Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting. IES Virtual Environment

Transcription

1 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting IES Virtual Environent

2 Contents 1. General Description of the FLUCS Interface Coon Controls Main Application Window Other Windows Graphics Viewer Menus How to Use Flucs Review Options Calculations Database Calculations Design Calculations Point-by-Point Analysis Calculations Output Full Inter-Reflection Calculations Nuber of Surface Eleents Edit Database Database Iport and Export Filenaing Conventions Iporting and Exporting Files Progra Description Introduction Luinaire and Lap Database Point-by-Point Analysis Progra-size Liits Database Design Calculations Point-by-Point Analysis Progra Philosophy Data Input Roo Analysis Details Luinaire Positions Window Positions Luinaire Data Lap Data Data Review Review Input Data Review Results Calculations Database Calculations Design Calculations Point-by-Point Analysis Calculations Output Database Calculations Output Design Calculations Output Point-by-Point Analysis Output Utilities Database Iport and Export Edit Database Data Preparation Project-file Details Project Filenae Output Filenae Roo Design Details VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 2

3 Roo Title Roo Diensions Roo Length Roo Width Roo Height Working-Surface Height Luinaire Mounting Height Surface Reflectances Ceiling Reflectance Wall-1 Reflectance Wall-2 Reflectance Wall-3 Reflectance Wall-4 Reflectance Floor Reflectance Maintenance Factors Luinaire-Maintenance Factor Lap-Replaceent Period Roo-Surface Maintenance Factor Lap-Survival Factor Design Criteria Illuination Level Glare Index Lighting-Equipent References and Positions Luinaire Reference Lap Reference Colour Reference Offsets and Spacings Offset in Length Spacing in Length Offset in Width Spacing in Width Nuber of luinaires Nuber in Length Nuber in Width Roo Analysis Details Project Title Roo Diensions Roo Length Roo Width Roo Height Working-Surface Height Roo-Surface Maintenance Factor Surface Reflectances Ceiling Reflectance Wall-1 Reflectance Wall-2 Reflectance Wall-3 Reflectance Wall-4 Reflectance Floor Reflectance Calculation Criteria Calculation Method Illuinance Plane Glare Calculation Nuber of Grid Points in Length Nuber of Grid Points in Width Task Areas VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 3

4 Partitions Boxes Luinaire Positions Lighting-Equipent References and Positions Luinaire Reference Lap Reference Colour Reference Luinaire X-Position Luinaire Y-Position Luinaire Z-Position Bea X-Position Bea Y-Position Bea Z-Position Rotation Angle Luinaire-Maintenance Factor Lap-Replaceent Period Grouping Nuber Repeat Luinaire Option X-Direction - Nuber of Coluns X-Direction - Spacing Y-Direction - Nuber of Rows Y-Direction Spacing Window Positions Wall Nuber Window Width Window Height Window Position Window-Sill Height Light-Transission Factor Luinaire Data Luinaire Reference Use Category Manufacturer Category Luinaire Type Luinaire Height Data OK? Luinaire Title Upward Light-Output Ratio Downward Light-Output Ratio Maxiu Spacing-to-Height Ratio Transverse Spacing-to-Height Ratio Utilisation Factor Uncorrected Crosswise Glare Indices Uncorrected Endwise Glare Indices Luinaire Data - Polar Curves Type of Photoetry Design Attitude C or Horizontal Angles Gaa or Vertical Angles Luinous Intensities Luinaire Data - Valid Laps Valid-Lap Reference Luinaire Wattage Luinaire Voltaperes Luinaire Length Utilisation-Factor Correction Factor VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 4

5 Ballast-Correction Factor Glare-Shape Code Base Luinous Areas Side Luinous Area End Luinous Area Lap Data Lap Reference Lap-Type Category Lap Manufacturer Lap Title Data OK? Valid Lap Colours Lap Colour Initial Bare-Lap Luen Output Lap-Luen Maintenance-Factor Curve Reference Lap-luen Maintenance Factors LLMF-Curve Reference LLMF-Curve Title Data OK? Lap-Luen Maintenance Factor Lap-Survival Factor Appendix A - Tables Table 1 - Typical Ceiling Reflectances % Table 2 - Typical Wall Reflectances % Table 3 - Typical Floor Reflectances % Table 4 - Selection of Typical LMFs Table 5 - Selection of Typical RSMFs Table 6 - Selection of Typical LSFs VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 5

6 1. General Description of the FLUCS Interface FLUCS shares certain features of its interface with soe other progras in the IES suite of software. These features are described here: 1.1. Coon Controls FLUCS uses coon controls that are standard in any Microsoft Windows applications, such as text boxes, list boxes, cobo boxes, scrollbars, grids, option buttons, check buttons, coand buttons, enus and toolbars. These controls are designed for efficient use with a ouse, although they ay also be used fro the keyboard by pressing tab keys, arrow keys etc Main Application Window When FLUCS is started you will see a single ain application window. This is designed to fit onto the sallest-resolution screen (640x480) coonly available today. It is not currently possible to resize or axiise this window to ake better use of higher-resolution screens. VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 6

7 This window contains the following eleents: A title bar at the top of the window - this shows you the nae of the application; when a project is loaded it will also show the pathnae of the current project (i.e. the nae of the project file including the drive letter and all of the directories (folders) in the path fro the root directory to the directory where the project is stored). A enu bar below the title bar - this contains pull-down enus that you can use to select operations to perfor in FLUCS. Soe pull-down enus are disabled at ties to prevent inappropriate operations such as perforing calculations before a project is loaded. The available pull-down enus are: File Edit View Calculations Review Options Help See MENUS for further details. A tool bar below the enu bar - this contains icons that you can use to select operations to perfor in FLUCS. Usually these are just shortcuts to an operation that is also available in the pull-down enus. See TOOLBAR for further details. A tabbed dialogue - this takes up the ain part of the application window and is used to display the data for the currently loaded project. If no project is loaded this area is disabled; when a project is loaded it is enabled. The tabs are used to organise the data into logical groupings. Usually each tab corresponds to a separate data file in the project but not always. The data on each tab can be odified by using the various controls provided, as appropriate for each tab in each application. The data can be checked either autoatically when required or at your request using the pull-down enu option or the icon on the tool bar. If the data depends on data in other tabs these other tabs will be checked first. Before the data in a tab is checked there is no picture next to the tab caption. When the data in a tab has passed the checks with only warnings then a green tick is placed there; if any errors are produced then a red cross is placed instead. You ay use the 'Error & Warnings' enu options or buttons to review the errors and warnings associated VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 7

8 with any of the tabs Other Windows As you request various options, various other windows (fors) will open to allow you to perfor the requested tasks. Most windows will have buttons such as OK, Cancel, or Close for closing a window with or without copleting the task for which it was opened. Usually a window will be odal, that is, as long as it is open you cannot perfor any actions in other windows (apart fro windows opened as a result of an action in the window). Soeties a window will be non-odal, so that you ay leave it open while perforing actions in other windows. The error and warning review window is an exaple of such non-odal behaviour - this is so that you ay use it to locate an error in the data and then correct the error while leaving the list of errors and warnings on the screen. VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 8

9 1.4. Graphics Viewer The Graphics Viewer opens when you request an option that produces graphics. It is a ultiple-docuent window that can contain any nuber of sub-windows, each showing an individual drawing. Each tie a graphical option is requested the drawing is shown in a new sub-window. The graphics viewer or any of its sub-windows can be iniised, axiised, resized, restored, or closed using standard Windows ethods such as dragging or using the window control enu or buttons. Drawings can be printed on your printer or saved to disk as a bitap file or as an IES plot file. Saved bitap files can be used anywhere you would norally use a bitap, such as in reports. Bitap files or IES plot files ay be loaded into the Graphics Viewer. For VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 9

10 exaple, files fro previous runs ay be loaded for coparison purposes Menus Three pull-down enus are available: The File enu has options to close plots, to save or load bitaps or IES plotfiles, to print plots and to exit. The print option will scale down to fit the selected plotter if the intended size of the plot would be too large for the plotter; otherwise it will ask you whether to scale the plot up to fit the plotter or leave it at its intended size. The Window enu allows you to resize and reposition the sub-windows as cascaded windows or tiled windows. It also allows you to select fro a list of all the sub-windows. If ore than 9 sub-windows are present an option entitled More Windows is available to bring up a scrolling list of all the windows fro which you ay select a window. The Help enu has options to list the help contents, to search for a help topic or to see a ore inforation about the Graphics Viewer. (The File enu is also available by right-clicking a subwindow.) VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 10

