Programming Language 2 (PL2)
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1 Programming Language 2 (PL2)
2 Illustrate the logical flow of program in sequence, selection and iteration structure Apply selection and repetitive structure
3 Repetition structure (or loop): a structure that repeatedly processes one or more program instructions until a condition is met Pretest loop The condition is evaluated before the instructions within the loop are processed The instructions may be processed zero or more times Posttest loop The condition is evaluated after the instructions within the loop are processed The instructions are always processed at least once
4 Repetition statements in Visual Basic Do...Loop For...Next For Each...Next
5 Do...Loop statement: codes both a pretest or posttest loop Use While or Until to code the condition for the loop Repetition symbol in a flowchart is the diamond
6 Figure 6-1: How to use the Do Loop statement
7 Figure 6-1: How to use the Do Loop statement (continued)
8 Figure 6-2: Processing steps for the pretest loop example
9 Figure 6-3: Processing steps for the posttest loop example
10 Figure 6-4: Pseudocode and flowchart for the pretest loop example
11 Figure 6-5: Pseudocode and flowchart for the posttest loop example
12 Figure 6-6: Examples showing that the pretest and posttest loops do not always produce the same results
13 Counter: a numeric variable used for counting Accumulator: a numeric variable used for accumulating (adding together) Initializing: assigning a beginning value to a counter or accumulator variable Updating (or incrementing): adding a number to the value of a counter or accumulator variable Counters are always incremented by a constant value, usually 1
14 Function: a predefined procedure that performs a specific task and returns a value InputBox function: displays a predefined dialog box that allows the user to enter data Contains a text message, an OK button, a Cancel button, and an input area InputBox function returns: The user s entry if the user clicks the OK button An empty string if the user clicks the Cancel button or the Close button on the title bar
15 Figure 6-7: Example of a dialog box created by the InputBox function
16 InputBox function parameters: prompt: the message to display inside the dialog box title: the text to display in the dialog box s title bar defaultresponse: a prefilled value for the user input
17 Figure 6-8: How to use the InputBox function
18 Figure 6-8: How to use the InputBox function (continued)
19 Requirements: display the average amount the company sold during the prior year Input: the amount of each salesperson s sales Priming read: used to obtain the first input Must verify that a variable does not contain the value 0 before using it as a divisor
20 Figure 6-9: Pseudocode for the Sales Express application
21 Figure 6-10: Sales Entry dialog box Figure 6-11: Average sales amount displayed in the interface
22 Figure 6-2: Code for the calcbutton in the Sales Express application
23 List box: displays a list of choices from which the user can select zero or more choices SelectionMode property: controls the number of choices a user can select None: user can scroll but not select anything One: user can select one item MultiSimple and MultiExtended: user can select multiple items
24 Items collection: a collection of the items in a list box Collection: a group of one or more individual objects treated as one unit Add method: adds an item to the list box s Items collection Items to be added must be converted to String Load event of a form: occurs when an application is started and the form is displayed for the first time
25 Figure 6-13: How to add items to a list box
26 Figure 6-14: Add methods entered in the form s Load event procedure
27 Sorted property: Determines if the list box items are sorted Sort order is dictionary order Figure 6-15: Items added to the animallistbox and codelistbox
28 Index: A unique number that identifies an item in a collection Is zero-relative: the first item has index of 0
29 Figure 6-16: How to access an item in a list box
30 Items.Count property: stores the number of items in a list box Count value is always one higher than the highest index in the list box
31 Figure 6-17: How to determine the number of items in a list box
32 SelectedItem property: Contains the value of the selected item in the list If nothing is selected, it contains the empty string SelectedIndex property: Contains the index of the selected item in the list If nothing is selected, it contains the value -1 Default list box item: the item that is selected by default when the interface first appears
33 Figure 6-18: Item selected in the animallistbox
