Appendix Appendix: Suggestions for RFI/RFP Network Design Exercises

Transcription

1 Appendix Appendix: Suggestions for RFI/RFP Network Design Exercises Carriers often issue a network design exercise as part of a Request for Information (RFI) or a Request for Proposal (RFP). System vendors perform the network designs using their respective equipment to provide carriers with information regarding architecture, technology, and pricing. To streamline the design process and to enable carriers to glean relevant information when comparing results, some suggestions to assist carriers in preparing a design exercise are provided here. 1. Provide all data (e.g., nodes, links, demands) in text files or in spreadsheets. Do not require any manual entry of data by the vendors, as this is likely to lead to errors. 2. Provide the latitude/longitudes of the network nodes. Most design tools can use this information to position nodes on the screen, to help visualize the design. 3. If demand sets for multiple time periods are provided, specify whether the demand sets are incremental or cumulative (e.g., are the demands in set #2 added to the demands that already exist from set #1, or does set #2 represent all of the demands). Additionally, when adding demands to the network in subsequent time periods, specify whether the demands already in the network need to be kept fixed, or whether an optimization can be performed over all of the demands. 4. If the design exercise is for extended-reach technology, then fiber span information should be provided, including fiber type, span distances, and span losses. (Information such as PMD can be helpful as well, if available.) 5. Ideally, there would be no more than three design exercises: a. A baseline demand set for which the design should be optimized b. A modified demand set, where some percentage of the baseline demands have different sources/destinations. The design is run using the equipment configuration that was chosen for the baseline design. For example, if a ROADMonly architecture is being used (i.e., ROADM-MDs are not permitted), the orientation of the ROADMs selected for the baseline design must be used in the modified design. This tests the forecast tolerance of the architecture. c. A projected growth demand set, to test the scalability of the design J. M. Simmons, Optical Network Design and Planning, Optical Networks, DOI / , Springer International Publishing Switzerland

2 506 Appendix 6. Be specific about what type of protection is desired (e.g., is shared protection suitable, or must dedicated protection be used). 7. If the exercise includes subrate demands, specify whether grooming/routing devices are required at all nodes, or whether traffic backhauling is acceptable. Additionally, be specific about what types of demands can be muxed or groomed together in a wavelength (e.g., what services, what protection types). 8. Provide some guidelines regarding the routing to ensure that comparisons across designs are valid. However, forcing all connections to always use the shortest path or explicitly specifying a path for each connection is too constrictive. It is preferable to specify a guideline such as the routed path for each connection should be no longer than P % longer than the shortest possible path. 9. Request design output in a specified format so that comparisons across system vendors can be readily performed.