11 2. How to Use Flucs This section contains ore detailed inforation about how to run the FLUCS progra. Click on the icon for FLUCS fro the IES progra group. You ust open a new or existing project file before any of the facilities becoe available. You ust enter data via the tabbed dialogue boxes before designing any luinaire layouts or calculating any detailed lighting levels. Reviewing the contents of the lighting database does not require any data entry via the tabs Review Options When you select Review fro the top-bar enu you will be presented with a choice: Input data Results Database The Input data option allows you to review all the input data. The Results option is available after calculations have been perfored to review the results. The Database option is shown below: Luinaire data Lap data LLMF data List luinaires List laps List LLMF curves If you select one of the top three options you will be asked for the nae of the luinaire, lap or LLMF curve that you wish to review. The List options enable you to view the luinaires, laps and LLMF curves within the database. The luinaire option allows you to list luinaires by anufacturer or use categories Calculations Database Calculations When you select the Database option fro the top-bar enu and then select Calculations, you will be asked to enter the nae of the luinaire for which you wish to perfor the photoetric-data calculations. Then you will be presented with the full calculation enu: VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 11

12 LORs and SHRs This option is used to calculate the upward and downward light-output ratios (LORs) and the axiu, axiu transverse, and noinal spacing-to-height ratios (SHRs) for the given luinaire. The calculation ethod is based on the procedures in CIBSE TM Utilisation Factors This option calculates the standard utilisation factors for the nine given roo indices (0.75 to 5) following the procedures given in CIBSE TM Glare Data The standard uncorrected glare indices for the nineteen standard roo sizes of X and Y for reflection factors of 70 (ceiling), 50 (walls) and 20 (floor) are calculated. For each roo size, values for endwise and crosswise viewing are given based on the procedures in CIBSE TM Aspect Factors The parallel and perpendicular aspect factors for the luinaire are calculated at five-degree intervals fro 0 to 90 degrees BZ Classification This option calculates the British Zonal (BZ) classification for the luinaire within the nine standard roo indices (0.75 to 5) LG3 Checks This option checks that the luinaire selected eets categories 1, 2 and 3 for the design of downlighting, fro the CIBSE Lighting Guide LG3, 'Areas for Visual Display Terinals' Special Calculations The Special calculations option allows you to set up the calculation paraeters for which you will be propted further. VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 12

13 Design Calculations The design calculations are based on the assuption that the roo is rectangular, that the luinaires are all of the sae type and are all ounted in a syetrical layout at the sae height. A nuber of design options are provided: Set liiting glare index. Fix spacing and offset in length. Fix spacing and offset in width. Try all valid laps for the chosen luinaire. Each solution will be checked against the following criteria: Illuination is between 80% and 150%. Maxiu corrected glare index is less than the liiting glare index. The luinaires will fit in the roo. The spacing between the luinaires does not exceed the axiu spacingto-height ratio. The offset fro the wall to the first luinaire does not exceed half the axiu spacing-to-height ratio. If a noinated solution is not selected then the progra will calculate the ideal nuber of luinaires required to illuinate the roo to the design level; it will then work out the nuber of coluns of fittings in the length and the nuber of rows in the width. The progra will try four different schees, using the nearest lowest and highest nubers in the length and width. Only schees that satisfy all design checks can be selected for the output file. If a schee fails, the progra will provide a reason and terinate the calculation for that schee. In order to start the calculations for a roo, select the Calculations option fro the top-bar enu and then select Design Luinaire Layout. You will then be asked whether you wish to view the calculation results in ore detail. This is useful when deterining why a schee has failed. The inforation given includes the following: Ceiling, wall and floor void reflectances (as defined by CIBSE TM5). Roo index and utilisation factor. Glare indices and correction factors (for glare calculations). Spacings and offsets (if noinated solution). After perforing a successful lighting-design calculation, you will be asked if you require the data for this to becoe the basis for a detailed point-by-point calculation, and if you wish this data to be loaded into the tabs for roo-analysis details and luinaire positions Point-by-Point Analysis Calculations To start the calculations, select the Calculations option fro the top-bar en and then select Point-by-Point Analysis. VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 13

14 The progra perfors three different types of calculations: Electric-lighting calculations. Daylighting calculations. Electric daylighting calculations. The progra will only perfor the selected calculation procedure if the relevant data has already been entered and is without errors, but you will be warned accordingly if data is issing Electric-Lighting Calculations (See also Full Inter-Reflection Calculations) Selecting this option will cause the progra to calculate the illuination level on the working plane, due to each luinaire. If a luinaire has been deleted, then it will be ignored in the calculations. Please note that once you have started this calculation the progra will continue until it is finished, which, if you have entered a large nuber of luinaires, ay take soe tie, depending on the coputer. The progra will infor you how far it has progressed in the calculations by printing a percentage-copleted bar. Once the progra has finished doing the electric-lighting calculations, you will be presented with a enu fro which you can select: a suary of the results, a table showing the illuination levels at the grid points, the option to set the contour levels for the isolux plot and to view the isolux plot. If you choose to set the contour levels, the progra will present you with the axiu and iniu illuination values as well as the iniu contour step size and propt you to enter values for the first contour value and the contour step size, with suggested values which you ay change if you wish. Alternatively you can specify up to 16 individual contour values, which ust be entered in order of increasing illuination level. If you choose to view the isolux plot the progra will plot an isolux contour ap on the screen using the contour values just set. VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 14

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17 Daylighting Calculations Selecting this option will cause the progra to calculate the daylight level on the working plane, due to each window. The progra will infor you how far it in the calculations by printing a percentage-copleted bar. The technique used is in accordance with the BRS Split-Flux ethod and assues that the sky luinance is that of the CIE standard overcast sky. Inter-reflections & internal obstructions are taken into account. Once the progra has finished doing the daylighting calculations, you will be presented with a enu fro which you can select: a suary of the results, a table showing the daylight factor levels at the grid points, the option to set the contour levels for the isolux plot and to view the isolux plot. The progra assues predefined contour values, which are equivalent to the set values. However, if you wish to override these, the progra will present you with the axiu and iniu daylight values as well as the iniu contour step size and propt you to enter your own contour values in a siilar anner to that described for the electric-lighting calculations above. If you choose to view the isolux plot the progra will plot an isolux contour ap on the screen using the contour values just set Output When you select Output File fro the Review enu you can view and print the contents of the output file. This ay include results fro: Database Calculations Design Calculations Point-by-Point Analysis Calculations Within the analysis calculations, output can be created fro the Calculations Review/Output enu which appears after the calculations have been perfored. For all calculations you can select a table showing the illuination levels at grid points on the working plane, or isolux plots. If you select an isolux plot you will be asked what size paper you wish the plot to be scaled to Full Inter-Reflection Calculations The inter-reflected coponent will be calculated in all cases where surface reflectances are greater than zero, although the accuracy and the coputer calculation tie will depend on whether the full or siplified calculations are requested. The full inter-reflection calculations are very coputationally intensive and involve dividing each roo surface into a nuber of eleents that you specify. Direct illuination on each eleent is calculated, taking into account any obstructions fro internal partitions or boxes. The reflection of light fro each eleent is assued to be totally diffuse. The light fro each successive VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 17

18 reflection is then considered, again taking into account obstructions. Because of the inverse-square law that applies to light intensity, the light fro successive bounces rapidly diinishes. The calculation tie is nonetheless considerably longer than that for the siplified calculation, which calculates the total aount of reflected light & distributes it evenly around the roo. However, a useful by-product of the inter-reflective calculation ethod is that lux values are calculated (& ay be displayed) for all the reflecting surfaces, i.e. the walls, ceiling, floor & partitions. In any situations the full inter-reflection calculations are not essential, for exaple if you are assessing a design in its preliinary stages or if the interreflected coponent is going to be sall in coparison with the direct coponent as with a large array of recessed downlighters. However, to obtain accurate results for uplighter installations, the full calculations ust be used, since the reflected coponent will account for ost, if not all, of the light falling on the horizontal working plane Nuber of Surface Eleents This deterines the accuracy (and the calculation tie) of the full interreflection calculations by specifying the anner in which each roo surface is divided. You are asked to enter a nuber between 4 and 20, specifying the nuber of eleents in each axis of the surface plane. Thus if you enter 4 eleents then each surface will be divided into 4 x 4 = 16 eleents. The nuber of eleents required will depend on the size of the space in question and the type of luinaires being used. Note the default value of 4 for the nuber of surface eleents will give a reasonable calculation tie (seconds or inutes). A fourth-power law relates the value of this ite to the calculation tie, e.g. doubling its value increases the run tie by a factor of 16. VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 18

