GOOD MORNING SUNSHINE

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Item 11: Good Morning Sunshine Monday, 15 October 2018 12:30 PM GOOD MORNING SUNSHINE EXPLORE WALT: definition and decomposition of complex problems in terms of functional and non-functional

- Identified where and why component are connected into the GPIO - Described how the circuit works and the relationships between components.

1 Item 11: Good Morning Sunshine Monday, 15 October :30 PM GOOD MORNING SUNSHINE EXPLORE WALT: definition and decomposition of complex problems in terms of functional and non-functional requirements WILF - Defined how each component works by identifying or describing their qualities. - Identified where and why component are connected into the GPIO - Described how the circuit works and the relationships between components. Processes and production skills Investigating and defining A B C The student work has the following characteristics: The student work has the following characteristics: The student work has the following characteristics: purposeful definition and decomposition of complex problems in terms of functional and non-functional requirements - Defined how all components works by identifying or describing their qualities. - Identified why and where all of the components are connected into the GPIO - Described how the whole circuit works, with both text and images. effective definition and decomposition of complex problems in terms of functional and non-functional requirements - Defined how most components works by identifying or describing their qualities. - Identified why and where most of the components are connected into the GPIO - Described how the circuit works, with both text and images. definition and decomposition of complex problems in terms of functional and non-functional requirements - Defined how some components works by identifying or describing their qualities. - Identified why and where some of the components are connected into the GPIO - Described how the circuit works. Difficulty: moderate Estimated Effort: 70 Mins Value: 10% Components List: Arduino Board USB Cable Piezo Buzzer Light Sensors or Light Dependent Resistors (LDR) or photocells 10k Resistor Physical Computing and Embedded Sytems Page 1

Resistors You don t necessarily need to know about resistors and how to read them. For this item, hunt through your kit until you find the resistor with brown-blackorange-gold bands.

Since the Arduino board pushes out 5V and the average LED is rated at 1.7V, you will nearly always see a resistor connected to an LED.

Perhaps the most accurate is the Light Dependent Resistors (LDR) as it is a component that changes its resistance depending on light levels.

The resistance range of our LDR is 200KΩ (dark) to 10KΩ (10 lux brightness); the higher the brightness, the lower the resistance and higher the voltage.

Even in 'not too bright', the resistance will probably be 10KΩ (the top of the range) and 5V (the top of the range).

2 Resistors You don t necessarily need to know about resistors and how to read them. For this item, hunt through your kit until you find the resistor with brown-blackorange-gold bands. However, you may like to learn about resistors and how to read them. Generally, resistors are used to reduce the voltage in a particular part of a circuit. Since the Arduino board pushes out 5V and the average LED is rated at 1.7V, you will nearly always see a resistor connected to an LED. Light Sensors or Light Dependent Resistors (LDR) or photocells Unfortunately, this has three names and they are used interchangeably. Perhaps the most accurate is the Light Dependent Resistors (LDR) as it is a component that changes its resistance depending on light levels. Then, due to ohm's law, V = IR, the voltage will change as light levels change and we can use these changing voltage values in our code. The resistance range of our LDR is 200KΩ (dark) to 10KΩ (10 lux brightness); the higher the brightness, the lower the resistance and higher the voltage. The problem for us is that we will be using the LDR where it is bright but not too bright. Even in 'not too bright', the resistance will probably be 10KΩ (the top of the range) and 5V (the top of the range). To fix this, we need to add a pull-down resistor into the circuit, which will add a 10KΩ buffer. This will add some resistance so that we are not reading 5V (theoretically super-bright) all the time, even in a dimly lit room. If we still get inaccurate readings, then we could add further resistance, but we would need to calculate these using the "Axel Benz" formula. Don't worry, you wont have to do that. Want to know more? FLOATING PINS, PULL-UP RESISTORS AND ARDUINO Pins used: GND, GND, 5V, 11, A0 The buzzer will work from outputting a HIGH(5V) or on and LOW (0V) or off signal through pin 11. There is a mini-circuit from 5V to LDR to A0 to resistor to GND. The A0 is an analog pin. It makes sense that the LDR is plugged in here, as the signal it will give is analog. While the main function of the analog pins for most Arduino users is to read analog sensors, the analog pins also have all the functionality of general purpose input/output (GPIO) pins (the same as digital pins 0-13). Therefore, the analog pins can be used identically to the digital pins, with digitalread() and digitalwrite(). The greater the intensity of light, the greater the corresponding voltage from the LDR will be. Since the LDR gives out an analog voltage, it is connected to the analog input pin on the Arduino. The Arduino, with its built-in ADC (analog-to-digital converter), then converts the analog voltage (from 0-5V) into a digital value in the range of (0-1023). It's this digital value the we test for in the code. The Circuit: Physical Computing and Embedded Sytems Page 2

