Creating Test Harnesses and Starter Applications

Transcription

1 ch02 11/18/03 8:54 AM Page 27 Creatig Test Haresses ad Starter Applicatios Applicatio Types You Ca Create with Visual C++ Visual C++.NET comes with a package of wizards that geerate startig code for a wide variety of applicatios, both maaged ad umaaged. A useful way to categorize these applicatios is by their user iterface: Cosole applicatios ru i a commad prompt ad are text-oly, readig from the keyboard ad writig to the scree. Widows applicatios are graphical, usig the mouse ad keyboard ad geerally usig well-kow Widows cotrols such as buttos, text boxes, dropdow boxes, ad so o. 2 IN THIS CHAPTER. Applicatio Types You Ca Create with Visual C++. What Is a Test Haress?. Creatig a Umaaged C++ Applicatio. Testig a Umaaged Class with a Umaaged Test Haress. Creatig a Maaged C++ Applicatio. Testig a Maaged Class with a Maaged Test Haress. I Brief Web applicatios ru o a Web server whe a particular URL is loaded, ad sed HTML to a waitig browser. Services are applicatios that ru i the backgroud ad respod to requests, but do ot have ay visual user iterface. Class libraries are collectios of code that ca be called by other code. Other wizards create project types that are typically used by developers makig uusual types of applicatios by had or portig applicatios from aother platform.

2 ch02 11/18/03 8:54 AM Page CHAPTER 2 Creatig Test Haresses ad Starter Applicatios Table 2.1 categorizes the applicatios that Visual C++.NET 2003 will create for you. TABLE 2.1 Applicatio Types i Visual C++ USER INTERFACE UNMANAGED MANAGED Cosole Wi32 Cosole Project Cosole Applicatio (.NET) Widows MFC Applicatio Widows Forms Applicatio (.NET) Web ATL Server Project, MFC ISPAPI Extesio DLL Service ATL Server Web Service ASP.NET Web Service, Widows Service (.NET) Class Library ATL Project, Exteded Stored Procedure Class Library (.NET), Widows DLL, MFC ActiveX Cotrol, MFC DLL Cotrol Library (.NET) Other Custom Wizard, Makefile Project, Empty Project (.NET) Wi32 Project If you took Itro to C++ at college or were set o a oe-week C++ course, you almost certaily wrote cosole applicatios. These applicatios use the iostream library (ci ad cout, for example) to write characters (ot graphics) to the scree ad read them from the keyboard. They geerally ca t iteract with the mouse. Although this might seem hopelessly out of date, cosole applicatios serve a very useful purpose as test haresses, discussed i the ext sectio. Maaged cosole applicatios ca use the System::Cosole class (with methods ReadLie, WriteLie, ad the like) rather tha the iostream library, ad they eed the.net Framework istalled o the machie where they will ru. The excitemet over.net coected applicatios, built o Web Services or leveragig the power of ASP.NET, has obscured the very real role of Widows applicatios i the lives of most computer users. Thik about the products you use every day: Word, Excel, eve Notepad they re all Widows applicatios. They ca read from ad write to your local hard drive, commuicate with local priters, ad they are probably the workhorses of your day. Visual C++.NET 2003 ca be used to create Widows applicatios that require the.net Framework to ru, as you ll see i Chapter 4, Buildig Simple User Iterfaces with Widows Forms. Alteratively, you ca build umaaged Widows applicatios that ru directly uder Widows usig the MFC library. Web applicatios are accessed through a browser. Whe the Web server is asked for a specific page or URL, it rus your code to geerate the HTML that is retured to the browser. Umaaged Web applicatios, which ru through ISAPI or through ATL Server, are very high-performace solutios to specific problems. Your code must maually geerate ay output HTML, so typically the user iterface is ot visually complex, although of course you ca geerate ay HTML you wat. Developers who use VB.NET or C# ca create ASP.NET applicatios for a rich user experiece with code that rus o the Web server, but that optio is ot available to Visual C++.NET 2003 developers.