19 2.6. Edit Database This will allow you to edit, copy or delete ites fro the luinaire, lap or LLMF curve databases. Select Edit Database fro the Database option in the top-bar enu. There are nine ain options: 1. Edit Luinaire Data 2. Edit Lap Data 3. Edit LLMF Curve 4. Copy Luinaire 5. Copy Lap 6. Copy LLMF Curve 7. Delete Luinaire 8. Delete Lap 9. Delete LLMF Curve All options propt you to enter the nae of the ite (luinaire, lap, or LLMF curve) to be edited, copied, or deleted, subject to the following restrictions: You ay EDIT any ite in either the syste or the user database. This is because the result of the edit is always stored in the user database, so the syste database is protected. You ay COPY any ite FROM any database, i.e. the syste database and the user databases in your project area and in other project areas. This is because the result of the copy is always stored in the user database, so the syste database is protected. (Privileged users ay also COPY ites TO any database.) You ay DELETE ites fro the USER database only. (Privileged users ay DELETE ites in the syste database.) Then the action is different for each option: The Edit option creates a dialogue box fro the data held for the ite in the database allowing you to odify it. If there are no errors the edited data will be saved in the user database, except that if an ite of the sae nae already exists in the user database you will be asked if you wish to overwrite it. If there are errors or warnings you ay use the enus to review the and re-edit the data. The Copy option asks you for a new nae for the copy of the ite. An existing nae will not be allowed. If you want to copy to an existing ite you ust first delete this ite. The ite is then copied. The Delete option asks you if you are sure, and if so the ite is deleted fro the database. VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 19

20 2.7. Database Iport and Export Filenaing Conventions Before reading in a lighting data file into the database, you ust ensure that the filenae ends in the DOS extension.cbs for a CIBSE forat file,.asc for an ASCII forat file, or.ies for an IESNA forat file. You ay need to change the file extensions yourself, using the appropriate DOS coands Iporting and Exporting Files To iport or export luinaire and lap data into or out of the user database, select Database fro the top-bar enu, then select Database Iport and Export. You ay then read or write CIBSE, IESNA or ASCII-forat files Iporting a File into the Database To read in a file, select the appropriate forat fro the enu. You will then be propted to enter the nae of the file in a standard Windows dialogue box. Select fro the list of available files. You will be asked to confir the luinaire reference nae. Next, enter a two-letter code for the anufacturer. You will then be asked if you wish to replace the valid-lap reference with one fro the laps database. If you answer Yes, you ust then select a lap. The data will then have been read into the database Exporting a File fro the Database Select the appropriate forat, and confir that you want to write a file of that forat. You will be propted for where you wish to write the file. Finally, you will be asked to confir the reference naes of the luinaires whose data you wish to include in the new file. The data will then have been written to the location you selected. VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 20

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22 3. Progra Description 3.1. Introduction FLUCS is a progra which can be used for designing and analysing the effectiveness of lighting systes. It coprises a database of inforation about luinaires, laps and LLMF curves, it perfors luen and glare (design) calculations, and perfors a point-by-point lighting siulation (analysis) Luinaire and Lap Database The progra can be used to produce & aintain a database which holds inforation about luinaires and laps. The inforation fro the database can then be used by the progra for design or analysis purposes. An extensive syste database is provided but this can be suppleented with your own data. You can use the 'Database Path' option fro the Database enu to define a search path of directories so that several separate databases can be linked to the progra at run-tie. Photoetric data ay be entered into the progra either interactively or by using data files in standard CIBSE or IESNA forats. The standard CIBSE type-1 and type-2 forats are used and are described in CIBSE TM14. For interactive input you describe the luinaire, the valid laps for the luinaire, and polar-curve data for luinous intensities. Optionally, light-output ratios, spacing-to-height ratios, utilisation factors, and glare indices ay be entered. For laps the lap description and, optionally, lap-luen aintenance-factor curves are specified. The progra can calculate light-output ratios, spacing-to-height ratios, utilisation factors, glare data and aspect factors and can perfor LG3 checks and BZ classifications for a luinaire, based on the polar-curve inforation. The results can be viewed on the screen and output as hard copy if you wish. However, they will not be stored in the database unless you save the explicitly Point-by-Point Analysis The progra will analyse both electric lighting and daylighting using the pointby-point ethod. You ust specify the area diensions, the surface reflectances (if it is an internal roo), the type of luinaires and laps, as well as their positions and orientations and the window positions. Various options are provided to allow you to edit, add or delete the area data, the luinaire positions, & the window positions. The progra will check that all cobinations of luinaires and laps VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 22

23 exist and that they are sensibly positioned within the roo and that the windows do not overlap; you will be warned if any value is considered unsatisfactory. The results can be viewed at the screen as well as being optionally printed to a file; these include the iniu, average and axiu illuination levels, the average internally reflected coponent, the total circuit wattage and the wattage per square etre. A graphical iage is also produced for both the electric lighting and daylighting, which shows either the isolux levels or daylight-factor levels in the area, together with any task areas defined. The input data is saved on file and can be read later, either to exaine the data, or to ake any necessary odifications. It is also possible to read input files created during the design calculation, in order to analyse these solutions in ore detail. VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 23

24 4. Progra-size Liits 4.1. Database There are effectively no liits, and you ay enter as any luinaires and laps as you like into the database. The size of the database is only restricted by the size of the disk on your achine. However you ay only input up to 10 laps per luinaire. For each luinaire, the axiu nuber of data ites which can be read in for the polar curves is 72 x 55 when the CIBSE forat is used, or 12 x 55 if you input the data interactively Design Calculations The progra works by reading in the required luinaire or lap when it is needed and then storing this in eory; large databases however will slow the process down as there are ore luinaires to search through. The progra is able to hold 10 luinaires concurrently, as well as 20 laps; if another is required then it will discard the first one which was read in and replace it with the new one. Once the data is in eory however, all references to it will speed up as the progra accesses the copy of it in eory Point-by-Point Analysis The liits for types of data used during the analysis are: Luinaire positions 500 Window positions 50 Isolux-plots grid size 101 by 51 Task areas 5 Partitions 50 Approx Boxes 50 Approx VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 24

25 5. Progra Philosophy The progra uses a enu syste so that you can select the process you wish to perfor and ove easily fro one process to another. Appendix A shows the enu structures and gives a checklist for first-tie users of the progras. The following ain processes are available: Data input Data editing Data review Calculations Output Saving data Utilities 5.1. Data Input All input is checked against Warning and Error liits. Warning liits are intended to alert you to the fact that a value ay be wrong; these checks ay be skipped. Error liits, however, are intended to stop you entering dangerous values, such as a luinaire-ounting height of less than 0.0; these checks cannot be skipped and flagged data ust be re-entered. The input data required by the progra coprises: Roo design details Roo analysis details Luinaire positions Window positions Luinaire data Lap data LLMF data The luinaire, lap and LLMF data are stored in a coon database that is split into two parts, one of which is your own user database to which you ay add luinaires, laps or LLMF curves which you ay edit or change. The second part is the syste database that will contain ost of the coonly used luinaires, laps and LLMF curves, but you ay not add to this database nor ay you edit any part of it. Any changes or additions that are ade to your user database will be stored together with your initials and the date on which they were done, so that if ore than one person is using the sae database it is possible to keep a log of when changes were ade and by who. VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 25

26 Roo Analysis Details The progra requires the following roo data: Project title Roo diensions Surface reflectances Calculation criteria Task areas Partitions Boxes Many of the ites of data have default values so that if you do not enter a value the default is autoatically used. If a value of zero is entered for the roo height, the area is assued to be an external area, such as a car park Luinaire Positions The following data are required for each luinaire position: Luinaire, lap and lap-colour references. Position of centre of luinaire (3 co-ordinates). Position of centre of bea (3 co-ordinates). Rotation angle. Luinaire-aintenance factor and lap-replaceent period. The X,Y,Z Cartesian-coordinate syste is used for the luinaire and bea positions, where X represents the position in the roo length, Y the position in the width and Z in the height Window Positions The following data are required for each luinaire position: Wall nuber in which the window is situated. Window width and height. Window position. Light-transission factor. VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 26

27 Luinaire Data The following data can be stored in the luinaire database: Luinaire reference, title, category and type. Luinaire width and standard length. Light output and spacing-to-height ratios. Utilisation factors. Uncorrected-glare indices. Polar curves. Valid laps, including lengths, wattages and luinous areas. Not all of this data is necessary. For exaple the polar-curve data is not needed for the design calculations and the uncorrected indices are not needed for the analysis. However, you ay wish to enter all the available inforation while you have it to hand. If the data required for a specific calculation is not entered, the progra will terinate the calculations. The progra has an additional facility which is useful if you do not wish to enter the full inforation for a particular luinaire. You are allowed to enter 'one-off' data which is the iniu aount of data required to perfor the calculations and which is quick and easy to enter. The one-off data is not stored in the database and is only used for the run in which it is entered Lap Data The following data can be stored in the lap database: Lap reference, title and category. Valid-lap colours, including initial bare-lap output and LLMF-curve reference. LLMF curves and LSF curves. As with the luinaire database, the progra allows you to enter 'one-off' data Data Review When you select Review fro the top-bar enu you will be presented with a further choice: Review Input Data You will be presented with a enu of all the types of input data (apart fro Luinaire Data, Lap Data and LLMF Data which are database input data). If you select one of these, the relevant data file will be displayed in an easily understood forat, unless it has not yet been entered or still has errors, when an appropriate essage will appear instead. VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 27