INSTRUCTIONS 1. Connect as shown in the Fritzing (circuit) diagram above.

Answer these questions: Portfolio Task Questions for EXPLORE 1. Define how each of the components work?

Identify what and where components are plugged into the GPIO. Why there? 3. Describe How the circuit works?

3 INSTRUCTIONS 1. Connect as shown in the Fritzing (circuit) diagram above. Take a photo for your portfolio, or set up a virtual circuit in tinkercad and take a screenshot. 2. Answer these questions: Portfolio Task Questions for EXPLORE 1. Define how each of the components work? Identify each component and describe how they work with text and images. 2. Identify what and where components are plugged into the GPIO. Why there? 3. Describe How the circuit works? Tell the story. Include a picture. [ use ] DEVELOP WALT: design and evaluation of user experiences and algorithms WILF Design Physical Computing and Embedded Sytems Page 3

4 - interpret existing code: > Analyse to identify where input, output, processing and storage occurs in the code. > translated code into pseudocode - Plan to modify parts of the code to make it work differently or more effectively Evaluation - Recommended ways to use the technology differently. Processes and production skills Generating and designing - producing and implementing A B C The student work has the following characteristics: The student work has the following characteristics: The student work has the following characteristics: purposeful design and evaluation of user experiences and algorithms - identified where all input, output, processing and storage occurs in the code. - translated all code into pseudocode - Plan to modify several parts of the code to make it work differently - Recommended ways to use the technology differently. effective design and evaluation of user experiences and algorithms - identified where most input, output, processing and storage occurs in the code. - translated most code into pseudocode - Plan to modify some parts of the code to make it work differently - Recommended some ways to use the technology differently. design and evaluation of user experiences and algorithms - identified where some input, output, processing and storage occurs in the code. - translated some code into pseudocode - Plan to modify some parts of the code to make it work differently - Recommended a way to use the technology differently. Algorithms: Sequence, selection and iteration Code structure, values and functions: int [Data Types] To store a value in code, we use variables. There are many kinds of values or types of data that we may want to store. Integers are your primary data-type for number storage From < bool [Data Types] A bool holds one of two values, true or false. (Each bool variable occupies one byte of memory.) From < pinmode() [Digital I/O] Configures the specified pin to behave either as an input or an output pinmode(pin, mode) pin: the number of the pin whose mode you wish to set mode: INPUT, OUTPUT, or INPUT_PULLUP. (see the (digital pins) page for a more complete description of the functionality.) From < Physical Computing and Embedded Sytems Page 4

5 Serial.begin() Sets the data rate in bits per second (baud) for serial data transmission. For communicating with the computer, use one of th ese rates: 300, 600, 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, 14400, 19200, 28800, 38400, 57600, or You can, however, specify other rates - for example, to communicate over pins 0 and 1 with a component that requires a particular baud rate. An optional second argument configures the data, parity, and stop bits. The default is 8 data bits, no parity, one stop bit. Serial.begin(speed) Serial.begin(speed, config) speed: in bits per second (baud) - long config: sets data, parity, and stop bits. Valid values are : From < Serial.println() Prints data to the serial port as human-readable ASCII text followed by a carriage return character (ASCII 13, or '\r') and a newline character (ASCII 10, or '\n'). This command takes the same forms as Serial.print(). Serial.println(val) Serial.println(val, format) val: the value to print - any data type format: specifies the number base (for integral data types) or number of decimal places (for floating point types) Returns size_t (long): println() returns the number of bytes written, though reading that number is optional From < analogread() [Analog I/O] Reads the value from the specified analog pin. The Arduino board contains a 6 channel (7 channels on MKR boards, 8 on the Min i Physical Computing and Embedded Sytems Page 5

and Nano, 16 on the Mega), 10-bit analog to digital converter. This means that it will map input voltages between 0 and 5 volts into integer values between 0 and 1023.