3 Index Symbols 1 Tb/s, 2, 152, 405, 411, 413, 425, 426, Way Handshake Protocol (3WHS), , 368 vs. GMPLS, 364, quadrature amplitude modulation (16- QAM), Gb/s, 2, 63, 152, 229, 405, 409, nm wavelength, 13, 14, 28, 32, 35, 54, 69, 70, 75, 174, 214 A Access network, 3, 4, 5 passive optical network, 5 Adaptable transponder, see Programmable transponder Add/drop port contention, multi-wavelength, 47, 57, 384 single-wavelength, 47, 52 Advance reservation traffic, see Scheduled traffic Alarms, 333 Algorithm greedy, 92, 169, 244 heuristic, 90, 93, 114, 121, 124, 126, 131, 206 Alien wavelength, 188, All-optical network, 18, 19, 37, 187, 212, 350, 369, 386 American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 7 Amplifier hut, 11, 95 spacing, 150, 153, 157 Amplifier, see Optical amplifier Analog services, 215 Anycast, 132 Arrayed waveguide grating (AWG), 26, 28, 31, 48, 52, 55 Asymmetric traffic, 408 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), 5 Automatically Switched Optical Network (ASON), 10 Availability, 91 92, 93, 108, 112, 250, 277, 281, 299, 305, 306, 320, 459 five 9, 299 B Backbone network, 4, 5, 12, 74, 76, 89, 115, 162, 167, 267, 442, 459 architecture of edge-core boundary, wavelength assignment study, Backhauling, see Grooming, backhauling Backward-Recursive PCE-Based Computation (BRPC), , 378 Bandwidth-on-demand, 352, 353 Bandwidth squeezing restoration, Bandwidth variable transponder (BVT), , 428, 461, 463, 465, 466 Betweenness centrality, 243 Bin packing, 233, 253 Binary phase-shift keying (BPSK), 429 Broadcast-and-select architecture, 44, see also ROADM, broadcast-and-select architecture C Candidate paths bottleneck avoidance, 98 99, 103, 121, 416 generating, in ILP formulation, 198 in LP formulation, 197 J. M. Simmons, Optical Network Design and Planning, Optical Networks, DOI / , Springer International Publishing Switzerland

4 508 Index K-shortest paths,97 98 least loaded, 102 selecting one, 102, 104, 191 shared protection, 321 Capital expenditure, 19, 405, , 461 Carrier Ethernet, 10 Carrier office, 4, 14, 36 Catastrophic failures, Centralized control plane, , , 368 latency, 358, 359 multi-domain, 374, 378 regeneration, Chi-squared distribution, 382 Chromatic number, 207 Client layer, 5, 11, 13, 28, 32, 54, 75, 188, 214, 246, Client-server model, 11 Cloud computing, 116, 117, 132, 350, 353, 389 Cognitive methods, 370, 391 Coherent detection, 62, 151, 152 impairment mitigation, 152, 154, 162 Colored optics, 28 Configurability, 16, 32, 33, 39, 54 56, 349, 447 edge, 52, 76, 173, 174, 176, 238 Conflict graph, 207 Connected dominating sets, 168, 244 Content distribution network (CDN), 408 Control plane, 10 11, 331, 350, , 369, 387, 388, 389, 390, see also Centralized control plane; Distributed control plane Core network, see Backbone network Correlated link failures, 300 Cost-capacity metric, 465 Cross-connect see also Switch optical (OXC), 68 Cross-phase modulation (XPM), 74, 149, 155, 163, 164, 211, 212, 213, 371 Crosstalk, 47, 50, 74, 150, 163, 178, 202, 212, 406, 413, 459 D Data centers, 16, 116, 117, 132, 353 Data fusion, 354 Data plane, 10, 350, 387, 388, 389, 390 Demand, 12 aggregate, 259 asymmetric, 408 bi-directional, 12 multicast, see Multicast Demultiplexer, 26, 28, 31, 48 Destination-initiated reservation, 363 Differential delay, Differential group delay (DGD), 162 Differential phase-shift keying (DPSK), 151, 155 Differential quadrature phase-shift keying (DQPSK), 151 Direct detection, 151 Dispersion, 152, 153, 156, 161, 163, 335 chromatic, 74, 149, 152, 162, 164, 425 effect on optical reach, 172, 210 polarization-mode (PMD), 74, 149, 152, 154, 162, 425 relation to optical impairments, 154 slope, 154 Dispersion compensation, 155, 162 electronic, 154 fiber-based, 154, 162, 165 MLSE, 154 polarization-mode (PMD), 154 Distributed computing, 354 Distributed control plane, , 368 multi-domain, 378 