I Communication Networks A First Course

Transcription

1 n =Q I Communication Networks A First Course Jean Walrand University of California at Berkeley Me Grain/ Hill WCB McGraw-Hill ULB Darmstadt iflllillll Boston Burr Ridge, IL Dubuque, IA Madison, WI New York San Francisco St. Louis Bangkok Bogota Caracas Kuala Lumpur Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal New Delhi Santiago Seoul Singapore Sydney Taipei Toronto

2 a = a Contents Preface xi Chapter 1 Introduction to Communication Networks What Are Communication Networks? Why Should You Learn about Communication Networks? What Should You Learn about Communication Networks? Evolution of Communication Networks Telephone Network Computer Networks Organization of the Book 13 Summary 13 Chapter 2 The Way Networks Work Ethernet Shared Ethernet: Hubs and Collisions Discovering Addresses: ARP and RARP Interconnecting Ethernets: Switches and Routers Internet An Example Routing: OSPF and BGP Transmission Control Protocol Client/Server Applications Asynchronous Transfer Mode Main Features Routing Control of QoS: Leaky Buckets Network Architecture 30 iii

3 Contents Layered Architecture End-to-End Services Physical View Complement 1: Insights behind the Information Revolution The Digital Revolution Source and Channel Coding Packet Switching 40 Summary 42 Problems 43 References 46 Chapter 3 Internet A Brief History Architecture LAN-Link Layer Network Layer Transport Applications Names and Addresses Names Addresses Internet Protocol IP Datagrams and ICMP OSPF BGP Plug and Play: DHCP Mobile IP End-to-End Transmission Overview Retransmission Protocol TCP UDP Complement 1: Link Protocols SLIP PPP Complement 2: Analysis of Dijkstra's Shortest Path Algorithm Definition Shortest Paths Complement 3: Other Routing Algorithms Bellman-Ford Spanning Tree Complement 4: IPv Complement 5: Multicast Routing Hooding Spanning Tree Routing 81

4 Contents V Summary Problems References Reverse-Path Forwarding Core-Based Trees 82 MOSPF 82 PIM Chapter 4 Local Area Networks Architecture and Characteristics Architecture Characteristics of LANs Ethernet and IEEE Layout Physical Layer MAC Switched 10BASE-T BASE-T Gigabit Ethernet Token Ring Networks Layout Physical Layer MAC Interconnecting Token Rings FDDI Layout Physical Layer MAC Station Management Wireless LANs Architecture Physical Layer Hiperlan IEEE802.il Logical Link Control Complement 1: Latency of LANs Complement 2: Analysis of CSMA/CD Protocol CSMA/CD Protocol Efficiency of CSMA/CD Analysis Examples Average Medium Access Time Efficiency of IEEE Complement 3: Analysis of Token Ring MAC Protocol Token Ring MAC Protocol Efficiency of Token Ring MAC Protocol 113

5 i Contents Analysis Maximum Medium Access Time Complement 4: Analysis of FDDI MAC Protocol FDDI Protocol MMAT of FDDI Protocol Analysis Efficiency of FDDI Protocol Complement5: ALOHA Description ALOHA Protocols Efficiency of ALOHA Protocols Analysis Reservations 122 Summary 123 Problems 124 References Chapter 5 Asynchronous Transfer Mode Architecture Protocol Layers Three Application Examples Design Philosophy of ATM Operating Principles ATM Cell Format AAL Network Operations and Maintenance Routing in ATM Routing Tables Network Node Interface Switch Designs End-to-End Services Quality of Service Attributes Traffic Descriptors Service Classes Internetworking with ATM IP over ATM LAN Emulation over ATM Complement: Delay in Simple Switch 145 Summary 145 Problems 146 References 147 Chapter 6 Data Link Layer and Retransmission Protocols Framing Encapsulation 149