6 and Nano, 16 on the Mega), 10-bit analog to digital converter. This means that it will map input voltages between 0 and 5 volts into integer values between 0 and This yields a resolution between readings of: 5 volts / 1024 units or,.0049 volts (4.9 mv ) per unit. The input range and resolution can be changed using analogreference(). It takes about 100 microseconds ( s) to read an analog input, so the maximum reading rate is about 10,000 times a secon d. analogread(pin) pin: the number of the analog input pin to read from (0 to 5 on most boards, 0 to 6 on MKR boards, 0 to 7 on the Mini and Nano, 0 to 15 on the Mega) Returns int(0 to 1023) From < analogwrite() [Analog I/O] Writes an analog value (PWM wave) to a pin. Can be used to light a LED at varying brightnesses or drive a motor at various speeds. After a call to analogwrite(), the pin will generate a steady square wave of the specified duty cycle until the next call to analogwrite() (or a call to digitalread() or digitalwrite()) on the same pin. The frequency of the PWM signal on most pins is approximately 490 Hz. On the Uno and similar boards, pins 5 and 6 have a frequency of approximately 980 Hz. On most Arduino boards (those with the ATmega168 or ATmega328P), this function works on pins 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. You do not need to call pinmode() to set the pin as an output before calling analogwrite(). The analogwrite function has nothing to do with the analog pins or the analogread function. analogwrite(pin, value) pin: the pin to write to. Allowed data types: int. value: the duty cycle: between 0 (always off) and 255 (always on). Allowed data types: int From < Physical Computing and Embedded Sytems Page 6

7 delay() [Time] Pauses the program for the amount of time (in milliseconds) specified as parameter. (There are 1000 milliseconds in a second. ) delay(ms) ms: the number of milliseconds to pause (unsigned long) From < > If else [Control Structure] The if statement checks for a condition and executes the proceeding statement or set of statements if the condition is 'true'. if (condition) { //statement(s) condition: a boolean expression i.e., can be true or false The statements being evaluated inside the parentheses require the use of one or more operators shown below. Comparison Operators: x == y (x is equal to y) x!= y (x is not equal to y) x < y (x is less than y) x > y (x is greater than y) x <= y (x is less than or equal to y) x >= y (x is greater than or equal to y) From < while [Control Structure] A while loop will loop continuously, and infinitely, until the expression inside the parenthesis, () becomes false. Something must change the tested variable, or the while loop will never exit. This could be in your code, such as an incremented variable, o r an Physical Computing and Embedded Sytems Page 7

8 external condition, such as testing a sensor. while(condition){ // statement(s) The condition is a boolean expression that evaluates to true or false. Example Code var = 0; while(var < 200){ // do something repetitive 200 times var++; From < bool Datatype This code uses this datatype for the first time. It is used to keep the alarm in the 'off' state [while(alarmtriggered == false)] Serial.begin() This will connect us to the serial monitor in the Aduino IDE. Serial.println() This will print to the serial monitor. In the code it is used to give us idea of the digital value coming from the LDR [Serial.println(analogRead(LDR));]. The Arduino, with its built-in ADC (analog-to-digital converter), then converts the analog voltage (from 0-5V) into a digital value in the range of (0-1023). The alarm is triggered by anything greater than 50 [if(analogread(ldr) > 50)], so if the alarm is not working (such as the alarm always goes off, even in complete darkness), then you can see if the values from the LDR is the problem. Ie. Maybe they are always greater than 50. If this is the case, then try setting a higher value and keep tuning the value until the alarm goes off in 'morning light'. Want more? USE SERIAL.PRINT() TO DISPLAY ARDUINO OUTPUT ON YOUR COMPUTER MONITOR: PART 1 USE SERIAL.PRINT() TO DISPLAY ARDUINO OUTPUT ON YOUR COMPUTER MONITOR: PART 2 while You can use while() statements in a sketch to repeat instructions, as long as (while) a given condition is true. The condition is always tested before the code in the while() statement is executed. For example, while ( temperature > 30 ) will test to determine if the value of temperature is greater than 30. You can use any comparison operator within the parentheses to create the condition. In contrast to while, the do-while() structure places the test after the code within the dowhile statement is executed. In our code, the while is used to check light levels and trigger the alarm while the alarm has not already been triggered: [ while(alarmtriggered == false)]. Note the use of ==. The double equal signs are used when testing conditions If The if is used to test light levels and when they are above the digital value of 50, the alarm is triggered: [if(analogread(ldr) > 50)] alarmtrigger() Function Previously, we have been using pre-defined functions, such as digitalwrite() etc. Now we are writing our own and this is what the pre-defined ones look like, behind the scenes. For a start, it is written after the void loop() function because we don t need it to loop continuously. The first line is: void alarmtrigger(int i) { This means that our function, called 'alarmtrigger' will not return or pass a value out of the function (void). Within the brackets, int i, is where we declare a Physical Computing and Embedded Sytems Page 8