28 Review Results This will allow you to review the results of the calculations, if they have been carried out. There are the ain options: Review lighting-design layout. Review electric lighting level. Review daylighting levels. Review electric daylighting levels. Review Database. This will allow you to exaine selected ites or list all ites fro the syste or user database. The first three options allow you to select a luinaire, lap, or LLMF curve, respectively, and view the data for that ite. The last three options allow you to list the naes and descriptions of all the luinaires, laps, or LLMF curves, respectively, in the syste or user database or both. For luinaires and laps you can also list all ites of a particular category or fro a particular anufacturer Calculations Database Calculations The calculations within the database are perfored using the basic polar-curve data. The following calculation options are available: a) Light-Output Ratios and Spacing-to-Height Ratios b) Utilisation Factors c) Glare Data d) Aspect Factors e) BZ-Classification f) LG3 Checks g) Special Calculations ON/OFF If required, the calculation results for options (a), (b) and/or (c) can be stored in the database as well as being output in the usual way Design Calculations The design calculations are based on the assuption that the roo is rectangular and all the luinaires are all of the sae type and are ounted in a syetrical layout at the sae height. A nuber of design options are provided: Set liiting glare index. Fix spacing and offset in length. Fix spacing and offset in width. Try all valid laps for the chosen luinaire. Each solution will be checked against the following criteria: Illuination is between 80% and 150%. VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 28

29 Maxiu corrected-glare index is less than the liiting-glare index. The luinaires will fit into the roo. The spacing between the luinaires does not exceed the axiu spacingto-height ratio. The offset fro the wall to the first luinaire does not exceed half the axiu spacing-to-height ratio Point-by-Point Analysis Calculations The following different calculations can be perfored: Electric-lighting calculations. Daylighting calculations. Electric Daylighting. A point-by-point ethod is used for both the electric and daylighting calculations, the grid size for which can be set. Electric-and-daylighting calculations can be perfored after being supplied with an outdoor horizontal-illuination level and all luinaires fully on Output Database Calculations Output All results can be viewed on the screen and you can also select which results you wish to be sent to the output file. The following options are available: Light-output ratios and spacing-to-height ratios Utilisation factors Glare data Aspect factors BZ-classification LG3 Checks Special Calculations ON/OFF The polar-curve data used to calculate the various paraeters will also be printed. Note that if you want to store the calculated LORs, SHRs, UFs and glare data in the database you can do so Design Calculations Output All results can be viewed at the screen and any result that you wish to keep ay be printed in the output file. If you wish, you ay view ore detailed results at the screen, which can be useful when deterining why a particular schee has failed. Output fro the design calculations includes the following: Input data. VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 29

30 Utilisation factor. Nuber of luinaires in length and width. Valid orientations for luinaires. Total electrical load. Average design illuinance. Maxiu corrected-glare index. With the FLUCS progra it is possible to design a lighting syste, choose a solution and then analyse this in ore detail using the analysis calculations. This is done during the design process by creating data for the analysis (one of the output options) Point-by-Point Analysis Output All output includes a reproduction of the input data for reference. In addition the following output can be selected: Output for Electric-Lighting Calculations: o o o o o o o Miniu, axiu and average illuination levels. Average internally reflected coponent. Total wattage and wattage per square etre. Wattage per square etre per 1000 luens. Effective utilisation factor. Isolux plot (either text or graphical). Table of illuination data. Output for Daylighting Calculations: o o o o Miniu, axiu and average daylighting factors. Average internally reflected coponent. Isolux plot (either text or graphical). Table of daylight factors. Output for Electric-and-Daylighting Calculations: o o o o o o Miniu, axiu and average illuination levels. Average internally reflected coponent. Total wattage and wattage per square etre. Wattage per square etre per 1000 luens. Effective utilisation factor. Isolux plot (2-diensional or 3-diensional). VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 30

31 5.5. Utilities Database Iport and Export This database utility is taken fro the Database option in the top-bar enu, and is used for quick anipulation of the database. The following options are available: Save luinaire. Read CIBSE-Forat File. Write CIBSE-Forat File. Read IESNA-Forat File. Write IESNA-Forat File. Read ASCII-Forat File. Write ASCII-Forat File. Read luinaire data fro hardware. The last three options are for specialist users only Edit Database The progra allows you to edit, copy, or delete ites in the luinaire, lap or LLMF curve databases, by selecting Edit Database fro the Database option in the top-bar enu. VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 31

32 6. Data Preparation This section describes all the data entered into the FLUCS progra. Input data is checked as it is entered and all data that is flagged as errors ust be re-entered; if a warning occurs however, you have the option to either skip the warning or re-enter the data. This section describes data which is entered interactively. It is also possible to enter data into the database fro data files in CIBSE, IESNA or ASCII forats Project-file Details Project Filenae The project filenae can be up to 8 characters, consisting of alphabetic characters, nuerals or underscores. The progra will create a file with this nae and with the extension *.flj, containing the respective filenaes Output Filenae The output filenae can be up to 8 characters, consisting of alphabetic characters, nuerals or underscores. The progra will create a file with this nae and with the extension *.out. VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 32

33 6.2. Roo Design Details These are used to input roo description data for the design (luen and glare) calculations. The units, defaults, and error and warning liits are shown for each data ite. It is advisable to use a separate input file for each roo, otherwise you run the risk of overwriting data you want to keep Roo Title The roo title can be up to 12 characters long. This will be printed at the top of each output sheet. VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 33

34 Roo Diensions The progra assues a rectangular roo. Walls 1 and 3 refer to the length, and walls 2 and 4 refer to the width, as shown below in Fig.1. When editing a roo or defining data for another roo you need only enter values which you wish to change; the existing values will reain as defaults. Figure 1 Wall nubers Roo Length Warning Liits: 2.0 to Error Liits: 0.5 to The roo length defines the lengths of walls 1 and 3 (see Fig.1) Roo Width Warning Liits: 2.0 to Error Liits: 0.5 to The roo width defines the lengths of walls 2 and 4 (see Fig.1). VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 34

35 Roo Height Warning Liits: 2.0 to 20.0 Error Liits: 1.0 to 99.0 Enter the height of the roo for this analysis Working-Surface Height Default: 0.75 Warning Liits: 0.0 to 1.20 Error Liits: 0.0 to 9.99 The working-surface height is the level of the illuinated plane Luinaire Mounting Height Default : Warning Liits: Error Liits: Roo height WSH+1.0 to HT WSH+0.5 to HT The error and warning liits for the luinaire ounting height will depend upon the working-surface height and the roo height. When you edit the roo height, then the ounting height will autoatically be given a new default height equal to the roo height, unless you actually set the value Surface Reflectances The surface-reflectance value of a surface is the ratio of the luinous flux reflected fro the surface to the luinous flux incident upon it. The progra will use these values to calculate the ceiling, wall and floor- void reflectances. See Appendix A, Tables 1-3 or CIBSE Code for Interior Lighting 1994, Tables 5.8 and 5.9, for typical reflectances. VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 35

36 Ceiling Reflectance % Default: 70 Warning Liits: 30.0 to 90.0 Error Liits: 0.0 to This is the reflectance of the ceiling and not the ceiling cavity. The latter is calculated by the progra Wall-1 Reflectance % Default : 50 Warning Liits: 20.0 to 80.0 Error Liits: 0.0 to See Fig.1 for definition of wall nubers Wall-2 Reflectance % Default: Wall-1 Warning Liits: 20.0 to 80.0 Error Liits: 0.0 to See Fig.1 for definition of wall nubers. If a value is not entered here it will default to the value of the previous wall i.e. Wall Wall-3 Reflectance % Default: Wall-2 Warning Liits: 20.0 to 80.0 Error Liits: 0.0 to See Fig.1 for definition of wall nubers. If a value is not entered here it will default to the value of the previous wall i.e. Wall-2. VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 36

37 Wall-4 Reflectance % Default: Wall-3 Warning Liits: 20.0 to 80.0 Error Liits: 0.0 to See Fig.1 for definition of wall nubers. If a value is not entered here it will default to the value of the previous wall i.e. Wall Floor Reflectance % Default: 20 Warning Liits: 10.0 to 50.0 Error Liits: 0.0 to This is the actual reflectance of the floor surface and not the floor cavity. The latter is calculated in the progra Maintenance Factors The total aintenance factor is the ratio of the illuinance provided by the installation at a stated tie, with respect to the initial illuinance. It is calculated fro the product of the following values. MF = LLMF x LSF x LMF x RSMF where: LLMF=Lap Luen Maintenance Factor LSF=Lap Survival Factor LMF=Luinaire Maintenance Factor RSMF=Roo-Surface Maintenance Factor Luinaire-Maintenance Factor Default: 0.9 Warning Liits: 0.60 to 0.95 Error Liits: 0.01 to 1.00 The luen output fro a luinaire decreases with tie because of dirt deposition on and in the luinaire. The luinaire-aintenance factor quantifies this decline, being a proportion of the initial light output fro the luinaire that occurs after a set tie, allowance having been ade for the decline in light output fro the lap. Typical luinaire-aintenance factors are shown in Appendix A, Table 4, and in the CIBSE Code for Interior Lighting, 1994, Table 4.6. VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 37