3 ch02 11/18/03 8:54 AM Page What Is a Test Haress? Services geerally do t have a user iterface. They ca start whe the computer starts eve if o oe has logged i ad are cotrolled from the Services sectio of Computer Maagemet. They are typically used by other applicatios or to iteract with the operatig system. Chapter 12, Writig a Widows Service, has more details. Web Services are similar to services but, like Web applicatios, respod to requests directed to a Web server. Umaaged Web Services ca be created with the ATL Server ad maaged Web Services ca be created with ASP.NET. Maaged Web services do t require the framework o machies that use the service, but they do require it o the Web server. Lear more about maaged Web Services i Chapter 10, Writig ad Cosumig a Web Service. Class libraries are also destied to be called by other applicatios. Most large applicatios are separated ito layers or tiers, ad each of these layers is typically implemeted as a class library, except for the user iterface layer which is a Widows or Web applicatio. As a result, may developers sped more time developig class libraries tha ay other kid of applicatio. Visual C++ developers ca create umaaged DLLs, umaaged COM compoets, ad.net class libraries. Chapter 5, Writig a Class Library i Umaaged C++, discusses some of the architectural cocepts ivolved i desigig class libraries ad the layers of your applicatio for maximum iteroperability. Chapter 6, Writig a Class Library i Maaged C++, describes how simple it is to write code that ca be used from ay.net laguage. Chapter 7, Buildig DLLs i Umaaged C++, ad Chapter 8, Writig COM Compoets I C++, describe two ways of makig a uit of code available to both the maaged ad umaaged world, while workig i umaaged C++. What Is a Test Haress? Because writig class libraries is a big part of ay developer s job, it follows that testig class libraries is a big part of your job, too. Testig a applicatio, whether it s a Widows applicatio or a Web applicatio, is relatively straightforward you ru it, ad experimet with various paths through the applicatio i terms of which buttos you click, or which fields you fill out or leave blak. But how do you test a class library, or a service, or eve a sigle class that ecapsulates a importat busiess process or set of rules? Cosole applicatios are perfect for this kid of testig. They are quick to write, ad you do t eed a facy user iterface. I fact, it s easy to capture the output of a cosole applicatio by redirectig it to a file. This eables you to save the results of test after test ad compare them. Widows programmers are t always familiar with the techiques for iteractig with users without usig cotrols, but they re quick to lear ad defiitely useful. A test haress for workig with a sigle class is the simplest to write. Typically it should perform the followig steps: Create a istace of the class. If there are several costructors, create several istaces. Use ay Display() or Report() method of the object to show its cotets after creatio.

4 ch02 11/18/03 8:54 AM Page CHAPTER 2 Creatig Test Haresses ad Starter Applicatios Exercise each method ad property of the class, ad display the results of each call or the cotets of the object after the call. If methods must be called i the right order, have some code that calls them i the right order ad also some code that calls them i the wrog order, to cofirm that error-checkig code works. If the methods throw exceptios, set up calls that will fail ad surroud them with try ad catch blocks to prove that the correct exceptios are throw. If you have writte a copy costructor or coversio operator for the class, write code that will use them ad display the cotets of all affected objects to demostrate successful copyig or coversio. If the object has a clea-up method such as Dispose(), call it ad prove it was called. If the object is ot garbage-collected, let it go out of scope or delete it to prove that the destructor works correctly. It s a good idea to have lots of output statemets sprikled throughout this code, so that output might look somethig like this: Creatig accout1, default costructor Accout # 123, Balace $0.00 Creatig accout2, passig 50 Accout #124, Balace $50.00 Deposit 100 to accout1 Accout #124, Balace $ This sort of output demostrates which parts of your code are workig ad serves as a excellet record of the developmet process. Geerally, all of the values are hard-coded so that you ca ru the whole thig without havig to iteract with it, but some people write test haresses that prompt for values or eve for which methods to exercise. Whe your test haress is testig a compoet or a layer, your tests will typically iteract either with a sigle bridgig class that provides access to the fuctioality of the compoet or layer, or with each of the classes i the compoet or layer. This ca make the haress quite log, but a systematic test of all your fuctioality is well worth doig, so take the time. Creatig a Umaaged C++ Applicatio The best way to test a umaaged class is with a umaaged test haress. You ll eed to coect the ew applicatio with the class you re testig: Either brig copies of both the header file ad the implemetatio file ito the test solutio, or add the test haress to the

