ အန ည ဗဟ ဂ ယ ကလစ ဂ ၾသ မႀတ Euclidean Parallel Postulate ယ ကလ က အမ န ဟ ယ ၾကည ထ သ ပ င န သ အဆ exterior exterior angle external secant segment face of a polyhedron foot of an altitude function အ ပင ဘက အ ပင ဘက ထ င အ ပင ဘက စ ကန ႔ မ ဥ ပတ မ က ပင ခ က ခ ပ ထ လ မ က ပင ႀတ ဂ တ င အ မင မ ဥ မ အန တစ ခ ပၚသ ႔ ထ င မ န က သည အမ တ လ ပ ငန geometric mean ဂ ၾသ မႀတ ယ ဘ ယ တန ဖ geometry golden ratio ဂ ၾသ မႀတ ႐ အခ golden rectangle ႐ အခ က သ အန မ ႐ သည စတ ဂ great circle hemisphere Heron s formula hexagon hypotenuse icosahedron စက လ တ င ဆ င သ အႀက ဆ စက ဝန ကမ ၻတစ ခမ ဟ ႐ န ပ သနည ဆဌဂ ထ င မ န ခ အန မ က ပင စ ဆယ ပ သ ထ လ in center of a polygon ဗဟ ဂ ဗဟ တ င 6

9 inclination စ င သ ခင inscribed angle စက ဝ င တ င ဘ အန ဆ မ တ ႐ သ ထ င inscribed circle ႀတ ဂ အတ င တ င ႀတ ဂ အန သ ဖက က ထ င မ န က ထ န သ စက ဝ င intercepted arc ၾက ဖတ စက ဝ င ခမ intercepts ဖတ သ သ အမ တ interior အတ င ပ င intersecting lines ဖတ သ သ လ င မ isosceles trapezoid isosceles triangle kite lateral area of a prism lateral edge lateral face lateral surface legs of a right triangle legs of a isosceles trapezoid length line line segment linear pair အခ ည အန ၿပ င စတ ဂ ခ က ခ ည ႀတ ဂ စ န စတ ဂ ပရစ ဇမ ဘ ဧရ ယ ဘ ဘက အန သတ ဘ မ က ဘ မ က ပင ထ င မ န ႀတ ဂ အ ခမ အခ ည ၾတ ပ ဇ ယမ အ ခမ အ႐ ည မ ဥ မ ဥ ပတ အ ဖ င အတ င တစ စ locus of points အမ တ မ တည ႐ ရ major arc စက ဝ င ပတ အႀက mean proportional measure of an angle အခ က ထ င အတ င အတ measure of an arc စက ဝ င ပတ အတ င အတ median of a trapezoid median of a triangle midpoint mid-segment ၾတ ပ ဇ ယမ အလယ မ တ ႀတ ဂ အလယ မ တ အလယ မ တ အလယ မ ဥ ပတ minor arc စက ဝ င ပတ အ သ n-gon non-collinear non-coplanar non-euclidean geometry အန အ ရအတ က n ပ သ ဗဟ ဂ မ ဥ ဖ င အတ င မ ဖစ သ ပင ည တစ ခ တည တ င မ ဖစ သ ယ ကလစ မဟ တ သ ဂ ၾသ မႀတ 7