38 Lap-Replaceent Period hours Default: 5000 Warning Liits: 0.60 to Error Liits: 0.01 to This category is used to assess the depreciation in light output fro the lap over a given tie. This has a two-fold functionality: If a value of less than 1.0 is input, the progra will interpret this as the actual lap-luen aintenance factor. Values of greater than 1.0 will be used as a lap-replaceent period when looking up the LLMF curves (deterined by lap type) Roo-Surface Maintenance Factor Default: 0.9 Warning Liits: 0.6 to 0.95 Error Liits: 0.2 to 1.00 The roo-surface aintenance factor is the proportion of the illuinance provided by the lighting installation in a roo after a set tie copared with that which occurred when the roo was clean. Typical roo surface aintenance factors are shown in Appendix A, Table 5, and in the CIBSE Code for Interior Lighting, 1994, Table Lap-Survival Factor Default: 1.0 Warning Liits: 0.60 to Error Liits: 0.20 to This category is used to assess the proportion of laps that have not failed after a set tie. This has a two-fold functionality: If a value of less than 1.0 is input, the progra will interpret this as the actual lap-survival factor. Values of greater than 1.0 will be used as a lap-replaceent period when looking up the LSF curves (deterined by lap type). Lap-survival factors ay be obtained fro anufacturers' data. Typical lap survival factors are shown in Appendix A, Table 6, and in the CIBSE Code for Interior Lighting, 1994, Table Design Criteria The progra enables to design on illuination level only or a cobination of illuination and glare. VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 38

39 Illuination Level Lux Warning Liits: 50 to 1000 Error Liits: 0 to 5000 This is the standard aintained illuinance to be provided on the working plane. The progra will calculate the ideal nuber of luinaires based upon this figure. If the design solution is outside the range 80% - 150% then the schee will fail. Typical values fro the CIBSE Interior Lighting Code 1994 are as follows: Activity/interior Standard aintained illuinance (lux) Interior parking areas 50 Corridors 100 Shopping precincts 150 Departure lounges 200 Filing roos 300 Lecture theatres 300 Food court 300 Library (general) 300 Coputer workstations Laboratories 500 Specialist store 500 General offices 500 Sall shops 500 Drawing offices 750 Hyperarket/superstore 1000 Further recoendations are included in Part 2 of the above guide Glare Index None Warning Liits: 2 to 30 Error Liits: 0 to 50 If you enter a value for the liiting glare index then the progra will perfor a glare check, provided that glare data exists for the luinaire. Typical values fro the CIBSE Interior Lighting Code 1994 are as follows: Activity/interior Liiting glare index Interior parking areas 22 Corridors 22 Shopping precincts 22 Departure lounges 19 Filing roos 19 Lecture theatres 19 Food court 19 Library (general) 19 VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 39

40 Coputer workstations 19 Laboratories 19 Specialist store 19 General offices 19 Sall shops 19 Drawing offices 16 Hyperarket/superstore 22 Further recoendations are included in Part 2 of the above guide Lighting-Equipent References and Positions For a coplete specification of the lighting equipent to be used, you ust enter the luinaire, lap and lap-colour references. These can only be assessed if they exist in the luinaire or lap databases; it is also necessary that the lap reference exists as a valid lap for the luinaire and that the colour reference exists as a valid colour for the lap. You ust also enter the luinaire and bea positions. In general, the above data is defaulted to the values for the previous luinaire and lap selected Luinaire Reference The luinaire reference ay have up to 8 characters and should correspond to a reference in the database. The progra checks the syste database to see if the reference exists. If it does not, then you will be warned at the input stage. Luinaires can be reviewed by selecting the Review Database option fro the top enu Lap Reference The lap reference ay be up to 6 characters in length and should correspond to a reference in the database. The progra checks both your own database and the syste database to see if the reference exists. If it does not then you will be warned at the input stage. Laps can be reviewed by selecting the Review Database option fro the top enu Colour Reference The colour reference ay be up to 4 characters long and should exist as a valid colour for the lap given in the previous colun. If it does not exist you will be warned at the input stage. You can list all the valid colours by selecting the Review Database option fro the top enu. It is also possible to select OFF as a colour, which has the effect of switching off the lap. VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 40

41 Offsets and Spacings This facility is used to fix a layout (i.e. set a noinated solution) instead of the progra suggesting a nuber of options. This ay be done in two different ways: 1. Set the offset fro the wall to the first luinaire. 2. Set the nuber of fittings. You need only set the layout in one direction if you so wish Offset in Length Warning Liits: 0.5 to L/4 Error Liits: 0.0 to L/2 The offset in length is the distance fro the side wall to the centre of the first luinaire. The warning and error liits are deterined by the roo width. These do not however take into account the spacing/height ratio of the luinaire, this is checked at the calculation stage Spacing in Length Warning Liits: 0.1 to L/2 Error Liits: 0.0 to L The spacing in the length is the distance between the centres of the luinaires in the roo-length diension Offset in Width Warning Liits: 0.5 to W/4 Error Liits: 0.0 to W/2 The offset in width is the distance fro the base wall to the centre of the first luinaire. The warning and error liits are deterined by the roo width. These do not however take into account the spacing/height ratio of the luinaire; this is checked at the calculation stage Spacing in Width Warning Liits: 0.1 to W/2 Error Liits: 0.0 to W The spacing in the width is the distance between the centres of the luinaires in the roo-width diension. VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 41

42 Nuber of luinaires The alternative ethod for fixing a layout is to set the nuber of fittings in either the length or width or both Nuber in Length Warning Liits: 1 to 50 Error Liits: 1 to 500 Enter a nuber to set the nuber of fittings in the roo-length direction or enter 'X' to unset it Nuber in Width Warning Liits: 1 to 50 Error Liits: 1 to 500 Enter a nuber to set the nuber of fittings in the roo-width direction or enter 'X' to unset it Roo Analysis Details VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 42

43 These are used to input the roo and calculation criteria for an analysis (point - by - point calculations). The units, and where applicable, default values are shown for each data-ite Project Title The project title allows you to describe the project and can be up to 60 characters long. It is printed at the top of the first page of the output Roo Diensions The progra assues a rectangular-shaped roo. Walls 1 and 3 refer to the length and walls 2 and 4 to the width as shown below in Fig.1 previously Roo Length Warning Liits: 2.0 to Error Liits: 0.5 to The roo length defines the lengths of walls 1 and 3 (see Fig.1) Roo Width Warning Liits: 2.0 to Error Liits: 0.5 to The roo width defines the lengths of walls 2 and 4 (see Fig.1) Roo Height Warning Liits: 2.0 to 20.0 Error Liits: 0 to 99.0 Enter the height of the roo for this analysis. If roo height is given as 0.0, the progra assues an external area to be analysed. In this case you will not be asked for surface-reflectance values Working-Surface Height Default: 0.75 Warning Liits: 0.0 to 1.20 Error Liits: 0.0 to 9.99 VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 43

44 The working-surface height is the level of the illuinated plane. VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 44

45 Roo-Surface Maintenance Factor Default: 0.9 Warning Liits: 0.6 to 0.95 Error Liits: 0.2 to 1.00 The roo-surface aintenance factor is the proportion of the illuinance provided by the lighting installation in a roo after a set tie copared with that which occurred when the roo was clean. Typical roo surface aintenance factors are shown in Appendix A, Table 5, and in the CIBSE Code for Interior Lighting, 1994, Table Surface Reflectances The surface-reflectance value of a surface is the ratio of the luinous flux reflected fro the surface to the luinous flux incident upon it. The progra will use these values to calculate the ceiling, wall and floor void reflectances, which in turn are used to calculate the internally reflected coponent. See Appendix A, Tables 1-3 or CIBSE Code for Interior Lighting 1994, Tables 5.8 and 5.9, for typical reflectances. If you wish to analyse an exterior area (i.e. you entered the roo height as 0.0) you need not enter the surface-reflectance values Ceiling Reflectance % Default: 70 Warning Liits: 30.0 to 90.0 Error Liits: 0.0 to This is the reflectance of the ceiling and not the ceiling cavity. The latter is calculated by the progra Wall-1 Reflectance % Default: 50 Warning Liits: 20.0 to 80.0 Error Liits: 0.0 to See Fig.1 for definition of wall nubers. VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 45

