Electrical Engineering

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1 Electrical Engineering Computer Fundamentals Comprehensive Theory with Solved Examples and Practice Questions Publications

2 Publications MADE EASY Publications Corporate Office: 44-A/4, Kalu Sarai (Near Hauz Khas Metro Station), New Delhi Contact: , Visit us at: Computer Fundamentals Copyright by MADE EASY Publications. All rights are reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photo-copying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of the above mentioned publisher of this book. First Edition : 2015 Second Edition : 2016 Third Edition : 2017 Fourth Edition : 2018 All rights reserved by MADE EASY PUBLICATIONS. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form without the written permission from the publisher.

3 Contents Computer Fundamentals Chapter 1 Basic Architecture Computer System Layers of Abstraction Computer Organization and Computer Architecture Evolution of Digital Computers Structure and Function of a Computer System Components of Computer Structure Bus Structure... 7 Student s Assignment... 9 Chapter 2 CPU Organization Introduction Machine Instructions Instruction Formats Addressing Modes Types of Machine Instructions Instruction Stream Vs Data Stream ALU Design Bus Organizations of Datapath Implementations of Datapath Basics of Control Unit Multi Cycle Datapath and Control Control Unit Microoperations and Control Signals Control Unit Implementation...40 Student s Assignment...47 Chapter 3 Memory Organization Introduction Memory or Primary Memory (Core Memory/ Store/Storage) Cache Memory Direct Mapped Cache (1-way Set Associative Cache) Fully Associative Cache Set Associative Cache (k-way Set Associative... Cache) Virtual Memory Page Fault Page Replacement Page Replacement Algorithms Advantages and Disadvantages of Virtual Memory...79 Student s Assignment...83 Chapter 4 Input/Output Organization Introduction I/O Access Structure I/O Modules I/O Techniques Direct Memory Access Secondary Storage Magnetic Memory Optical Memory Structure of a Disk (Disk Structure) Student s Assignment Chapter 5 Data Representation Fixed-Point Representation IEEE Floating-Point Number Representation Computer Arithmetic Adding 2 s Complement Numbers Multiplying Floating-Point Numbers Student s Assignment Associative Memory Address Space...56

4 Chapter 6 Basic Concepts of Operating Systems Operating System (OS) Structure of Computer System Layered View of Operating System Services History of Operating System Types of Operating System Functions of Operating System Operating System Components Process Process State Models Thread Multi Threading Student s Assignment Chapter 7 File System Introduction Directories File Management System File System Organization File Allocation Methods Student s Assignment Chapter 8 Networking Fundamentals Introduction Delays in Computer Networks Protocol Layering Circuit-Switched Packet Switching Student s Assignment Chapter 9 Programming Methodology Data Segments in Memory Scope of Variable C Variable Address arithmetic in C Value of Variable in C Language Flow Control in C Function Recursion Backtracking C Scope Rules Storage Class Pointers Student s Assignment nnnn

Course Description: This course includes concepts of instruction set architecture,

Computer Architecture Course Title: Computer Architecture Full Marks: 60+ 20+20 Course No: CSC208 Pass Marks: 24+8+8 Nature of the Course: Theory + Lab Credit Hrs: 3 Course Description: This course includes