regeneration, Domain, 11, 115, 374, see also Multi-domain networks Drop-and-continue, 46, 129, 267 Dual homing, 247 Dual-polarization quadrature phase-shift keying (DP-QPSK), 151, 155, 213, 371, 405, 429, 453 Dynamic networking, 16, 408 applications, capacity benefits, 353 connection setup time, 353, 354, 355, 358, 359, 360, 362, 368, 370, 373, 379, 381 impairments, motivation, 351, 352 protection, quality of transmission, 369 regeneration, SDN, 389 transmission start time, , 362 E Edge configurable ROADM, see ROADM, directionless Edge network, architecture of edge-core boundary, Elastic network, , Erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA), 2, 74, 150, 157, 164, 306, 441, 448 E-science, 354 Ethernet, 5, 9, 76, 388, 390 Gigabit Ethernet, 8 External Network-Network Interface (E-NNI), 11

5 Index F Failure model, 299, 300 Fault isolation, see Fault localization Fault localization, 35, 292, monitoring cycles, 334 monitoring paths, 334 monitoring trails, 335 network kriging, 335 optical supervisory channel, 333 probes, 334 FCAPS, 10 Few-mode fiber, see Fiber, few-mode (FMF) Fiber attenuation, 12 13, 157 bypass, 71, 458 capacity, 17, 401, 402, core, 403 cut rate, 299 dispersion compensating, 154 dispersion level, 153 few-mode (FMF), 407 multicore (MCF), multimode (MMF), 407 non dispersion-shifted fiber (NDSF), 153 nonlinearities, 149, 151, 153, 155, , 178, 210, non-zero dispersion-shifted fiber (NZ-DSF), 153 refractive index, 149 repair rate, 299 single-mode, 403 splicing loss, 156 type, 153, 157, 210 Fiber cross-connect, see Switch, fiber crossconnect Filter narrowing, 50, 149, 413 First Fit Decreasing bin packing, 233, 253 Flexible-grid architecture, 64, 402, defragmentation, gridless ROADM, vs. gridless architecture, Flexible transmission, Forward error correction (FEC), 9, 74, 152, 215, 371, 429, 450 Four-wave mixing (FWM), 74, 149, 163, 164, 212 G GMPLS, 10, 324, , 368, , 389, 390, 409 label set field, 361, 363, 364, 365, 368, 369, 373 overlay model, 10 peer model, 10 Graph coloring, 199, , 419 Dsatur, 208, Largest First, 224 Smallest Last, 225 Graph transformation disjoint paths, 111 grooming, 259 routing in O-E-O network, routing in optical-bypass-enablednetwork, routing with limited regenerator sites, 168 routing with SRLGs, single-step RWA, Gray optics, 28 Greenfield network, 90, 455 Grid computing, , 384, 385 Grid plan, see Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), grid plan Gridless architecture, 402, , bandwidth squeezing restoration, bandwidth variable transponder (BVT), , 428, 461, 463, 465, 466 flexible transmission, gridless ROADM, grooming, 428, 466 guardband, 412, 413, 414, 415, 417, 424, 428, 459, 462, 463, 465, 466 hybrid architecture with grooming, multipath routing, 414 optical corridor, see Optical corridor protection, 415 SLICE, 411 spectral defragmentation, see Spectral defragmentation spectral elasticity, see Spectral elasticity spectral fragmentation, see Spectral fragmentation spectral granularity, 413, 424, 459, 462 spectral slot, 415, 462 stranded bandwidth, 419, 421, 428 transmission, virtual transponder, , 465 vs. conventional architecture, vs. flexible-grid architecture, Grooming, 14, 190, , 427, 428, 453, 459 algorithm, backhauling, 115, 242, 243, , 254, 262 dual homing, 247 efficiency, , 427 energy considerations, hierarchical, intermediate layer, node failure, 247, 326, 328 optical domain, 263, , 412,