46 Wall-2 Reflectance % Default: Wall-1 Warning Liits: 20.0 to 80.0 Error Liits: 0.0 to See Fig.1 for definition of wall nubers. If a value is not entered here it will default to the value of the previous wall i.e. Wall Wall-3 Reflectance % Default: Wall-2 Warning Liits: 20.0 to 80.0 Error Liits: 0.0 to See Fig.1 for definition of wall nubers. If a value is not entered here it will default to the value of the previous wall i.e. Wall Wall-4 Reflectance % Default: Wall-3 Warning Liits: 20.0 to 80.0 Error Liits: 0.0 to See Fig.1 for definition of wall nubers. If a value is not entered here it will default to the value of the previous wall i.e. Wall Floor Reflectance % Default: 20 Warning Liits: 10.0 to 50.0 Error Liits: 0.0 to This is the actual reflectance of the floor surface and not the floor cavity. The latter is calculated in the progra Calculation Criteria The calculation criteria set up the calculation ethod to be used, which plane is of interest and how detailed the calculations need to be. VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 46

47 Calculation Method DEFAULT : H Select horizontal-illuinance, vertical-illuinance, or sei-cylindrical illuinance All the above are illuinances on the working plane. If the first is used, the illuinance plane is assued to be parallel to the floor. If one of the others is used, the angle of illuinance plane ust be entered Illuinance Plane degrees Default: WORK PLANE Warning Liits: 0 to 359 Error Liits: 0 to 359 If the horizontal-illuinance is to be calculated, the illuinance plane is defaulted to the working plane. If the vertical or sei-cylindrical illuinance is to be calculated, the angle of the illuinance plane ust be defined. See Fig.2 below for plane-angle definitions: Figure 2 Plane angle definitions Glare Calculation This facility is not yet operational, due to pending changes to the British Glare Syste and other international standards. VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 47

48 Nuber of Grid Points in Length Default: VARIABLE Warning Liits: 10 to 101 Error Liits: 5 to 101 Enter the nuber of grid points in the length. This value, together with the nuber of grid points in the width, deterines the resolution of the isolux plots for electric lighting illuination levels. The higher the nuber, the greater the resolution will be. The default values depend on the roo diensions Nuber of Grid Points in Width Default: VARIABLE Warning Liits: 10 to 51 Error Liits: 5 to 51 Enter the nuber of grid points in the width. This value, together with the nuber of grid points in the length, deterines the resolution of the isolux plots for electric lighting illuination levels. The higher the nuber, the greater the resolution will be. The default values depend on the roo diensions Task Areas Up to 5 task areas ay be defined for unifority-ratio calculations, which are in accordance with the CIBSE Code for Interior Lighting 1994, Section The task area is a square of side 0.5 etre, on which is superiposed a grid with 0.25 etre spacing. The task area is ebedded in a square of side 1 etre with a siilar grid, and the task unifority and task-surround unifority are calculated fro the illuinances at these grid points X-Position of Task-Area Centre Default: Roo Length /2 Warning Liits: 1 to (R Len - 1) Error Liits:.5 to (R Len -.5) Enter the distance fro wall 2 to the centre of the task area. (R Len = Roo Length) Y-Position of Task-Area Centre Default: Roo Width /2 Warning Liits: 1 to (R Wth - 1) Error Liits:.5 to (R Wth -.5) Enter the distance fro wall 1 to the centre of the task area. (R Wth = Roo Width). VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 48

49 Partitions Up to approxiately 50 rectangular partitions ay be defined to subdivide the roo. Each partition is specified by entering the x,y and z co-ordinates of any two diagonally opposite corners of the partition. The x, y and z axes originate at the botto left-hand corner of the roo when viewed fro above, with x along the length, y the width and z vertically up. Partitions are two-diensional i.e. they have no thickness, and a partition can only be vertical (like a wall), or horizontal (like a false ceiling or floor). If no task areas are defined, the partition ust be parallel to one of the walls X-Start Warning Liits: Error Liits: 0 to Roo Length 0 to Roo Length Enter the x - coordinate of the starting corner of the partition Y-Start Warning Liits: Error Liits: 0 to Roo Length 0 to Roo Length Enter the y - coordinate of the starting corner of the partition Z-Start Warning Liits: Error Liits: 0 to Roo Height 0 to Roo Height Enter the z - coordinate of the starting corner of the partition X-End Warning Liits: Error Liits: 0 to Roo Length 0 to Roo Length Enter the x - coordinate of the corner of the partition diagonally opposite the starting corner Y-End Warning Liits: Error Liits: 0 to Roo Length 0 to Roo Length Enter the y - coordinate of the corner of the partition diagonally opposite the starting corner. VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 49

50 Z-End Warning Liits: Error Liits: 0 to Roo Height 0 to Roo Height Enter the z - coordinate of the corner of the partition diagonally opposite the starting corner Surface Reflectances (%) This is the ratio of the luinous flux reflected fro a surface to the luinous flux incident upon it. The progra will use these values to calculate the ceiling, wall and floor-void reflectances necessary for the calculation of the internally reflected coponent Boxes Up to approxiately 50 boxes ay be defined to be placed in a roo. Each box is specified by entering the x, y and z coordinates of any two diagonally opposite corners of the box. The x, y and z axes originate at the botto left hand corner of the roo when viewed fro above, with x along the length, y the width and z vertically up. All the sides of the box can only be parallel to the respective roo axes X-Start Warning Liits: Error Liits: 0 to Roo Length 0 to Roo Length Enter the x - coordinate of the starting corner of the box Y-Start Warning Liits: Error Liits: 0 to Roo Length 0 to Roo Length Enter the y - coordinate of the starting corner of the box Z-Start Warning Liits: Error Liits: 0 to Roo Height 0 to Roo Height Enter the z - coordinate of the starting corner of the box X-End Warning Liits: Error Liits: 0 to Roo Length 0 to Roo Length VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 50

51 Enter the x - coordinate of the corner of the box diagonally opposite the starting corner Y-End Warning Liits: Error Liits: 0 to Roo Length 0 to Roo Length Enter the y - coordinate of the corner of the box diagonally opposite the starting corner Z-End Warning Liits: Error Liits: 0 to Roo Height 0 to Roo Height Enter the z - coordinate of the corner of the box diagonally opposite the starting corner Surface Reflectances (%) This is the ratio of the luinous flux reflected fro a surface to the luinous flux incident upon it. The progra will use these values to calculate the ceiling, wall and floor-void reflectances necessary for the calculation of the internally reflected coponent Luinaire Positions VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 51

52 Details for each luinaire position should be entered on a separate line. Regular arrays can be created using the Repeat Luinaire option. For each luinaire it is assued that the luinaire is pointed in the preferred direction first and then rotated, if required Lighting-Equipent References and Positions For a coplete specification of the lighting equipent to be used, you ust enter the luinaire, lap and lap-colour references. These can only be assessed if they exist in the luinaire or lap databases; it is also necessary that the lap reference exists as a valid lap for the luinaire and that the colour reference exists as a valid colour for the lap. You ust also enter the luinaire and bea positions. In general, the above data is defaulted to the values for the previous luinaire and lap selected Luinaire Reference The luinaire reference ay have up to 8 characters and should correspond to a reference in the database. The progra checks the syste database to see if the reference exists. If it does not, then you will be warned at the input stage. Luinaires can be reviewed by selecting the Review Database option fro the top enu Lap Reference The lap reference ay be up to 6 characters in length and should correspond to a reference in the database. The progra checks both your own database and the syste database to see if the reference exists. If it does not then you will be warned at the input stage. Laps can be reviewed by selecting the Review Database option fro the top enu Colour Reference The colour reference ay be up to 4 characters long and should exist as a valid colour for the lap given in the previous colun. If it does not exist you will be warned at the input stage. You can list all the valid colours by selecting the Review Database option fro the top enu. It is also possible to select OFF as a colour, which has the effect of switching off the lap Luinaire X-Position Warning Liits: 0.0 to L Error Liits: to L+10 VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 52

53 The X-position defines the position of the centre of the luinaire in the length direction, as easured fro wall 2. The warning and error liits depend upon the length of the roo Luinaire Y-Position Warning Liits: 0.0 to W Error Liits: to W+10 The Y-position defines the position of the centre of the luinaire in the width direction, as easured fro wall 1. The warning and error liits depend upon the length of the roo Luinaire Z-Position Warning Liits: Error Liits: 1.0 to HT 0.0 to HT The Z-position defines the height of the centre of the luinaire as easured fro the floor. The default value is the height of the roo Bea X-Position Default: X Warning Liits: 0.0 to L Error Liits: to L+10 The X-position defines the centre of the bea in the length direction, as easured fro wall 2. The default value is the luinaire X-position Bea Y-Position Default: Y Warning Liits: 0.0 to W Error Liits: to W+10 The Y-position defines the centre of the bea in the width direction, as easured fro wall 1. The default value is the luinaire Y-position Bea Z-Position Default: 0.0 Warning Liits: 0.0 to HT VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 53