10 obtuse angle obtuse triangle octagon octahedron opposite rays orthocenter orthogonal parabola parallel line segments parallel lines ထ င က ယ ထ င က ယ ႀတ ဂ အဌဂ မ က ပင ႐ စ ခ ပ ထ လ ဆန ႔က င ဘက အလင တန မ ႀတ ဂ အ မင မ ဥ သ ခ ဆ မ တ ထ င မ န မ ပ ဝင သ က တ ပ အန င အၿပ င ပင ည က ဖတ ရ တ င ဖစ ပၚ သ မ ဥ က အၿပ င မ ဥ ပတ မ မ ဥ ၿပ င မ parallelepiped မ က ပင တ င မ ဥ ၿပ င စတ ဂ ဖစ နသည ထ ပစၥည parallelogram pentagon perimeter perpendicular bisector perpendicular bisector concurrence perpendicular lines perpendicular planes pi plane point point of concurrency point of tangency polygon polyhedron prism အန ၿပ င စတ ဂ ပဥၥဂ အလ ပ တ အရ ဝတ အဝန ထ င မ န က အည အမ ပ င သ မ ဥ ထ င မ န က အည အမ ပ င သ မ ဥ တစ ၿပ င တည ဖစ ပၚမ ထ င မ န က သ မ ဥ မ ထ င မ န က သ မ က ပင မ ပ င မ က ပင အမ တ တစ ၿပ င တည ဖစ ပၚ သ အမ တ တန ဂ င ဖစ သ အမ တ ဗဟ ဂ ထ လ ပရစ ဇမ product property of proportions အခ မ ထ တ က န ဂ ဏ သတ proportional pyramid အခ က သ ပ ရမစ Pythagorean Theorem ပ က သ ဂ ရပ စ သ အ ရမ quadrant စက ဝ င လ ပ တစ ပ quadratic equation quadratic formula က ဒရန ႔ ည မ ခင က ဒရန ႔ ပ သနည quadrilateral အန လ ဘက ႐ သ 8

11 radius ratio ray real numbers rectangle rectangular solid regular polygon remote interior angles rhombus right angle right triangle scalene triangle secant အခ င ဝက အခ ရ င ခည က န စစ မ စတ ဂ စတ ဂ ပ စ အစ င အခ ပ မ န ဗဟ ဂ ထ န ခ ပ အတ င ထ င မ ႐ မ ဗတ ထ င မ န ထ င မ န ႀတ ဂ အန မည ႀတ ဂ ဆ ကန ႔ segment မ ဥ ပ င segment of a circle စက ဝန အပ င semicircle စက ဝ င ခမ set similar polygons similar triangles အစ တ ည သ ဗဟ ဂ မ တ ည သ ႀတ ဂ မ simple quadrilateral ႐ ႐ အန လ ဘက ပ သ skew lines တစ ခ င တစ ခ အၿပ င မ ဖစ သ မ ဖတ သ လ င မ slant height slope sphere square ထ ပ စ န အ မင မ ဥ စ င စက လ စတ ရန supplementary angles ဖည စ က ထ င မ surface area tangent segment မ က ပင ဧရ ယ တန ဂ င မ ဥ ပတ tangent to a circle စက ဝ င သ ႔ တန ဂ င ဖစ ခင tessellation မ က ပင က ဂ ၾသ မႀတ ပ မ ဖင ဖည စ က ခင tetrahedron three-dimensional space ႀတ ဂ မ က ပင လ ခ ပ သ ပ ရမစ ပ ထ သ ဘက မင က က လပ topology တ ပ လ ဂ ဘ သ ရပ transformational geometry အသ င သ႑ န ပ င လ ခင ဆ င ရ ဂ ၾသ မႀတ transversal ကန ႔လန ႔ ဖတ န သ 9

12 trapezoid triangle triangle inequality trigonometry of the right triangle two-dimensional space vector vertex ၾတ ပ ဇ ယမ ႀတ ဂ ႀတ ဂ မည မ မ ထ င မ န ႀတ ဂ ႀထ ဂ မထရ စ ဘက မင က က လပ ဗက တ ႀတ ဂ ထ ပ စ န vertical angles ဒ င လ က ထ င မ vertical line ဒ င လ က မ ဥ မ volume x-axis x-intercept y-axis y-intercept z-axis ထ ထည အ တ စ ဝင ႐ အ တ စ ဖတ မ တ ဝ င ဝင ႐ ဝ င ဖတ မ တ ဇက ဝင ႐ Constructions တည ဆ က ပ မ angle bisector bisector center of a regular polygon ထ င တစ ခ က စ ပ င အည အမ ဖတ သ မ ဥ ဖ င စ ပ င အည အမ ပ င သ မ ဥ ပ မ န ဗဟ ဂ ဗဟ center of gravity ဆ အ ဗဟ ခ က circumcircle (about a polygon) compass construct ဗဟ ဂ အ မင မ ဥ မ အ လ က ထ န သ စက ဝန သ လ က အ မ မ င တည ဆ က သည dynamic geometry software လ ပ ရ န သ က န ဂဏန ဆ င ရ နည ပည ဆ ဝ perpendicular bisector perpendicular bisector concurrence perpendicular lines straightedge ထ င မ န က အည အမ ပ င သ မ ဥ ထ င မ န က အည အမ ပ င သ မ ဥ တစ ၿပ င တည ဖစ ပၚမ ထ င မ န က သ မ ဥ မ အန ဖ င Locus တည ရ circle စက ဝ င compound locus ellipse ပ င စည တည ရ ဘ ဥပ hyperbola ဟ က ပ ဘ လ မ ဥ က locus of points အမ တ မ တည ႐ ရ 10