6 510 Index parent node, 246 protection, , 258, relation to regeneration, 219, 230, 243, 257, 451, 457 site selection, switch, 230, , 242, 255 switch in subset of nodes, 242, techniques to reduce, 263 tradeoffs, vs. multiplexing, 234 wavelength fill-rate, see Wavelength fill-rate with optical bypass, 231, 243, 245, 257, 260, 262 Grooming connection, 254 fill-rate, 258, 260, 261, 327 operations on, protected, 326, 328 regeneration, 254, 257 Guardband, 65, 155, 213, 413, 428, 429 H Hierarchical PCEs, 375, protection, I Impairment-aware routing and wavelength assignment (IA-RWA), see Routing and wavelength assignment (RWA), Impairment-aware Impairments, 74, , inter-wavelength, 155, 188, 202, , 371, 373, 429 mitigation, Infrastructure-as-a-service (IAAS), 389 Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE), 10 Integer linear programming, 123, Integrated transceiver, 75 76, 214, 238 Interface intermediate-reach, 14 short-reach, 14, 35, 36, 69, 174, 214, 236 Interference length, 104 Internal Network-Network Interface (I-NNI), 11 International Telecommunication Union (ITU), 7, 8, 10, 63, 132, 134, 214, 231, 409 Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), 10, 355, 369, 375, 409 Internet Protocol (IP), 5, 9, 229, 233, 250, 387, 390, 408 adjacency, 240, 241, 251, 355, 389 flow, 235, , 390 intermediate grooming layer, link, 240, 241, 251, 252, 332, 355 power consumption, 76, 231, 240, 252, 263, , 268, 402 protection, 251, router, 76, 231, 235, 236, 240, 242, 243, 252, 263, , 268, 388, 402, 461, 468 router port cost, 427, 461 virtual topology, 240, 251, 265, 331, 332, 355 with dynamic optical layer, 355 Inverse multiplexing, 14, 132, 231, 413, 425, 427 IP-over-Optical, 252, 330, 355, 453 IP-over-OTN-over-Optical, , 331, 389, 427 Islands of transparency, J Jitter, 10, 241, 250, 253, 265 K K-center problem, 244 K-shortest paths, see Shortest path algorithm, K-shortest paths L Lambda, 13 grid, 384 Lasing, 290, 313 Latency, 10, 15, 100, 101, 114, 134, 137, 154, 241, 250, 253, 353, 355, , 385, 391 Launch power, 151 Lighttrail, 267 Linear programming, 123, 191, perturbation techniques, 124 Line-rate, 2, 404 mixed, see Mixed line-rate system (MLR) Link, 11 bi-directional, 11, 92, 126 Link engineering, , Link-state advertisement (LSA), 356, 361 Liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS), 64, 424 Long-haul network, see Backbone network Loopback, 47, 79, 291 M MAC protocol, 266, 267, 268 Maintenance event, 299 Make-before-break, 212, 233, 255, 422 Management plane, 10, 350 Manycast, 91, Multi-resource, 132

7 Index Maximal independent set, 199 Mesh protection, see Protection, mesh-based; Shared protection, mesh Metro-core network, 4, 5, 74, 76, 89, 167, 267, , wavelength assignment study, Micro-electro-mechanical-system (MEMS), see Switch, MEMS Mixed line-rate system (MLR), , 188, 410, 429 dynamic environment, 371, 373 guardband, 213 impairments, , 371 wavelength assignment, , 411 Modulation format, 151, 155, 178, 188, 213, 373, 405, 424, 429, 430, 431, 432 Multi-carrier transmission, 78, 424, 427 Multicast, 12, 46, 47, 58, 65, , 408 Minimum paths algorithm, 126, 128 Minimum spanning tree, 126 Minimum spanning tree with enhancement algorithm, protection, , 317 regeneration, Steiner tree, 126 Multicast switch (MCS), see Switch, multicast (MCS) Multicommodity flow, 123 Multicore fiber, see Fiber, multicore (MCF) Multi-domain networks, connection setup, protection, 115, Multi-fiber-pair system, 78 79, 200, 201, 401, 404 Multi-flow transponder, 426 Multilayer protection, backoff timer, 330 bottom-up escalation, 330 combined IP and optical-layer, 331, 332 uncoordinated, 330 Multimode fiber, see Fiber, multimode (MMF) Multipath routing, , 414 differential delay, , 137 disjoint paths, non-disjoint paths, protection, 135, 320, 414 Multiplexer, 26, 28, 48 Multiplexing, 14, bin packing, 233 end-to-end, 14, 230, 260, 462 muxponder, 