5 ch02 11/18/03 8:54 AM Page Creatig a Umaaged C++ Applicatio solutio i which you are buildig the class. (If you re buildig a COM compoet or DLL, your test haress will typically be a separate solutio because you will be testig whether your compoet is properly registered ad available from aother applicatio.) This chapter shows you how to make a umaaged cosole applicatio that you ca use to write C++ programs without eedig to kow aythig about Widows, the Web, or the.net Framework. Later, whe you ve writte a class, a class library, or a compoet, you ca put your ability to write cosole applicatio to good use by writig a test haress for your reusable code. To build a cosole applicatio that will ru o a computer without the.net Framework istalled, follow these steps: 1. Ope Visual Studio.NET O the Start Page, click New Project. If the Start Page is t visible, choose File, New, Project. 3. Select the Visual C++ Projects folder o the left ad Wi32 Cosole Project o the right. 4. Eter FirstCosole as the project ame (the dialog box should resemble Figure 2.1) ad click OK. 5. Click Fiish from the wizard that appears. The wizard geerates the skeleto of a umaaged C++ applicatio. After the #iclude statemet that was geerated, add these lies: #iclude <iostream> usig amespace std; FIGURE 2.1 Creatig a Wi32 Cosole Project called FirstCosole. Before the retur statemet that was geerated, add this lie: cout << Hello from the cosole << edl; Build the project by choosig Build, Build Solutio. Ru it by choosig Debug, Start without Debuggig. You should see output like Figure 2.2. FIGURE 2.2 The cosole applicatio rus i a commad prompt ad writes characters to the scree. Now that you kow how to create, compile, ad ru a simple cosole applicatio i umaaged C++, you ca do a tremedous amout of programmig. You ca defie classes, ad the

6 ch02 11/18/03 8:54 AM Page CHAPTER 2 Creatig Test Haresses ad Starter Applicatios write code to create istaces of the class ad call their methods. You ca write ad test hudreds of thousads of lies of code i this way, just by addig lies to the mai fuctio (defied as _tmai i Visual C++) that is geerated for you whe you create a Wi32 cosole project. These applicatios do t require the.net Framework ad ca t use the fuctioality of the.net Base Class Libraries. They ca use libraries, such as MFC ad ATL, that do t require the framework. They ca also use the implemetatio of the Stadard Template Library (STL) that comes with Visual C++. I additio there are hudreds of third-party libraries, most of them free, that maipulate images or equatios or molecular simulatios while drawig o the power of C++. Your umaaged C++ code ca leverage these libraries to reduce your codig effort dramatically. Testig a Umaaged Class with a Umaaged Test Haress To illustrate the desig of a test haress, this sectio explais a simple class ad some code that will test it. Switch to the solutio view i Visual Studio by clickig the Solutio tab i the tabbed widow at the right or choosig View, Solutio Explorer. Right-click the solutio ame, FirstCosole, ad choose Add, Add Class. Select Geeric C++ class o the left ad click Ope. Writig a Simple Class Fill i the class ame as Order. (This class will represet a customer order.) The fileames will be etered for you; click Fiish. The defiitio of the class looks like Listig 2.1, ad the implemetatio appears i Listig 2.2. The implemetatio of the global operator for sedig the object to a ostream such as cout is icluded with the actual member fuctios of the class, because it is a fried ad has access to the private member variables. LISTING 2.1 #pragma oce Defiitio of the Order Class #iclude <iostream> usig amespace std; class Order