13 parabola Formal and Informal Proofs က တ ပ အန င အၿပ င ပင ည က ဖတ ရ တ င ဖစ ပၚ သ မ ဥ က ပ မ န င ပ မ န မဟ တ သ သက သ ပခ က မ AA triangle similarity AAA triangle similarity AAS triangle congruence ASA triangle congruence angle addition postulate axiom bi-conditional conclusion conditional statement conjecture conjunction contradiction contrapositive of a statement converse of a statement counterexample deductive reasoning definition disjunction AA ႀတ ဂ ဆင တ မ AAA ႀတ ဂ ဆင တ မ AAS ႀတ ဂ ည ည မ ASA ႀတ ဂ ည ည မ အမ န ဟ ယ ၾကည ထ သ ထ င ပ င ခင အဆ နဂ မ န အဆ အ ခအ န စ ရပ န ဂ အ ခအ န ဖ ပခ က ထင ၾက ပ သည စက စပ ဆန ႔က င ဘက အဆ ဖ ပခ က တစ ခ ဆန ႔က င ဘက ဖစ ခင ဖ ပခ က စက ရပ တန ပန ဥပမ ထ တ တ အ ၾက င ပ ခင အဓ ပၸ ယ သတ မ တ ခ က အဆက အဆက မရ dynamic geometry software လ ပ ရ န သ က န ဂဏန ဆ င ရ နည ပည ဆ ဝ equivalence relation တ ည မ ဆက သ ယ ခ က Euclidean Parallel Postulate ယ ကလ က အမ န ဟ ယ ၾကည ထ သ ပ င န သ အဆ hypotenuse and leg triangle congruence ထ င မ န ႀတ ဂ ထ င မ န ခ အန ပ သနည indirect proof သ ယ ဝ က သ သက သအ ထ က အထ inductive reasoning inverse of a statement justify ၿခ င ဆင ခင အ ၾက င ပ ခင ပ င ပန ဖ ပခ က ည မ အ င ပ သည logical equivalent ယ တ က သ ည မ မ negation parallel postulate (s) postulate proof အ ငင အမ န ဟ ယ ၾကည ထ သ အ ပ င အဆ အမ န ဟ ယ ဆခ က သက သ 11

