Off the Shelf Wireless Bridges Interfacing to SpaceWire: Possibilities, Practicalities and Opportunities
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1 Off the Shelf Wireless Bridges Interfacing to SpaceWire: Possibilities, Practicalities and Opportunities Paper written by: Eric Pritchard, Dick Durrant, Alan Fromberg (SEA) and Jean Francois Dufour (ESTEC) Presented by: Alan Senior a Cohort plc company
2 Background The paper is based on work performed by SEA under the ESA contract for RF Wireless for Intra-Spacecraft Communications which, among other activities included: High Speed EGSE/AIT wireless support: Assessment and demonstration of SpaceWire-WiFi bridge concept Medium Speed EGSE/AIT wireless support: Assessment and demonstration of CAN-BT bridge concept 2 a Cohort plc company
3 Wireless in Spacecraft AIV Wireless offers the following benefits: 1. Reduction in EGSE Spacecraft bespoke harnesses 2. Simplification of computer interfaces 3. Better isolation in bio-containment programmes 4. Simplification of interfaces into test chambers such as thermal vacuum 3 a Cohort plc company
4 1. Reduction in EGSE Spacecraft bespoke harnesses In spacecraft test, the harness between the spacecraft and EGSE is not only complex but expensive At the end of the programme the harness is generally discarded Substituting a wireless link for a data handling harness potentially saves cost and waste However wireless has limitations in terms of line of sight, and range 4 a Cohort plc company
5 2. Simplification of computer interfaces The bespoke AIT harness connecting the spacecraft to the EGSE requires that the EGSE computer implement special to type interfaces Most wireless systems will interface with standard personal computers Use of wireless in AIT simplifies the computer equipments themselves, meaning that if there is a problem on a computer it can be quickly replaced with one bought locally Data on wireless WiFi links is also compatible with internet connection 5 a Cohort plc company
6 3. Better isolation in biocontainment programmes Sample return missions require physical isolation to protect the sample from contamination and for planetary protection Interface connectors that perforate the containment barrier risk introducing a contamination path Wireless links can operate directly in and out of the containment vessel, or by relay connection through a window 6 a Cohort plc company
7 4. Simplification of interfaces into test chambers Thermal vacuum test chambers require hermetic interfaces, often new connector panels often need to be designed and made, adding to costs tend to be metal and the spacecraft bespoke EGSE Wireless systems could not operate directly into the chamber However a series of interfaces in the same band could be carried through by one semi-rigid coaxial connection with antennas at each end, so a lot of data interfaces could be relayed by one connection. 7 a Cohort plc company
8 Available Wireless Interfaces series are LAN based and offer rates from 54Mbps (802.11g) to 300Mbps (802.11n) Ethernet has already been interfaced to SpaceWire so this is a possibility to interface with a WiFi bridge The alternative at similar rates is Wireless USB potentially offering rates at up to 480Mbps SpaceWire has also been interfaced to USB so this is a possibility to interface with a Wireless USB 8 a Cohort plc company
9 Tests on SpaceWire Interfaces SEA tests on interfacing SpaceWire to wireless have been demonstrated but we need to take account of: The difference between quoted data rate and data throughput The overlying TCP/IP protocol which assumes a wired guaranteed delivery interface 9 a Cohort plc company
10 Data Throughput g quotes a data rate of 54Mbps In reality the actual unidirectional data throughput is less than 24Mbps n increases this rate by: Reducing the guard interval between media access (54Mbps 75Mbps) Doubling the channel bandwidth, 20MHz 40MHz, 75Mbps 150Mbps But a 150Mbps n link typically only gives a unidirectional single channel throughput of 67Mbps 10 a Cohort plc company
11 Effect of TCP/IP TCP/IP is designed to operate on a wired network with interconnecting routers where a data packet should always reach its destination The protocol assumes that if data has not arrived, the network routers are congested and the buffers overflowing The wireless protocol compensates for this by slowing down or stopping the data transfer to allow the router buffers to clear then increasing the rate to normal again Wireless transfer is statistical in nature so uses retries, which are seen by as network congestion a Cohort plc company
12 Tested n Throughput In tests with a dual channel n system and a small bespoke Ethernet interface, with an expected throughput of 67Mbps: At 30Mbps transfer was consistent. At 50Mbps transfer worked at intervals of about 3 minutes at full rate then the rate slowed to a stop and started again. It is believed this was a combination of the Ethernet interface, the TCP/IP protocol and the effect of retries on the wireless link. This indicates that the wireless should work consistently at 50% loading on the throughput rate. This would allow 120Mbps on a full MIMO (4 stream) n 12 a Cohort plc company
13 Wireless USB Testing COTS cable replacement USB wireless was available for a short period but has almost disappeared from the market One set tested by SEA gave only 7Mbps data rate against the expected 480Mbps USB2 promises This was checked by benchmark software that achieved over 36 Mbps on a wired USB2 Other commercial reviewers have found the same Tests showed its range was limited to about 7m which is likely to be inadequate for Spacecraft AIT COTS USB used Ultra Wide Band (UWB) RF and this is likely to cause EMC problems with sensitive RF equipment 13 a Cohort plc company
14 Conclusions Wireless connection to a spacecraft data system has advantages in AIT This is particularly true for biocontainment or planetary protection n is feasible for SpaceWire connection at 30Mbps per temporal stream i.e. a maximum 120Mbps continuous over a 4 channel MIMO UWB USB does not seem functional in COTS assemblies and has issues in terms of interference 14 a Cohort plc company
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