7 ch02 11/18/03 8:54 AM Page Testig a Umaaged Class with a Umaaged Test Haress LISTING 2.1 Cotiued private: it orderumber; it itemumber; it quatity; fried ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, cost Order& order); public: Order(void); Order(it o, it i, it q); ~Order(void); }; LISTING 2.2 Implemetatio of the Order Class #iclude StdAfx.h #iclude.\order.h ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, cost Order& order) os << Order Number << order.orderumber << : << order.quatity << of item << order.itemumber << edl; retur os; } Order::Order(void) : orderumber(-1), itemumber(-1), quatity(0) } Order::Order(it o, it i, it q): orderumber(o), itemumber(i), quatity(q) } Order::~Order(void) } Order is a simple class that holds three variables: It has two costructors ad a overload of the << operator that ca be used to write the three variables values. The destructor does t do aythig, but because the wizard geerated it you might as well leave it i case you add members later that eed to be cleaed up i a destructor.

8 ch02 11/18/03 8:54 AM Page CHAPTER 2 Creatig Test Haresses ad Starter Applicatios Writig a Test Haress Here is a simple mai fuctio that exercises both costructors ad the << operator, ad cofirms that it s okay to allocate a istace o the heap with the ew operator ad the get rid of it with the delete operator: #iclude stdafx.h #iclude order.h it _tmai(it argc, _TCHAR* argv[]) Order blak; cout << Blak Order << edl; cout << blak << edl; Order filled(1,345,7); cout << Filled Order << edl; cout << filled << edl; Order* p = ew Order(); cout << Heap Order << edl; cout << *p << edl; delete p; } cout << Tests complete << edl; retur 0; The output of this test haress looks like this: Blak Order Order Number -1: 0 of item -1 Filled Order Order Number 1: 7 of item 345 Heap Order Order Number -1: 0 of item -1 Tests complete Press ay key to cotiue

9 ch02 11/18/03 8:54 AM Page Testig a Umaaged Class with a Umaaged Test Haress This proves that the costructors perform as they should, that the << operator works, ad that the applicatio does t blow up or ed abormally whe it uses istaces of the Order class o either the stack or the heap. That s just what test haresses are for. Test haresses you write professioally might be more complex, especially oes that test several classes at oce, but they should always be easy to uderstad ad perform oe purpose to test your code ad prove it works. Because FirstCosole is a umaaged applicatio, you ca copy the.exe file to aother Widows machie ad it will ru there without ay problem. The oly library it eeds is the C rutime, which is istalled with Widows. If you created a more complex test haress, you would eed to deploy ay related COM compoets or DLLs alog with the.exe file, register them, ad perhaps adjust the eviromet variables such as PATH. Large umaaged applicatios ca be difficult to deploy. Ad of course, the executable caot be copied to a o-widows machie it is strictly a Widows applicatio. Debuggig a Umaaged Cosole Applicatio You write a test haress to test your code ad prove that it works. What if it does t? Oe of the most powerful tools available to a developer is the debugger, which lets you examie your code ad variables while a applicatio executes, so that you ca uderstad why it is doig somethig you did t expect. The debugger is part of Visual Studio, ad you ca iteract with it from the code editor. This makes Visual Studio a very productive developmet tool. I the code editor, click i the gray margi to the left of this lie of code: Order blak; A red dot should appear, as i Figure 2.3, represetig a breakpoit a place i the executio of your applicatio where the debugger will pause. Choose Debug, Start, ad the applicatio will ru util this breakpoit is reached. The yellow arrow i the margi, as i Figure 2.4, idicates the lie of code that is about to execute. The Debug, Step Over meu item (look for a toolbar butto ad a keyboard shortcut for this commad) moves the executio poit to the ext lie of code. Step your way through the code a lie at a time. Hover a variable to see its value, ad if you like, step ito a lie of code (such as the costructio of a object or the call to the << operator) to watch the called fuctio ru. You ca switch to the cosole widow where the output of the applicatio appears to watch it beig writte as you move through the applicatio. Whe you are debuggig, the prompt press ay key to cotiue does ot appear at the ed of the program as it does whe you ru without debuggig.