232, 233 quad-card, 232, 233 vs. grooming, 234 Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) Fast Reroute, Next-Hop tunnels (NHOP), 251 Next-Next-Hop tunnels (NNHOP), 251 Multi-Protocol Label Switching Transport Profile (MPLS-TP), 10 Multi-vendor environment, 35, 38, 70, 76, 166 Muxponder, 232, 233, 461 N Network churn, 156, 202, 203, 233, 255 Network coding, 131, 278, Network cost capital cost, see Capital expenditure operating cost, see Operational expenditure Network Functions Virtualization, 388 Network kriging, 335 Network management, 5, 10, 17, 208, 333, 350, 388, 404, 415, 430 Network-Network Interface (NNI), 11 Network planning, 15 long-term, 15, 90, 122, 191, 194, 205, 419 real-time, 15, 89, 100, 103, 104, , 171, 194, 196 traffic engineering, 15, 93 Network virtualization, 17, 389 Node, 11 amplifiers, 46, 444 degree, 12, 19, 40, 216, 243, 457 parent, 246 Noise, 148, 163 Noise figure, cumulative, 157 formula, 157 network element, 159 routing metric, 158 units, 158 Noise variance, 163, 212 Nyquist WDM, 424, 425, 427, 430 O OADM-MD, see ROADM-MD OADM, see ROADM O-E-O architecture, 31 36, 216, advantages, 35 configurable, 33 degree-two node, 31, 33 disadvantages, 36 higher-degree nodes, 33, 35 non-configurable, 32, 33, 446, 447 with extended reach, O-E-O-at-the-hubs, 40 O-E-O switch, see Switch, electronic OFDM, see Optical OFDM On-off keying, 151, 155, 178, 213, 371 OpenFlow, 359, latency, 391

8 512 Index Operational expenditure, 16, 19, 35, 252, 352, 444, 445, 448, 452 Operations, administration, and maintenance (OAM), 7, 9 Optical amplifier ASE noise, 148, 163 failure rate, 299 repair rate, 299 Optical amplifier transients, 278, 283, , 308, 310, 315, 365 Optical burst switching (OBS), , 359, 412, 468 Just Enough Time (JET), 266 Just in Time (JIT), 266 Optical bypass, 2, 3, 5, 11, 15, 18, 25, 36 38, 41 advantages, 37 disadvantages, economics, Optical channel shared protection ring (OCh- SPRing), 290 Optical control plane, see Control plane Optical corridor, , , 426, 459, 462 fill-rate, 462, 464, 466 Optical cross-connect (OXC), see Switch Optical-electrical-optical, see O-E-O architecture Optical flow switching, Optical frequency, 1, 13, 14 Optical impairments, see Impairments Optical Internetworking Forum (OIF), 11, 151 Optical multiplex section shared protection ring (OMS-SPRing), 290 Optical OFDM, , 427, 428, 430, 431 Optical packet switching (OPS), 268, 412 Optical performance monitor (OPM), 335 Optical reach, 26, 73 75, 147, 150, 152, 156, 161, 210, 404, 405, , 442, 463 cost increase factor, 445, 446, 447, 450, 451 optimal, 405, Optical-signal-to-noise-ratio (OSNR), 148, 150, 153, 156, 157, 161, 335 effective penalty, 158, 163, 211, 370 Optical supervisory channel, 333 Optical terminal, 25, colorless, fixed, 31 pay-as-you-grow, 29 shelf density, 29 Optical Transport Network (OTN), 5, 7, 8 10, 229, 239, 240, 242, 331 digital wrapper, 9 hierarchy, 9 ODU-Flex, 8, 229 optical channel data unit (ODU), 8 optical channel transport unit (OTU), 8 switch, 76, 235, 240, 427 Overlay model, 11 P Packet-optical transport, 76, 238, 242 Packet services, 9, 76, 229, 235, 390 Passive coupler or combiner, 26, 30 Passive splitter, 26, 30 Patch-panel, 32 Path Computation Client (PCC), 356, 358, 367, 370 Path Computation Element (PCE), , , 368, , 374, , 385, 386, 389, 390 child, 377 hierarchical, see Hierarchical PCEs multiple PCEs, , 368, 371 parent, 377 PCE Communication Protocol (PCEP), 356, 359, 360 P-cycle, , 315 Peer model, 11 Performance monitoring, 7, 35, 38, 40, 77, 292, Photonic integrated circuit (PIC), 77 78, 178 Physical-layer impairments, see Impairments Pipelining, 362 PMD, see