34 Figure 6-19: How to use the SelectedItem and SelectedIndex properties
35 Figure 6-20: How to select the default list box item
36 Figure 6-21: Code to select the default item in each list box
37 SelectedValueChanged and SelectedIndexChanged events: Occur when a user selects an item in a list box Occur when a code statement selects an item in a list box
38 Figure 6-22: SelectedValueChanged and SelectedIndexChanged event procedures
39 Figure 6-23: Result of processing the SelectedValueChanged and SelectedIndexChanged event procedures
40 Allows the user to enter a product ID Searches for the ID in a list box If found, highlights the ID
41 Figure 6-24: Pseudocode for the Product Finder application
42 Figure 6-25: Sample run of the application when an ID is found Figure 6-26: Sample run of the application when an ID is not found
43 Figure 6-27: Code for the form s Load event and findbutton s Click event procedures
44 For...Next statement: processes a set of instructions a known number of times Is a pretest loop Counter variable: used to keep track of the number of times the loop has been processed Startvalue, endvalue, and stepvalue items Control the number of times the loop is processed Must evaluate to numeric values Can be positive or negative A negative stepvalue causes the loop counter to count down
45 Figure 7-1: How to use the For Next statement
46 Figure 7-2: Processing tasks for the For Next statement
47 Figure 7-3: Processing steps for the code shown in Example 1
48 Flowchart symbol for the For...Next loop is a hexagon Values for the counter variable, startvalue, stepvalue, and endvalue are shown within the hexagon
49 Figure 7-4: Pseudocode and flowchart for Example 1
50 Financial.Pmt method Calculates a periodic payment on a loan or investment Returns the periodic payment as a Double type value Rate and number of periods arguments must be expressed in the same units (monthly, annual, etc.) Also calculates the amount that must be saved each period to accumulate a specific sum
51 Figure 7-5: How to use the Financial.Pmt method
52 Figure 7-5: Sample run of the Monthly Payment Calculator application
53 Figure 7-7: Two procedures in the Monthly Payment Calculator application
54 Figure 7-7: Two procedures in the Monthly Payment Calculator application (continued)
55 Windows standard: highlight the existing text when a text box receives the focus SelectAll method: selects all text in a text box Enter event: occurs when the text box receives the focus
56 Figure 7-8: How to select the existing text in a text box
57 Figure 7-9: The principaltextbox s Enter event procedure Figure 7-10: Result of processing the Enter event procedure
58 TextChanged event Occurs when a change is made in a control s Text property Change may be made by user or the program Figure 7-11: New principal entered in the Principal text box
59 Figure 7-12: The principaltextbox s TextChanged event procedure Figure 7-13: Status of the paymentslabel after entering a value in the text box
60 Figure 7-14: The termlistbox s SelectedValueChanged event procedure
61 Combo Box control: Similar to a list box with a list of choices May contain a text field that allows the user to type an entry that is not on the list List portion may be hidden Three styles of combo boxes: Simple DropDown (the default) DropDownList
62 Figure 7-15: Examples of the combo box styles
63 Figure 7-15: Code used to fill the combo boxes with values
64 Items.Add method: used to add items to a combo box SelectedItem property: contains the value of the selected item in the list Text property: contains the value that appears in the text portion of the control (item selected or typed in) Items.count property: used to obtain the number of items in the combo box Sorted property: used to sort the items in the list
65 Figure 7-17: Sample run of the Monthly Payment Calculator application using a combo box
66 Figure 7-15a: Code for the Monthly Payment Calculator using a combo box
67 Figure 7-15b: Code for the Monthly Payment Calculator using a combo box
68 Most applications need to manipulate string data in some fashion String properties and methods are used to manipulate string data
69 Figure 7-19a: How to use the Length property
70 Figure 7-19b: How to use the Length property
71 TrimStart method: removes one or more characters from the beginning of a string TrimEnd method: removes one or more characters from the end of a string Trim method: removes one or more characters from both the beginning and end of a string Each of these methods returns a string with the appropriate characters removed trimchars argument: Comma-separated list of characters to be removed If omitted, spaces will be removed Default value is the space character:
72 Figure 7-20: How to use the TrimStart, TrimEnd, and Trim methods
73 Remove method: Removes characters from a string Can remove one or more characters located anywhere in the string Returns a string with the appropriate characters removed startindex argument: The position of a character in a string Is zero-relative (starts with 0 as first position) count argument: number of characters to remove
74 Figure 7-21: How to use the Remove method
75 Replace method: replaces a sequence of characters in a string with another sequence of characters Arguments: string: the original String value oldvalue: sequence of characters you want to replace newvalue: replacement characters
76 Figure 7-22: How to use the Replace method
77 Mid statement: Replaces a specified number of characters in a string with characters from another string Arguments: targetstring: the string in which characters are to be replaced replacementstring: the replacement characters start: the starting position for the replacement count: number of characters to replace
78 Character position of characters in the string starts with 1 (not the same as index) Count argument is optional
79 Figure 7-23: How to use the Mid statement
80 PadLeft method: inserts characters at the beginning of a string PadRight method: inserts characters at the end of a string Arguments: length: represents the total length of the desired resulting string character: the character used to pad the string; default value is the space character string: the string on which the operation takes place
81 Figure 7-24: How to use the PadLeft and PadRight methods
82 Insert method: used to insert characters anywhere within a string Arguments: startindex: specifies where in the string to insert the value string: the string being manipulated value: the character(s) to be inserted
83 Figure 7-25: How to use the Insert method
84 StartsWith method: determines whether a specific sequence of characters occurs at the beginning of a string EndsWith method: determines whether a specific sequence of characters occurs at the end of a string Arguments: substring: sequence of characters to be searched for StartsWith and EndsWith methods both return Boolean values and perform a casesensitive search
85 Figure 7-26: How to use the StartsWith and EndsWith methods
86 Figure 7-26: How to use the StartsWith and EndsWith methods (continued)
87 Contains method: Determines if a string contains a specific sequence of characters Is a method of the String class Returns a Boolean value Performs a case-sensitive search Arguments: substring: represents the sequence of characters to be searched for string: the string in which to search
88 Figure 7-27: How to use the Contains method
89 IndexOf method: returns an integer representing the location of a substring within a string Performs a case-sensitive search Arguments: substring: sequence of characters to be searched for string: the string to be searched startindex: the starting position for the search (zero-relative)
90 Figure 7-28: How to use the IndexOf method
91 Substring method: accesses any number of characters contained in a string Arguments: startindex: index of the first character to be accessed (zero-relative) string: the string containing the characters to be accessed count: number of characters to be accessed
92 Figure 7-29: How to use the Substring method
93 String.Compare method: compares two strings Arguments: string1, string2: the two strings to be compared ignorecase: a Boolean value indicating whether to perform a case-sensitive (False) or caseinsensitive (True) search
94 String.Compare returns an integer result: Returns 0 when string1 equals string2 Returns 1 when string1 > string2 Returns -1 when string1 < string2 String.Compare uses word sort rules: Numbers are less than lowercase letters Lowercase letters are less than uppercase letters
95 Figure 7-30: How to use the String.Compare method
96 Like operator: Uses pattern-matching characters to determine if one string is equal to another Returns a Boolean value (True/False) Arguments: pattern: contains one or more pattern-matching characters string: the string to be evaluated charlist: a listing of characters to be matched
97 Figure 7-31: How to use the Like operator
98 Figure 7-31: How to use the Like operator (continued)
99 Creating the Roll Em Game Sleep method: delays execution of the program Refresh method: redraws the user interface Figure 6-29: User interface
100 Grade Calculator Figure 6-43: User interface
101 Creating the Hangman Game Figure 7-33: User interface
102 Principal and Interest Calculator Figure 7-46: User interface
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