10 ch02 11/18/03 8:54 AM Page CHAPTER 2 Creatig Test Haresses ad Starter Applicatios FIGURE 2.3 Click i the margi to set a breakpoit, which appears as a red dot. FIGURE 2.4 Whe the applicatio is ruig, it will pause at the breakpoit.

11 ch02 11/18/03 8:54 AM Page Creatig a Maaged C++ Applicatio Creatig a Maaged C++ Applicatio As discussed i Chapter 1, C++, Visual C++, ad Maaged C++: What s the Differece? a maaged C++ applicatio is fudametally differet from a umaaged C++ applicatio. The C++ code compiles ot to machie code that ca execute directly, but to a assembly of Itermediate Laguage, or IL. The assembly is kept i a file with a extesio of.exe or.dll, but the cotet of the file is othig like a traditioal executable or DLL. Istead it holds IL ad metadata, iformatio about the classes i the assembly. To ru the applicatio, you actually ask the rutime to ru it for you. The rutime loads the assembly, performig some security checks, ad the calls a method i a class that the assembly holds. For cosole applicatios like those i this chapter, it calls the mai() fuctio, which is disguised as _tmai() i your source because some behid-the-scees code is takig your character set ito accout. Whe ay method or fuctio i a assembly is called for the first time, it is compiled Just-I-Time (some say it is jitted) to machie code. This machie code is cached to be used the ext time this method is called. The machie code executes iside the rutime ad is watched as it rus. Maaged applicatios ca use the libraries that are provided with the.net Framework, ad ca call methods of classes writte i other.net-supported laguages without ay special keywords or techiques. The rutime hadles all the marshallig ad coversio that is ecessary to call from oe laguage ito aother. As a result, most programmers are more productive i maaged C++ tha i umaaged C++, especially whe developig a product that itegrates a variety of compoets. Whe testig a class writte i maaged C++, it s best to write your test haress i maaged C++, so as ot to icur ay performace pealties for the trasitio betwee maaged ad umaaged code. Eve though a maaged cosole applicatio is very differet from a umaaged cosole applicatio, the process of creatig them feels very much the same. Visual Studio takes care of the work behid the scees for you. Here s what you do: 1. Ope Visual Studio.NET 2003, if it s ot already ope. 2. O the Start Page, click New Project. If the Start Page is t visible, choose File, New, Project. 3. Select the Visual C++ Projects folder o the left ad Cosole Applicatio (.NET) o the right. 4. Eter MaagedCosole as the project ame (as show i Figure 2.5), ad click OK. FIGURE 2.5 Creatig a.net cosole applicatio called MaagedCosole.

12 ch02 11/18/03 8:54 AM Page CHAPTER 2 Creatig Test Haresses ad Starter Applicatios The wizard geerates the skeleto of a maaged C++ applicatio. Remove the commet that starts TODO ad edit the lie that was geerated for you so that it reads Cosole::WriteLie(S Hello from a maaged applicatio ); Build the project by choosig Build, Build Solutio. Ru it by choosig Debug, Start without Debuggig. You should see output like Figure 2.6. FIGURE 2.6 applicatio. A cosole applicatio ruig o the.net Framework looks just like a umaaged cosole Although this might feel a lot like creatig the umaaged cosole applicatio from earlier i this chapter, there are some obvious differeces. Brig up the solutio view ad expad the Refereces folder uder the MaagedCosole project. I the umaaged cosole applicatio, FirstCosole, there were o etries i the Refereces folder. I this maaged cosole applicatio, there are three: System.Data, System, ad mscorlib. Each of these etries ames a assembly that implemets a part of the.net Framework ad the Base Class Libraries. Whe a assembly is amed as a referece, the classes defied i it are available to all of the classes defied i this project. I additio, the geerated code i MaagedCosole.cpp cotais this lie: #usig <mscorlib.dll>