Dispersion, polarization-mode (PMD) Polarization dependent loss, 150 Polarization multiplexing, 152, 405, 406 Power consumption, 2, 15, 16, 36, 37, 70, 76, 230, 231, 236, 240, 252, 263, , 268, 352, 402, 405, 411, 428, 431, 448, 453, 459 Power equalization, 51 Pre-deployed equipment, 52, 54, 170, 174, transponder pool sizing, 382 Pre-deployed subconnection, , 365 Primary path, 279 Programmable transponder, , 463 bandwidth vs. optical reach, 430 cost, 432 data-rate vs. optical reach, 429 Routing, modulation level, and spectrum assignment (RMLSA), 432 Protection 1:1, 280, 284, 287, , 280, 284, 285, , 302, 307, 315, 318, ,

9 Index algorithms, bandwidth squeezing restoration, capacity requirements, 280, 282, 291 catastrophes, client-side, dedicated, 280, dedicated vs, shared, dynamic, , 354, 369 fault-dependent, , 333 fault-independent, , 302, 333 hierarchical, 309 hub, 311, 312 in optical-bypass-enabled networks, 297, , link, , 313 mixing working and protect paths, 328 multicast, , 317 multi-domain networks, multilayer, multipath routing, 320, 414 multiple concurrent failures, 278, network coding, 131, 278, network-side, 285, nodal, 279 non-revertive, 280 OCh-SPring, 290 OMS-SPRing, 290 optical amplifier transients, 278, , 308, 310, 313, 315 path, revertive, 280, 281 ring-based, routing, see Routing, disjoint paths segment, shared risk link group (SRLG), see Shared risk link group (SRLG) shared, see Shared protection sub-path, 298 subrate-level, , 330 transponder, wavelength assignment, 189, , 289, 290, 292, 294, 295, 319 wavelength-level, , Protect path, 279, Provider Backbone Bridge Traffic Engineering (PBB-TE), 10 Provisioning, 12, 36, 37 Q Q-factor, 163, 213, 335 Quality of transmission, 163, 164, 211, 212, , 431 R Raman amplifier, 74, 150, 157, 165, 202, 210, 306, 406, Rate-adaptable transponder, see Programmable transponder Reachability graph, 107, 113, 168, 169, Receiver sensitivity, 150, 152 Reconfigurability, see Configurability Reconfigurable OADM, see ROADM Reference networks, Reference Network 1, 19, 97, 114, 126, 135, 252, 298, 304, 365, 382, 387 Reference Network 2, 19, 97, 102, 114, 125, 126, 135, 216, 258, 259, 298, 311, 352, 418, 441, 442, 446, 448, 450, 460 Reference Network 3, 19, 97, 114, 126, 135, 298, 448 Regeneration, 35, 73, 95, 96, 129, , 210, 297, R, 177 3R, 35, 147, 172, 177 adding to alleviate wavelength contention, , 218, 219 all-optical, back-to-back transponders, 172, 174 designated site, effect on wavelength assignment, 148, , 194, 287 function of optical reach, 447, 450 islands of transparency, regenerator card, selective, system rules, 156 Regenerator card, all-optical, flexible, 176 tunable, 175, 190 Regional network, 4, 74, 115, 167, 267, 459, Reliability, 15, 26, 36, 37, 77, 90, 247, 253, 355, 389 Request for information (RFI), Request for proposal (RFP), Resource allocation backward blocking, 363, 364, 365 centralized, contention, 357, 360, , 368, 386 distributed, stale information, 360, 363, 366, 371, 373, 386 Resource ReserVation Protocol-Traffic Engineering (RSVP-TE), 360, 361, 362, 363, 378, 386 Restoration, see Protection Ring protection, see Protection, ring-based ROADM, 25, 37, add/drop limit, 40, 442,