54 Error Liits: 0.0 to HT The Z-position defines the height of the centre of the bea, as easured fro the floor. The default is floor level (0.0) Rotation Angle degrees Default: 0 Warning Liits: 0 to 359 Error Liits: 0 to 359 The rotation angle is easured in degrees in the anticlockwise direction. A zero rotation eans a linear fitting is parallel to the length of the roo or area. It is assued that the luinaire is pointed in the appropriate direction before it is rotated. See Fig.3 below. Figure 3 Plane angles Luinaire-Maintenance Factor Default: 0.9 Warning Liits: 0.60 to 0.95 Error Liits: 0.01 to 1.00 The luen output fro a luinaire decreases with tie because of dirt deposition on and in the luinaire. The luinaire-aintenance factor quantifies this decline, being a proportion of the initial light output fro the luinaire that occurs after a set tie, allowance having been ade for the decline in light output fro the lap. Typical luinaire-aintenance factors are shown in Appendix A, Table 4, and in the CIBSE Code for Interior Lighting, 1994, Table 4.6. VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 54

55 VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 55

56 Lap-Replaceent Period hours Default: 5000 Warning Liits: 0.60 to Error Liits: 0.01 to This category is used to assess the depreciation in light output fro the lap over a given tie. This has a two-fold functionality: If a value of less than 1.0 is input, the progra will interpret this as the actual lap-luen aintenance factor. Values of greater than 1.0 will be used as a lap-replaceent period when looking up the LLMF curves (deterined by lap type) Grouping Nuber Default: 1 Warning Liits: 1 to 9 Error Liits: 1 to 9 The luinaire group nuber is used in energy-savings calculations to specify which luinaires are grouped together and how they are controlled. The default is 1, which eans that the luinaires are all in the sae control group Repeat Luinaire Option The progra allows the user to enter syetrical layouts by selecting the Repeat Luinaire option fro the EDIT enu. The progra will propt you for the nuber of fittings in the length and width, as well as the spacing in the length and width. In order to use this option you ust have already entered one luinaire position; the progra will then calculate the other positions based upon the luinaire position selected by oving the cursor onto the relevant line. The progra will infor you if there is sufficient eory to add extra luinaires before it akes the copies. The progra will also check that the copied positions are within the roo X-Direction - Nuber of Coluns Warning Liits: 1 to 50 Error Liits: 1 to available Enter the nuber of luinaires of the sae type (including the one just defined) to be repeated along the length (i.e. the X direction) of the roo. The nuber of coluns is checked to ake sure that the axiu nuber of luinaire positions does not exceed that allowed by the progra. VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 56

57 X-Direction - Spacing Warning Liits: Error Liits: 0.5 to L -L to L Enter the distance between the centres of two adjacent luinaires. If there is only one colun of luinaires then the spacing is Y-Direction - Nuber of Rows Warning Liits: 1 to 50 Error Liits: 1 to available Enter the nuber of luinaires of the sae type to be repeated along the width of the roo Y-Direction Spacing Warning Liits: Error Liits: 0.5 to W -W to W Enter the distance between the centres of two adjacent luinaires. If there is only one row of luinaires then the spacing is 0. VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 57

58 6.5. Window Positions Details for each window position should be entered on a separate line. You ust enter all values for the first window, but subsequent windows will default to the last value entered Wall Nuber Warning Liits: 1 to 4 Error Liits: 1 to 4 The wall nuber specifies in which wall the window is located. Walls 1 and 3 refer to LENGTH and Walls 2 and 4 refer to WIDTH Window Width Default: as last window Warning Liits: 0.10 to 2.00 Error Liits: 0.01 to L or W The window width and height refer to the size of the glass, excluding the frae. The default values are those of the previously defined window. VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 58

59 Window Height Default: as last window Warning Liits: 0.10 to 2.00 Error Liits: 0.01 to HT The window height refers to the height of the glass excluding the frae. If ore than one window is entered with the sae height, the second and subsequent values for window height ay be left blank and the progra will use the value for the first window as a default Window Position Warning Liits: Error Liits: 0.00 to L or W 0.00 to L or W The window position is easured fro either the wall-1 datu or the wall-2 datu, whichever is appropriate, to the centre of the window Window-Sill Height Default: Warning Liits: Error Liits: as last window WSH to HT-WHT WSH to HT-WHT The window-sill height is easured fro the floor to the botto of the window. This value should be greater than the working-surface height. The default value is that of the previously defined window Light-Transission Factor Default: 0.9 Warning Liits: 0.4 to 0.9 Error Liits: 0.0 to 1.7 The light-transission factor is the proportion of the total luinous flux transitted by the window to the total flux incident upon it. For energy savings calculations, these factors can be ultiplied by the diffuse orientation factor to take into account building-facade orientation. Diffuse orientation factor Whole day South-facing window East-facing window West-facing window North-facing window VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 59

60 A list of light-transission factors for typical types of windows is shown in Appendix A, Table Luinaire Data Luinaire Reference The luinaire reference should be a unique reference up to 8 characters in length. If this reference is a repeat of one already existing in the syste database then the user-defined one will be picked up in preference Use Category The luinaire category is a for of classification, so that particular types of luinaire can be reviewed ore easily; you ay enter up to two categories. The following use categories exist: C I D U Coercial Industrial Downlighter Uplighter VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 60

61 S H L W N Spotlight High-bay Low-bay Wall-ounted Non-classified Manufacturer Category The anufacturers category is the second for of luinaire classification so that the review procedure can be used ore easily. The anufacturer is represented by a two-character code. The following codes exist, but any two-character code can be used: CR DA DP ER GL HI HO HU LC MA MI MO OS PH RD SI TH UR WH ZU Cropton Designed Architectural Lighting Designplan Lighting Erco Glaox Hitech Architectural Lighting Holophane Harvey Hubbell Lighting and Ceiling Louvres Marlin Mitralux Moorlite Osra Philips Rada Sieens Thorn Urbis Woodhouse Zutobel Luinaire Type Default : Linear The luinaire type defines the type of lighting source and deterines the calculation ethods to be used by the progra. Luinaire types are as follows: P = point source U = uplighter L = linear VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 61

62 Luinaire Height Default: 0.0 Warning Liits: 0.0 to 0.3 Error Liits: 0.0 to 1.0 The luinaire height is used to calculate the default luinaire side and end areas which are used in the detailed glare calculations Data OK? This switch is used to indicate whether the luinaire in question is still being anufactured. You should enter Y if it is, N if it is not Luinaire Title The luinaire title can be up to 60 characters long. It should adequately describe the luinaire in ters of anufacturer's nae and reference and also type of fitting and light control Upward Light-Output Ratio Warning Liits: 0.0 to 0.95 Error Liits: 0.0 to 1.00 The ratio of the total light output of a luinaire above the horizontal under stated practical conditions to that of the lap or laps under reference conditions Downward Light-Output Ratio Warning Liits: 0.0 to 0.95 Error Liits: 0.0 to 1.00 The ratio of the total light output of a luinaire below the horizontal under stated practical conditions to that of the lap or laps under reference conditions Maxiu Spacing-to-Height Ratio Warning Liits: 0.1 to 2.0 Error Liits: 0.0 to 4.0 This ratio describes the distance between luinaire centres in relation to their height above the working plane. The axiu spacing-to-height value should not be exceeded if the unifority of illuinance is to be acceptable for general lighting. VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 62

63 Transverse Spacing-to-Height Ratio Warning Liits: 0.1 to 2.0 Error Liits: 0.0 to 4.0 The transverse spacing-to-height ratio ensures that spacing in the transverse direction provides the illuinance unifority Utilisation Factor Warning Liits: 0.10 to 0.95 Error Liits: 0.00 to 1.00 The utilisation factor is the proportion of luinous flux eitted by the laps which reach the working plane. The utilisation factors should be for zero reflectances for the noinal space-to-height ratio at the standard roo indices, as described in CIBSE TM5. Nine values should be entered in ascending order, to correspond to roo indices of 0.75, 1.0, 1.25, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, and Uncorrected Crosswise Glare Indices Warning Liits: 2.0 to 30.0 Error Liits: to 50.0 The uncorrected crosswise glare indices should be entered for each of the nineteen standard-roo diensions, as described in CIBSE TM10. The indices entered should be for ceiling, wall and floor reflectances of 70%, 50% and 20% respectively Uncorrected Endwise Glare Indices Warning Liits: 2.0 to 30.0 Error Liits: to 50.0 The uncorrected endwise glare indices should be entered for each of the nineteen standard-roo diensions, as described in CIBSE TM10. The indices entered should be for ceiling, wall and floor reflectances of 70%, 50% and 20% respectively. The endwise value should follow the corresponding crosswise value for each roo diension; if the endwise glare index is not entered its value will default to that of the crosswise glare index. VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 63