9 variable to hold the value of an integer that we are passing to our function. In this case we are telling the function how many times to beep our alarm [alarmtrigger(15)]. So the integer value 15 is passed to the i integer variable and the function knows that i=15. INSTRUCTIONS 1. Save the sketch (code) below and then open in the Arduino IDE (File>Open..) Good_Mor ning_suns Copy the code into a place where you can edit it to add comments. 3. Answer the following: Portfolio Task Questions for DEVELOP 1. Where are the Input, output, storage in the code? Feature Code 2. How does the code work - pseudocode a. Copy the existing code b. Place comments (//) next to each line of code in pseudocode 3. How will you modify the circuit and/or the code to make it do something different or more effectively? 4. How could you use this technology in another way to improve the way it works or apply it to a different situation? How to write pseudocode Accepting inputs Operation Pseudocode Programming equivalent Prompt user for surname Input surname var person = prompt("please enter your name"); Producing outputs Print the message Hello World console.log( Hello World ); Assigning values to variables Set the total to 0 var total = 0; Performing arithmetic set total to items times price var total = items * price; Selection and Perform alternative actions Iteration or Repeating operations 1. Pre-test loop also known as the WHILE loop Iteration or Repeating operations 2. Post-test loop eg the REPEAT/UNTIL or DO/WHILE loops Iteration or Repeating operations 3. Counting loop also known as the FOR loop. IF mark is greater than 49 THEN print Pass ELSE print Fail WHILE total greater than 0 subtract new purchase from total ENDWHILE REPEAT <Block> UNTIL condition FOR Index = START_VALUE to FINISH_VALUE <Block> ENDFOR if (mark > 49) { console.log( Pass ); else { console.log( Fail ); while (total > 0) { total = total - new_purchase; var i = 0; do { text += "The number is " + i; i++; while (i < 5); var i; for (i = 0; i < cars.length; i++) { text += cars[i] + "<br>"; Physical Computing and Embedded Sytems Page 9

GENERATE WALT: design and implementation of modular programs, including an object-oriented program, using algorithms and data structures involving modular functions that reflect the relationships of

characteristics: The student work has the following characteristics: The student work has the following characteristics: purposeful design and proficient implementation of modular programs, including

10 GENERATE WALT: design and implementation of modular programs, including an object-oriented program, using algorithms and data structures involving modular functions that reflect the relationships of real-world data and data entities WILF - Code implemented Processes and production skills Generating and designing - producing and implementing A B C The student work has the following characteristics: The student work has the following characteristics: The student work has the following characteristics: purposeful design and proficient implementation of modular programs, including an object-oriented program, using algorithms and data structures involving modular functions that reflect the relationships of real-world data and data entities - All code implemented effective design and effective implementation of modular programs, including an object-oriented program, using algorithms and data structures involving modular functions that reflect the relationships of real-world data and data entities - Most code implemented design and implementation of modular programs, including an object-oriented program, using algorithms and data structures involving modular functions that reflect the relationships of real-world data and data entities - Some code implemented INSTRUCTIONS 1. Set up the circuit. Take a photo for your portfolio, or set up a virtual circuit in tinkercad and take a screenshot. 2. Test your board with the 'Blink' sketch 3. Save the sketch (code) below and then open in the Arduino IDE (File>Open..) Good_Mor ning_suns Double-check that you have the right board (Tools>Board) and COM port (Tools>Port) selected. 4.5 Switch on the Monitor to see sensor values 5. Upload your sketch (Sketch>Upload or 6. You should hear an alarm going off Youtube Video: 7. Copy and paste the code to your portfolio. Read and translate the code into pseudocode by commenting (add \\ at the end of each line) each line of code. Eg: pinmode(11, OUTPUT); // set pin 11 as an output pin 8. Modify the code to make it work differently or more effectively. Eg. Physical Computing and Embedded Sytems Page 10