13 ch02 11/18/03 8:54 AM Page Testig a Maaged Class with a Maaged Test Haress This lie of code makes the classes i mscorlib.dll available to the code i the mai fuctio. It s redudat, because a referece has already bee added to mscorlib, but the wizard geerates it ayway. The classes i the Base Class Libraries are divided ito amespaces to make them easier to documet ad uderstad. For example, the Cosole class is i the System amespace. Its full ame is therefore System::Cosole. This lie of code lets you refer to it, ad all the other classes i the System amespace, without icludig the amespace ame (System): usig amespace System; There is really oly oe lie i the mai fuctio, _tmai(): Cosole::WriteLie(S Hello from a maaged applicatio ); The WriteLie() member fuctio of the Cosole class takes a maaged referece to a istace of the Strig class i the System amespace, System::Strig. A ordiary C-style strig, as represeted by characters i double quotes, is ot a istace of a System::Strig. The S macro i this lie of code coverts from a C-style strig to a System::Strig referece that ca be passed to Cosole::WriteLie(). As you might guess from the ame, the method writes text, followed by a lie break, to the cosole scree. Now that you kow how to create, compile, ad ru a simple cosole applicatio i maaged C++, you ca do a tremedous amout of programmig for the.net Framework. You ca defie classes, ad the write code to create istaces of the class ad call their methods. You ca write ad test hudreds of thousads of lies of code i this way, just by addig lies to the mai fuctio (defied as _tmai i Visual C++) that is geerated whe you create a.net cosole applicatio with the project wizard. These applicatios all require the.net Framework ad leverage the fuctioality of the.net Base Class Libraries. They ca also use libraries, such as MFC ad ATL, that do t require the framework. (Accessig legacy libraries is covered i Chapter 6.) The most commo use of a maaged cosole applicatio is to test a maaged class, desiged as part of a class library ad to be used from ay.net-supported laguage. Testig a Maaged Class with a Maaged Test Haress The maaged test haress i this chapter tests the same umaaged class, Order, as the umaaged test haress did just to prove that maaged code does t have to use maaged data. I additio, a simple maaged class demostrates how to work with maaged data from maaged code.

14 ch02 11/18/03 8:54 AM Page CHAPTER 2 Creatig Test Haresses ad Starter Applicatios Start by copyig (use Widows Explorer) order.cpp ad order.h ito the project folder of the MaagedCosole project. The right-click the MaagedCosole project i Solutio View, ad choose, Add, Add Existig Item. A file dialog box appears, displayig the project folder. Select order.cpp ad order.h, ad the click Ope. Because the Order class overloads the << operator but does ot have ay other way of displayig its cotets, the test haress will have to use cout ad the << operator rather tha Cosole::WriteLie(). There is o problem combiig the two ways of writig to the scree. (Although I recommed you use the edl or flush maipulators liberally whe usig cout, to esure that oe of your output is left i a buffer whe WriteLie() starts writig to the scree.) Copy the mai() fuctio from FirstCosole to MaagedCosole, ad add the #iclude statemet at the top that brigs i order.h. Compile ad ru the applicatio to make sure everythig has bee copied correctly. I Solutio view, right-click the MaagedCosole project ad choose Add, Add Class. Select Geeric C++ Class o the right, ad click Ope. I the Geeric C++ Class wizard, ame the class Purchaser ad click Fiish. The class that is geerated for you is ot garbage collected. I Purchaser.h, chage this lie class Purchaser to this public gc class Purchaser Note that the gc keyword starts with two uderscores. Now Purchaser is a garbagecollected class, as discussed i Chapter 1. The defiitio of the class looks like Listig REFERENCES TO ASSEMBLIES AND 2.3, ad the implemetatio is i Listig NAMESPACES 2.4. Notice that istead of a overload of the If you re workig alog, do t forget to iclude ay << operator, Purchaser icludes a overload #usig ad usig statemets you see i this sample of the ToStrig method, which all maaged code. Without them, this code wo t compile. classes iherit from Object. (Eve whe you do t specify a base class, all maaged classes iherit from Object, ad Object declares the ToStrig method.) This makes it simple to pass a Purchaser istace to Cosole::WriteLie(), because that method will try covertig the istace to a Strig by callig ToStrig(). Notice that the costructors use iitializer sytax: This is still C++, so you have all the capabilities ad coveieces of the laguage.