14 proof by contradiction ဆင က င ဘက အဆ ဖင သက သ ပ ခင Pythagorean Theorem ပ က သ ဂ ရပ စ သ အ ရမ reason အ ၾက င ပခ က reflexive property of equality တန ပန ဂ ဏ သတ ည မ မ SAS triangle congruence SSS ႀတ ဂ ည ည မ SAS similarity Theorem SAS တ ည မ သ အ ရ SSS triangle congruence SSS ႀတ ဂ ည ည မ substitution property အစ ထ ဂ ဏ သတ subtraction property of equality ထ တ တ ခင ဂ ဏ သတ ည မ မ symmetric property of equality အခ ည ဂ ဏ သတ ည မ မ theorem သ အ ရမ transitive property of equality ည မ မ ပ င လ င သ ဂ ဏ သတ transformational proof truth value တန ဖ စစ two-column proof undefined terms union of sets valid argument ပ ပ င လ ထ သ သက သအ ထ က အထ က လ စ ခ ပ သက သ ပခ က အဓ ပၸ ယ မသတ မ တ ထ သ ဝ ဟ ရမ အစ မ အ ပ င အစည တ က သခ သ ငင ခ မ Transformational Geometry ပ သ႑ န ပ င လ မ ဂ ၾသ မႀတ axis of symmetry အခ ည ဝင ႐ center of a dilation က ယ ပန ႔မ ဗဟ center of a rotation လည ပတ မ ဗဟ clockwise (orientation) composition constant of proportionality contraction န ရ လက တ လည သည အတ င (ဥ တည ရ ) ပ င စပ ပ လ ပ ထ ခင အခ က ခင က န သ က ႕ ခင counterclockwise (orientation) န ရ လက တ လည သည င ဆန ႔က င (ဥ တည ရ ) dilation က ယ ခင direct transformation တ က ႐ က အသ င ပ င လ ခင domain ဒ မ န dynamic geometry software လ ပ ရ န သ က န ဂဏန ဆ င ရ နည ပည ဆ ဝ fixed point function function notation for transformations မ ပ င လ သ အမ တ မ လ ပ ငန အသ င ပ င လ ခင မ အတ က လ ပ ဆ င ခ က 12

15 glide reflection group half-turn လ စ င အလင ပန ခင အ ပ စ တစ ဝက လ ည identity က ယ ပ င လကၡဏ image inverse of a transformation ပ ရ ပ isometric အ င ဆ မက ထရစ mapping (function) opposite transformation orientation pre-image reflection rotation rotational symmetry symmetry အသ င ပ င လ ခင ပ င ပန မပ ဖ ခင (လ ပ ဆ င မ ) ဆန ႔က င ဘက အသ င ပ င လ ခင ဥ တည ရ အႀက ပ ရ ပ အလင ပန မ လည ပတ မ အခ ည လည ပတ မ အခ ည tessellation မ က ပင က ဂ ၾသ မႀတ ပ မ ဖင ဖည စ က ခင transformation ပ င လ ခင transformational geometry အသ င သ႑ န ပ င လ ခင ဆ င ရ ဂ ၾသ မႀတ translation ဘ သ ပန ခင transformational geometry အသ င သ႑ န ပ င လ ခင ဆ င ရ ဂ ၾသ မႀတ translation abscissa ဘ သ ပန ခင Coordinate Geometry က ၾသဒ န တ ဂ ၾသ မႀတ analytical geometry ပ င ခ စ တ ဖ ဂ ၾသ မႀတ analytical proof ဝ င ဝင ႐ မ အမ တ တစ ခ သ ႔ အလ လ က အက အ ဝ စ စစ ခ ခ ထ သ သက သအ ထ က အထ Cartesian coordinates က တ ဆ ယန က ၾသဒ န တ Cartesian plane က တ ဆ ယန ပင ည center-radius equation of circle စက ဝ င ဗဟ အခ င ဝက ည မ ခင coordinate က ၾသဒ န တ coordinate geometry က ၾသဒ န တ ဂ ၾသ မႀတ coordinate plane က ၾသဒ န တ ပင ည distance between two points origin point slope equation of a line အမ တ စ ခ အၾက အက အ ဝ အစ မ ဥ ၾက င အ စ င မ တ ည မ ခင 13

16 rectangular coordinates slope - intercept equation of a line three-dimensional space two-dimensional space vector x-axis x-intercept y-axis y-intercept z-axis ထ င မ န စတ ဂ က ၾသဒ န တ မ မ ဥ ၾက င အ စ င ဖတ မ တ ည မ ခင သ ဘက မင က က လပ စ ဘက မင က က လပ ဗက တ အ တ စ ဝင ႐ အ တ စ ဖတ မ တ ဝ င ဝင ႐ ဝ င ဖတ မ တ ဇက ဝင ႐ 14

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