64 6.7. Luinaire Data - Polar Curves Polar-curve data ay be easured using either the 'C-gaa' syste or the 'Horizontal - Vertical' syste (see CIBSE Technical Meorandu 14 for further inforation on these systes). The C-gaa syste allows both point and linear sources to be defined in the sae anner. A axiu of 12 'C' (or 'H') angles and 55 'gaa' (or 'V') angles can be defined when the data is entered interactively. For exaple, for a syetrical luinaire this allows the C angles to be in steps of fifteen degrees fro 0 to 180, and the gaa angles to be in 5-degree steps fro 0 to 180. Such a large nuber of polar points will allow alost any type of polar curve to be defined, yet not all values need to be entered when specifying siple syetrical polar curves. You can define the actual angles; in this way a large nuber of points can be specified where the curve is rapidly changing and fewer where the curve is changing little. The luinous intensities should all be expressed in ters of candelas per thousand luens. Note that if the data are entered fro a standard forat file using the database facility, 72 C angles and 55 gaa angles can be defined. VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 64

65 Type of Photoetry Default: 1 Warning Liits: 1 to 2 Error Liits: 1 to 2 Intensity distributions fro luinaires can be easured using two principal coordinate systes,'c-gaa' or 'Horizontal-Vertical (H-V)'. Most interior luinaires are photoeter ed using the C-Gaa syste whereas floodlights (due to their intensity distribution) usually are photoetered in H-V. Enter the respective nuber of type of photoetry: 1 = C-gaa notation (default) 2 = Horizontal-Vertical notation Design Attitude degrees Default: 0.0 Warning Liits: 0.0 to 10.0 Error Liits: 0.0 to 30.0 The design attitude is the angle at which the luinaire is designed to operate. For noral indoor luinaires it is zero C or Horizontal Angles degrees Default: 0 Warning Liits: 0 to 359 Error Liits: 0 to 359 Up to twelve C Angles (or Horizontal angles) can be entered in ascending order, fro 0 to 359 degrees. A blank line assues a value of 0. The progra will copy quadrants, so that if the last value entered was 90, the progra will copy the other 3 quadrants, or if the last value was 180 then it will copy 2 quadrants. Otherwise you ust coplete the series, e.g. 0, 30, or 0, Note that if data is read in fro anufacturers' data, e.g. in CIBSE forat, up to 72 C Angles can be read in Gaa or Vertical Angles degrees Warning Liits: 0 to 180 Error Liits: 0 to 180 A axiu of 55 gaa (or V) angles can be entered, but only one per line. These can be in any order although no value should be repeated. VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 65

66 Luinous Intensities cd/1000 l Warning Liits: 0 to 500 Error Liits: 0 to Up to 12 luinous intensities can be entered on one line, for the sae gaa (or V) angle, these apply to the various C (or H) angles entered above. The nuber of values to be entered depends on the choice of C (or H) angles Luinaire Data - Valid Laps Up to 20 valid laps ay be specified for each luinaire. For a linear fluorescent fitting for instance you ay wish to define the various lengths, such as 1200, 1500 and Alternatively, a high-bay fitting ay be capable of taking a SON lap or a MBF lap. For each valid lap a nuber of other relevant pieces of data are required, such as the length and wattage, which will depend upon the lap being used Valid-Lap Reference The valid-lap reference, which ay be up to 6 characters in length, is used as a VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 66

67 key to pick up a lap in the lap database, so in order for you to use a particular lap with your luinaire, the lap ust exist in the lap database as well as being defined as a valid lap for your luinaire. If you cannot reeber the nae of a valid lap for a particular luinaire, the data can be reviewed by selecting the review database option Luinaire Wattage W Warning Liits: 10 to 1000 Error Liits: 0 to The luinaire wattage is the TOTAL power consued by the laps AND control gear and is used by the progra to calculate the total wattage for a particular lighting schee Luinaire Voltaperes VA Warning Liits: 10 to 1000 Error Liits: 0 to The luinaire voltaperes are the apparent power consued by the luinaire. It is the product of the total current input to the luinaire and the supply voltage Luinaire Length Warning Liits: 0.0 to 2.4 Error Liits: 0.0 to 5.0 The luinaire length easured in etres, is used to check whether the luinaire will fit in the roo and also to calculate the glare-correction factor Utilisation-Factor Correction Factor Default: Warning Liits: 0.9 to 1.1 Error Liits: 0.5 to 2.0 The utilisation-factor correction factor is used to convert the UF data when the standard is not being used. It is also applied to the polar-curve data Ballast-Correction Factor 1.0 Warning Liits: 0.8 to 1.2 Error Liits: 0.5 to 1.5 VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 67

68 The ballast-correction factor is the ratio of the light output of a reference lap operated under reference conditions on a test ballast to the light output of the sae lap operated under the sae conditions on a reference ballast Glare-Shape Code One of the following glare-shape codes should be entered (as defined in the CIBSE Technical Meorandu Nuber 14 ): 1 Rectangular box 2 Sphere 3 Vertical cylinder or flat disc 4 Horizontal cylinder 99 Any other shape 100 Not applicable Base Luinous Areas sq. Default: W x L Warning Liits: 0.0 to 1.3 Error Liits: 0.0 to 2.4 The luinous areas are used by the progra when calculating glare indices fro basic principles. The default value is calculated fro the product of the luinaire width and length for this lap Side Luinous Area sq. Default: L x H Warning Liits: 0.0 to 1.0 Error Liits: 0.0 to 2.0 The luinous area is used by the progra when calculating glare indices fro basic principles. The side luinous area is siilar to the base luinous area. The default is the product of the luinaire height and length of this lap End Luinous Area sq. Default: W x H Warning Liits: 0.0 to 1.0 Error Liits: 0.0 to 2.0 The luinous area is used by the progra when calculating glare indices fro basic principles. The end luinous area is siilar to the base luinous area. The default is the product of the luinaire width and height for this lap. VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 68

69 6.9. Lap Data Lap Reference The lap reference ay be up to 6 characters in length and should be a unique reference. If this reference is a repeat of one already existing in the syste database, then the user-defined one will be picked up in preference to the syste one Lap-Type Category The lap-type category is a for of classification, so that particular types of lap can be reviewed ore easily; the following categories exist: IN TH LF CF ME MH SX SN NC Incandescent Tungsten Halogen Linear Fluorescent Copact Fluorescent Mercury Metal Halide Low-Pressure Sodiu High-Pressure Sodiu Non-classified VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 69

70 Lap Manufacturer The lap-anufacturer reference can be up to two characters in length. The following anufacturer codes exist: GE OS PH SY TH WO General Electric Osra Philips Sylvania Thorn Wotan However you ay enter ANY two-character reference for other anufacturers Lap Title The lap title ay be up to 30 characters in length and should adequately describe the lap; it is recoended that this includes the anufacturer's nae and reference Data OK? This is used as a flag to indicate whether the lap is still being anufactured. You should enter 'Y' if it is, or 'N' if it is not. The default is 'Y' Valid Lap Colours Up to 10 valid colours ay be specified for each lap. For a linear fluorescent lap, for instance you ay wish to define the various colours, such as war-white, white and cool-white. The available colours for a particular lap ay be found using the review facility Lap Colour The lap colour reference ay be up to 4 characters in length. Up to 10 colours can exist for each lap, and each reference should be unique for that lap Initial Bare-Lap Luen Output The initial bare-lap output is the luinous flux easured after 100 hours and is used in the calculations to deterine the total luinous flux within the roo Lap-Luen Maintenance-Factor Curve Reference The lap-luen aintenance-factor (LLMF) reference is a code used to identify an LLMF curve. Syste curves have a code in the range 1 to 99 and the user curves have a code in the range 100 to The following curves are used as the default VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 70

71 for the various lap categories: CATEGORY LAMP TYPE LLMF CURVE IN Incandescent 16 TH Tungsten Halogen 17 LF Linear Fluorescent 1 CF Copact Fluorescent 1 ME Mercury 10 MH Metal Halide 13 SX Low-Pressure Sodiu 7 SN High-Pressure Sodiu 6 NC Non-classified Lap-luen Maintenance Factors This data-sheet is used to enter data to produce lap-luen aintenancefactor curves LLMF-Curve Reference Warning Liits: 1 to 9999 Error Liits: 1 to 9999 The lap-luen aintenance-factor (LLMF) curve reference is a code used to identify a LLMF curve. Syste curves have a code in the range of 1-99 and user curves have a code in the range VE 2015 Flucs: Artificial Lighting & Daylighting 71