10 514 Index add/drop port, 47, 52, 53, 57, 59, 61, 290, 384 adding configurability, broadcast-and-select architecture, 44 47, 49, 50, 52, 53, 65, 71, 79 cascadability, 50 51, 150, 156, 162 CDC, 61 colorless, 51 52, 55, 61 contention, directionless, 52 54, 61, 129, 172, 176, 238, 292, 382, 453 drop-and-continue, 46, 65, 129 east/west separability, failure modes, filter, 50, 413, 424 gridless, 62 64, 403, , 430 liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS), 64, 424 multicast, 46, 52, 58, 65, 129, 285, 302 non-directionless, 53, 54 56, 76, 79, 129, 173, 174, 176, 177, 238, 291, 382, 453 number of add/drop ports, 45, 57 power consumption, 240 power equalization, 51 properties, repair modes, route-and-select architecture, 47, 50, 52, 53, 56, 65, 71 switching granularity, upgrade path, 42, 68 waveband, wavelength reuse, wavelength-selective architecture, 47 49, 50, 52, 53, 56, 65 without wavelength reuse, 68, ROADM-MD, 25, add/drop limit, 54, upgrade path, 42 ROADM-only architecture, 40 ROLEX, 309 Route hopping, 354 Routing alternative-path, , 122, 191, 385, 416 demand order, disjoint paths, dynamic, , 416 energy considerations, fixed-alternate, 103 fixed-path, 100, 416 flow-based, load balancing, 98 99, , 104, 124, 191 multipath, , 320, 414 round-robin, 122 trap topology, 109 Routing and spectral assignment (RSA), 402 best-fit, 418 contiguousness, 416 first-fit, 418 guardband, 417 most-used, 418 routing, spectral assignment, spectral continuity constraint, 416 stranded bandwidth, 419 Routing and wavelength assignment (RWA), 187, see also Routing; Wavelength assignment impairment-aware (IA-RWA), multi-step, 187, , 357 ring, single-step, 187, , 221 Routing, modulation level, and spectrum assignment (RMLSA), 432 S Scheduled traffic, blackout period, 387 book-ahead time, 384 centralized vs. distributed, flexible start time, 385 resource contention, 386 wavelength assignment, 385, 386 SDH, see SONET/SDH Secondary path, 279 Selective randomized load balancing, 265 Self-phase modulation, 149 Service level agreement (SLA), 277, 298 Shared protection, , , 303, , 454 1:N protection, 285 candidate paths, 321 capacity requirements, 282, 304, , 314, 315, 316, 319, 320 cost, 283, 284, , 316, 319 distributed algorithms, , 368 hierarchical, 309, 311 in O-E-O networks, 283 in optical-bypass-enabled networks, 282, 288, 314 M:N protection, 285 mesh, multiple concurrent failures, p-cycle, potential backup cost, pre-cross-connected bandwidth, 278, pre-cross-connected trail (PXT), pre-deployed subconnection, 278, , 451

11 Index regeneration, 290, 310, 451 ring, shareability metric, , 323 speed, 284, 309, 314, 316 using partial information, virtual cycles, 315 Shared risk group (SRG), 118, 318 Shared risk link group (SRLG), , 300, 318, 319, 368, 459 bridge configuration, 120 fork configuration, 118, 119 general routing heuristics, 121 Shortest path algorithm, Breadth-First-Search, 92, 473 constrained, 93 Dijkstra, 92 disjoint pair of paths, , 318 disjoint paths (Bhandari), 110, 119, 473 disjoint paths (Suurballe), 110 dominated path, 163, 213 dual sources/dual destinations, , 247, K-shortest paths, 92, 97 98, 103, 114, 133, 164, 195, 473 link-and-node-disjoint paths, 111 link-disjoint paths, 111 maximally disjoint paths, 111, 473 metric, 91, minimum-hops, minimum regeneration, 95 96, 97, multicost metric, 163, 212 N disjoint paths, 112, 473 noise figure metric, 158 Q-factor metric, 163 restricted, 93 undirected network, 92 Silent failure, 280 Simulated annealing, 123, 165, 419 Software Defined Networking (SDN), 242, 351, controller, 388, 389 scalability, 389 vs. GMPLS, 389 SONET/SDH, 5, 7 8, 76, 200, 229, 233 add/drop multiplexer (ADM), 38 bi-directional line-switched ring (BLSR), 291 grooming switch, 235 hierarchy, 8 performance monitoring, 35, 292 Source-initiated reservation, 363 Space division multiplexing (SDM), 402, Span, 12 distance, 150, 153, 157 engineering, see Link engineering Spectral assignment, Spectral defragmentation, 403, , 463 Push-Pull, 422 Spectral efficiency, 152, , 461, 463 limit with conventional fiber, 405 Spectral elasticity, 412, , 