Change how much light triggers the alarm (hint: if(analogread(ldr) > 50);) Change how long the alarm stays on (hint: alarmtrigger(15);) Change the sound of the alarm by changing the delays and the

11 Change how much light triggers the alarm (hint: if(analogread(ldr) > 50);) Change how long the alarm stays on (hint: alarmtrigger(15);) Change the sound of the alarm by changing the delays and the tone 9. Re-upload your code 10. Take a video for your portfolio. 11. Answer the questions below: Portfolio Task Questions for GENERATE 1. Get the hardware and software working 2. Get your modifications working and highlight where you have altered the code. document 3. Record a very short video of your working solution. EVALUATE AND REFINE WALT: evaluation of information systems and their solutions in terms of risk, sustainability and potential for innovation and enterprise WILF - Makes judgments about ideas, works, solutions or methods in relation to risk, sustainability and potential for innovation and enterprise Processes and production skills Evaluating A B C The student work has the following characteristics: The student work has the following characteristics: The student work has the following characteristics: discerning evaluation of information systems and their solutions in terms of risk, sustainability and potential for innovation and enterprise - All sections of evaluation completed and thorough. informed evaluation of information systems and their solutions in terms of risk, sustainability and potential for innovation and enterprise - Most sections of evaluation completed and thorough. evaluation of information systems and their solutions in terms of risk, sustainability and potential for innovation and enterprise - Most sections of evaluation completed. Portfolio Task Questions for EVALUATE AND REFINE 1. Update your kanban and burndown chart 2. Write a short evaluation Physical Computing and Embedded Sytems Page 11

12 Evaluation Critically evaluate your completed digital solution by using the organiser below. Make sure that you use full sentences and copy and paste text into paragraphs rather than leaving it in table form. Digital solution evaluation Enterprise needs and opportunities What needs or opportunities does the solution address? Risks What risks does the digital solution pose to the user s personal security? Could the digital solution have any adverse effects on the stakeholders? Sustainability How could the digital solution impact the environment? What economic factors might influence the digital solution? Is your solution easy to use and learn? Why/Why not? Are there any social factors which could affect the solution? Innovative How is the digital solution innovative? Recommendations Recommend at least one improvement that you would like to see made to the digital solution. Do you want more? IoT3_Step_ by_step_ Shiny Disco Balls Serial Display A great introduction to input and output. As speech or music is sensed, an RGB LED light flashes in time. The sketch prints the voltage on each LED pin to the serial monitor. Great fun. This sketch uses a common cathode RGB LED (approx 25p Nov 2013) attached to pins 9, 10 and 11 of the Arduino. Sand down the clear plastic of the LED all over, and cover it with a ping, pong ball for the best effect. A sound sensor is connected to analogue pin A0. The sound sensor can be a simple sound detector which gives a high voltage when a sound is detected and a low voltage when there is little sound (99p Nov 2013) or it may be a piezo microphone ( 2.50 Nov 2013). Both are available on online auction sites. The analogue input pin provides a value of The digital outputs accept values from Analogue value is divided by 4 to send to digital output Adjust the pulselength for the best effect with your hardware. Level: (Beginner) Duration: (1 hr) Teaches: (Input and output, RGB colour mixing, simple calculations) _0041_shin y_disco_b... LED Dice Theramin Physical Computing and Embedded Sytems Page 12

WALT: definition and decomposition of complex problems in terms of functional and non-functional requirements

Item 1: The Clock is Ticking Monday, 15 October 2018 12:19 PM EXPLORE WALT: definition and decomposition of complex problems in terms of functional and non-functional requirements - Defined how each component