15 ch02 11/18/03 8:54 AM Page Testig a Maaged Class with a Maaged Test Haress LISTING 2.3 Defiitio of the Purchaser Class #pragma oce usig amespace System; public gc class Purchaser private: Strig* ame; it accout; public: Purchaser(void); Purchaser(Strig*, it a); ~Purchaser(void); Strig* ToStrig(); }; LISTING 2.4 Implemetatio of the Purchaser Class #iclude StdAfx.h #iclude.\purchaser.h #usig <mscorlib.dll> Purchaser::Purchaser(void) : ame(s ),accout(-1) } Purchaser::Purchaser(Strig*, it a) : ame(),accout(a) } Purchaser::~Purchaser(void) } Strig* Purchaser::ToStrig() retur Strig::Cocat(ame,, accout.tostrig()); }

16 ch02 11/18/03 8:54 AM Page CHAPTER 2 Creatig Test Haresses ad Starter Applicatios Addig these lies to the mai fuctio exercises the Purchaser ad Order classes: Purchaser* blakpurchaser = ew Purchaser(); Cosole::WriteLie(blakpurchaser); Purchaser* filledpurchaser = ew Purchaser(S Joe Customer, 456); Cosole::WriteLie(filledpurchaser); The output from these lies looks like this: -1 Joe Customer 456 Notice that the ToStrig() method was called by Cosole::WriteLie(). This simple maaged test haress proves that the umaaged class ca be called from maaged code, ad works just as it did whe called from maaged code. It also proves that the costructors for the maaged class work correctly. Of course, you do t eed to delete the istaces of Purchaser; the garbage collector will take care of them. Because MaagedCosole is a maaged applicatio, you ca copy the.exe file (the assembly) to ay other machie with the.net Framework istalled, ad it will ru there without ay problem. The oly libraries it eeds are those istalled with the framework. If you created a more complex test haress, you would eed to deploy ay assemblies, but typically they would just be copied ito the same folder as the test haress. Large maaged applicatios are much easier to deploy tha their umaaged equivalets. Ad of course, it ca eve be possible to the copy a executable to a o-widows machie as log as that machie has the.net Framework. As of this book s writig, the versios of the.net Framework for o- Widows machies are severely limited, but they do exist ad would be able to execute the test haress show i this chapter o a Mac or UNIX machie without recompilig the C++ source. I Brief Visual C++.NET 2003 ca be used to create both maaged ad umaaged applicatios with user iterfaces that rage from oe at all (services) to simple cosole iterfaces to Widows applicatios. Cosole applicatios ru i a commad prompt ad use character-based iput ad output.

17 ch02 11/18/03 8:54 AM Page I Brief Although maaged ad umaaged cosole applicatios use differet libraries, they look similar whe they ru. Maaged C++ applicatios ca use techiques (such as cout ad the << operator) from umaaged C++ to simplify movig legacy C++ applicatios to the.net Framework. The debugger i Visual Studio.NET is simple to use for debuggig both maaged ad umaaged applicatios.

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