6 Contents Vll Error Control Retransmission Protocols Link or End-to-End Control Retransmission Protocols: Preview and Summary Stop-and-Wait Protocol (SWP) Summary of Operations Correctness Efficiency Alternating Bit Protocol (ABP) Summary of Operations Correctness Efficiency GOBACKN(GBN) Summary of Operations Efficiency Concrete Examples: Choosing W Adapting to Network Delays GO BACK N Summary Selective Repeat Protocol (SRP) Summary of Operations Efficiency Correctness Selective Repeat Protocol Summary Examples Data Link of SNA Data Link Layer of Public Data Networks (X.25) Retransmission Protocol in Internet Data Link Layer in Frame Relay XMODEM Kermit Complement 1: Error Control Codes Calculating the CRC Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem and Reed-Solomon Codes Convolutional Codes Turbo Codes Complement 2: Correctness of ABP Complement 3: Correctness In a Non-FIFO Network ABP GBN Complement 4: Congestion and Flow Control in Internet Objectives and Mechanisms Delay/Window Mechanism (Vegas) Algorithm (Vegas) Loss/Window Mechanisms (Tahoe, Reno) Additive Increase Multiplicative Decrease Incompatibility of Reno and Vegas 194

7 Contents Rate-Based Control: ABR in ATM Detecting Late Acknowledgments Complement 5: Efficiency of Protocols in the Presence of Errors 197 Summary 198 Problems 199 References 200 Chapter 7 Physical Layer Communication Links and Their Characteristics Digital Link Frequency and Propagation Limitations Converting between Bits and Signals Optical Links Overview Propagation in Fibers 216 Light Sources 218 Light Detectors 219 Free-Space Infrared Copper Lines Overview Modulation CATV and Video-on-Demand Systems Radio Links Overview Propagation Cellular Networks Complement 1: Shannon Capacity Complement 2: Sampling and Quantization Complement 3: SONET SONET Architecture Frames Complement 4: Power Budget in Optical Link Complement5: RS-232-C Complement 6: ADSL 234 Summary 235 Problems 236 References 237 Chapter 8 Security and Compression Threats and Protections Threats against Users Threats against Documents 8.2 Cryptography

8 Contents ix General Principles Secret Key Cryptography Public Key Cryptography Hashing Security Systems Integrity Key Management Identification Replications and Deletions Kerberos Pretty Good Privacy Foundations of Compression Lossy and Lossless Compression Batch, Stream, Progressive, Multilayer Source Coding Finding the Minimum Number of Bits Huffman Encoding Lempel-Ziv Compression Audio Compression Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM) Adaptive DPCM (ADPCM) Subband Coding ADPCM Code Excited Linear Prediction Video Compression Some Algorithms Discrete Cosine Transform Motion Compensation MPEG Complement 1: Secret Key Cryptography Secret Codes Complement 2: Public Key Cryptography RSA Complement 3: Proof of RSA Lemma Complement 4: Source Coding Theory 265 Problems 267 References 268 Chapter 9 Performance Evaluation and Monitoring Monitoring, SNMP, CMOT, and RMON Monitoring Summary Models and Analysis A FIFO Queue MM/1 Queue Application to Statistical Multiplexing Networks of M/M/l Queues M/G/l Queues 277

9 X Contents A Word of Caution Queues with Vacations Priority Systems Cyclic-Service Systems Model Summary Simulation Time-Driven Simulation Event-Driven Simulation Regenerative Simulation Simulation Packages Simulation Summary 283 Summary 284 Problems 284 References 286 Appendix A Probability 287 A.I Probability and Random Variables 287 A.2 Expectation 290 A.3 Independence 293 A.4 Regenerative Method 295 A.5 Complement 1: Channel Coding 298 Summary 301 Problems 301 References 303 Appendix B Queues and Networks of Queues B.I Markov Chains and M/M/1 Queues B.2 Networks of M/M/1 Queues 308 B.3 Average Delays 311 Summary 315 Problems 316 References Appendix C Communication Principles 318 C.I Frequency Spectrum 318 C.2 Modulation and Demodulation 320 C.3 Phase-Locked Loop 322 C.4 Nyquist's Sampling Theorem 323 Summary 323 References 323 Appendix D References 325