Introduction to Computer Networking

Transcription

1 Introduction to Computer Networking

2 Thomas G. Robertazzi Introduction to Computer Networking 123

3 Thomas G. Robertazzi Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Stony Brook University Stony Brook, NY, USA ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Library of Congress Control Number: Springer International Publishing AG 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

4 To Rachel and Deanna, for Making Lives for Themselves

5 Preface Networking is a fascinating field. Networking involves communication theory, algorithms, technology and diverse environments and situations in an enticing mix. This introductory book on networking technology is meant to convey some of the excitement and variety that may be found in this area. The qualitative coverage of this book spans the smallest possible networks that are implemented on integrated circuit chips to the largest networks conceived that cover the solar system. There is much in between these two extremes. This book is intended to provide a technology overview in undergraduate and graduate networking courses where it may be used in conjunction with more algorithm-mathematical-oriented texts. It will also be of interest to the individual engineer, computer scientist or information technology professional. I would note that this book grew out of my 2011 Springer brief book, Basics of Computer Networking. I have learned a great deal about networking by teaching networking courses at Stony Brook. I would like to thank a number of people for suggestions on coverage including Tricia Chigan, Victor Frost, Biswanath Mukherjee, Shivendra Panwar and Ruhai Wang. I appreciate Dantong Yu for making me aware of technological trends over the years. I thank Emre Salman and Wendy Tang for proofreading one section of the manuscript. My work life has been made easier by the office staff here of Cathryn Mooney, Susan Nastro, Tim Higgins and Rachel Ingrassia. I have benefitted from the IT assistance of John Joseph and Tony Olivo. I am grateful for the support of my editor at Springer, Mary James, and the project staff of, Murugesan Tamilselvan and Essoudasse Catherine. I wish also to thank Yang Liu and Li Shi for assistance with manuscript preparation. Finally I dedicate this book to my two daughters, Rachel and Deanna. Stony Brook, NY, USA Thomas G. Robertazzi vii

6 Contents 1 Introduction to Networks Introduction Achieving Connectivity Coaxial Cable Twisted Pair Wiring Fiber Optics Microwave Line of Sight Satellites Cellular Systems Ad Hoc Networks Wireless Sensor Networks Multiplexing Frequency Division Multiplexing Time Division Multiplexing Frequency Hopping Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Circuit Switching Versus Packet Switching Layered Protocols Application Layer Presentation Layer Session Layer Transport Layer Network Layer Data Link Layer Physical Layer Ethernet Introduction Mbps Ethernet Fast Ethernet Gigabit Ethernet ix

7 x Contents Gigabit Ethernet /100 Gigabit Ethernet /100 Gigabit Technology Higher Ethernet Speeds Introduction The Road to Higher Speeds Conclusion InfiniBand Introduction A First Look Queue Pairs Transfer Semantics InfiniBand Verbs The InfiniBand Protocol InfiniBand for HPC Other RDMA Implementations RoCE iwarp Conclusion Wireless Networks Introduction WiFi The Original Standard Foundational Versions More Recent Versions Bluetooth Technically Speaking Ad Hoc Networking Versions of Bluetooth , ZigBee, and e Wireless Body Area Networks and Bluetooth Security WiMax LTE: Long Term Evolution Introduction LTE LTE Advanced Towards 5G Conclusion Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) Introduction Technical Details Traffic Engineering... 63

8 Contents xi 5.4 Fault Management GMPLS MPLS-TP Optical Networks for Telecommunications SONET SONET Architecture Self-Healing Rings Wavelength Division Multiplexing History and Technology Switching Optical Transport Networks Flexible/Elastic Optical Networks Numerical Examples Network Characteristics Routing and Spectrum Allocation Passive Optical Networks Time Division Multiplexing PON Wavelength Division Multiplexing PON OFDM PON Orbital Angular Momentum Software-Defined Networking Introduction Classic Internet Architecture SDN Architecture Development of SDN OpenFlow Two Issues Standards Networks on Chips Introduction A Network on Chip: The Mesh Switching Alternatives Other NOC Interconnection Networks Introduction Mesh, Toroidal, and Related Networks Some Other Interconnection Networks Space Networking SpaceWire Background SpaceWire in Detail Some Configurations

9 xii Contents 9.2 SpaceFibre Background SpaceFibre in More Detail Protocol Stack Space Communications Background Deep Space Networks Delay/Disruption Tolerant Networks Grids, Clouds, and Data Centers Introduction Grids Introduction Grid Issues Grid Architecture and More Clouds Introduction Trade-Offs for Cloud Computing Cloud Principles Cloud Monitoring Resource Provisioning Mobile Cloud Computing Cloud Reliability/Resilency Cloud Security Data Centers Introduction Racks Networking Support Storage Electrical and Cooling Support Management Support Security Conclusion AES and Quantum Cryptography Introduction AES Introduction DES Choosing AES The AES Algorithm AES Issues Quantum Cryptography Introduction Quantum Physics Quantum Communication

10 Contents xiii Quantum Key Distribution Post-Quantum Cryptography Conclusion References Index