462 Spectral fragmentation, 416, 417, 418, 419, 421, 463 Spectral slicing, Statistical multiplexing, 264, 352, 420 Subconnection, 171, 189, 200, 203, 210, 220 bi-directional, 208 group, 319 pre-deployed, , 365 Superchannel, 78, 413, 425, 427 Supernode methodology, 245 Switch all-optical, core, 33, dual fabric, 238 edge, 54, 55, 174, 176, 286, 291, 308, 310 electronic, 35, fabric, 27 fiber cross-connect, 55, 71 grooming, 71, 230, 235, 242 hierarchical, make-before-break, see Make-before-break MEMS, 27, 35, 48, 49, 70, 71, 77, 176 modular design, 55 multicast (MCS), 62, 152 MxN WSS, 27, 61 optical, 27 packet-optical, 238 photonic, 54, 70 TDM, 241 waveband, wavelength-selective (WSS), 27, 31, 61 System margin, 150, 156, 165, 171, 188, 203, 211, 213, 429 T Tabu search, 123 Time division multiplexing, 7, 241 Time-domain wavelength interleaved networking (TWIN), 267, 468 Topology, 12 backbone, 40, 442 interconnected ring, 40, 41, 218 mesh, 12, 40, 41 metro-core, 40, 218, ring, 12, 41

12 516 Index trap, 109 virtual, 6, see also Internet Protocol (IP), virtual topology Traffic, 12 add/drop, 32, 33, 37, 41, 75, 237 asymmetric, 408 best-effort, 230, 277, 332 bi-directionally symmetric, 12 bursty, 230, 241, 264, 408 churn, see Network churn growth rate, 401 hose model, 265 line-rate, 14, 89, 229 model, 21 22, 229, 411, 428, 460 pre-emptible, 280, 301, 330, 331 scheduled, statistics, 443 subrate, 14, 89, 229 through, 32, 33, 37 Traffic engineering database, 356 Transceiver, Transients, see Optical amplifier transients Translucent network, 37 Transmission band, 13, 202, 406 C-band, 13, 62, 403, 405, 406, 409 L-band, 13, 406 S-band, 13 Transmission cost function of optical reach, Transparency, 7, 37, 215 Transponder, see WDM transponder Turn constraint, 107, 196 U User-Network Interface (UNI), 11 V Virtual Concatenation (VCAT), 132, 231 Virtual shortest path tree, 376 Virtual transponder, , 465 W Waveband, 64 65, 104, 171 grooming, 72 Wavelength assignment algorithm, 187, assignment order, bi-directional, , 289, 294 first-fit, , 205, 207, 209, 210, 221, 364, 385 flow-based, graph coloring, see Graph coloring least-loaded, 201 linear programming, most-used, 201, 203, 205 protected paths, 189, , 289, 290, 292, 294, 295, 319 random, 364 relation to regeneration, 190, , 194, 287 relative capacity loss, 201, , 207 soft partitioning, 213, 411, 423, 426, 464 Wavelength contention alleviating, , 218, 219 effect on network efficiency, Wavelength continuity constraint, 38, 51, 77, 94, 129, 187, 189, 197, 282, 369, 386, 416 Wavelength conversion, 36, 175, 190 all-optical, 38, 178, 189 Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), 1, 4, 12 channel spacing, 13, 150, 167, 402, 409, 430 grid plan, 63, 402, , 426 number of wavelengths on a fiber, 4, 17, 62, 89, 404 spectrum, 13 Wavelength fill-rate, , 264, 408, 428, 462 Wavelength grating router (WGR), see Arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) Wavelength reuse, see ROADM, wavelength reuse Wavelength-selective architecture, 47, see also ROADM, wavelength-selective architecture Wavelength-selective switch, see Switch, wavelength-selective (WSS) Wavelength service, 229, 237, 238, 326, 331 WDM transponder, 13, 14, 28, 32, 441 bandwidth variable transponder (BVT), see Bandwidth variable transponder (BVT) client-side, 13, 14, 232 cost, 444 fixed, 14, 190, 196 flexible, 56, 285 integrated, see Integrated transceiver muxponder, 232, 233 network side, 14 optical filter, 14, 30, 62, 152 programmable transponder, see Programmable transponder protection, , 299 quad-card, 232, 233 tunable, 14, 29, 31, 51, 189, 217 virtual transponder, Working path, 279,