North American SynchroPhasor Initiative An Update of Progress

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1 North American SynchroPhasor Initiative An Update of Progress Jeff Dagle Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Abstract In 2007, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC), along with involved electric utility companies and other organizations, formed the North American SynchroPhasor Initiative (NASPI). This effort combines the previous Eastern Interconnection Phasor Project (EIPP) and various activities associated with Wide Area Measurement System (WAMS) research, development, and deployment activities that have been underway in the North American electric power system for a number of years as the primary focal point for continued DOE and NERC support and facilitation. This paper provides an update on this activity, with current status and research work currently underway. 1. Introduction This paper builds on papers previously presented to this symposium associated with synchronized measurements and their application in the North American electric power grid [1,2,3]. A history and background of the technology in general, and NASPI in particular, can be obtained from these papers. This paper provides an update to the status and current directions of the NASPI initiative. During 2008, NERC continued to take on a greater role facilitating industrys participation in NASPI, and the DOE focused on research and development of advanced synchropashor technology, networking, and applications. To assist NERC with its role in coordinating NASPI activities, NERC hired a project management consulting firm, comprised of a partnership between ICF led by Jimmy Glotfelty and Alison Silverstein. Some of the initial tasks for the ICF-Silverstein team were to clarify NERCs role in NASPI, developing a business case, and helping NERC justify the 2009 budget request. As a result of these developments, NERC will be able to take on an even greater role facilitating synchrophasor technology implementation in 2009 and beyond, described in more detail below. 2. NASPI Task Team Status NASPI is structured as a working group made up of voluntary members from electric power operating organizations, reliability coordinators, suppliers of monitoring and communications network hardware and software, and researchers from industry, universities, and national laboratories. The working group is composed of seven task teams who focus on various aspects of developing and deploying synchrophasor measurement technology. DOE, through the Consortium for Electric Reliability Technology Solutions (CERTS) and in collaboration with NERC, provides technical support to the task team activities. The task team leaders together with the DOE program manager and representatives from NERC and CERTS make up a Leadership Committee whose role is to plan and coordinate the working group activities. An Executive Steering Group provides oversight to the working group and engages the power industry at a senior management level to spread the word about the benefits of system-wide measurements and enlist support for the program. Membership in the working group and each task team is open to all interested parties. More information about the working group, including membership enrollment can be found on-line at: Operations Implementation Task Team The scope of the Operations Implementation Task Team (OITT) includes deployment and training for tools enabling operators, reliability coordinators, and others engaged in operational aspects of grid reliability to effectively monitor and assess the real-time operations of the bulk power grid on a wide area basis. The scope of the OITT specifically includes applications that utilize synchrophasor data for state estimation and the development of real-time applications where adequate tools are not commercially available /09 $ IEEE 1

2 One of the key recent deliverables of the OITT was the development of a phasor applications taxonomy that describes categories of examples for various synchrophasor applications to enhance power system operations. These include: Situational awareness o Situational awareness dashboard o Reliability standard compliance monitoring o Frequency stability/islanding Real-time monitoring and alarming o Performance monitoring and trending o Anomaly characterization and alarming o State estimation o Small-signal stability monitoring o Voltage stability monitoring/assessment o Thermal monitoring Analysis/Assessment o Baseline normal phase angle trends o Pattern recognition/correlation analysis o Disturbance analysis compliance o Frequency response analysis o Model validation o New applications evaluation & limits definition o notification o Phasor network performance monitoring & data quality Advanced Applications (Protection & Control) o Automatic arming of remedial action schemes o Out of step protection o Small-signal stability protection & control o Transient stability control o Wide area frequency & voltage stability o FACTS feedback control o Smart switchable networks Five focus areas for the OITT in 2008 are: 1) Conducting operator training for phasors, including a deeper understanding of phasor applications in an operational context, 2) Document angular sensitivity display capabilities in the Real-Time Dynamics Monitoring System (RTDMS) situational awareness dashboard, 3) Adding reactive reserve margin displays to RTDMS, 4) Developing more precise setting of thresholds for alarm limits that are integrated with realtime stability tools, and 5) Enhancing data quality control certification Planning Implementation Task Team The scope of the Planning Implementation Task Team (PITT) includes facilitating the development of tools that enable planners to support the assessment of system performance, model validation, and to enhance decision-making related to bulk grid reliability. The PITT has three major tasks: 1) Phase angle analysis for wide area situational awareness to explore the use of phase angles in a transmission operations environment, 2) Small signal stability analysis to identify dominant frequency modes and their impact on the interconnected power system, and 3) Primary frequency (governing) response analysis to identify the trend of governing response in each of the interconnections Performance & Standards Task Team The scope of the Performance and Standards Task Team (PSTT) includes coordinating and acting as liaison to standards efforts and determining consistent and satisfactory performance of synchronized measurement devices and systems by creating guidelines and reports in accordance with best practices. The PSTT has eight priority tasks in 2008: 1) Developing a definition document defining a standard phasor measurement unit (PMU), 2) Updating maintenance guidelines, 3) Expanding guidelines of using devices with integrated PMU functionality, such as protective relays, 4) Testing and commissioning PMUs, in collaboration with the synchrometrology laboratory established at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 5) Standardizing PMU configurations for the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) substation automation standard, 6) Characterize dynamic phasors and identify need for standard requirement definition, 7) Phasor network architecture requirements, including next-generation phasor data concentrator (PDC) definition, and 8) Protection and control applications requirements including coordination and cooperation with other technical communities. The PSTT is also facilitating a listing of phasor tools on the NASPI website. 2

3 2.4. Data & Network Management Task Team The scope of the Data and Network Management Task Team (DMTT) includes the development of the hardware and software requirements to collect and store the PMU data at the master storage site(s). The group is also responsible for the communications from the PMU(s) or local storage site(s) to the master storage site(s), and development of future network architecture options. The key accomplishment for the DMTT was the NASPInet solicitation issued by DOE to develop the NASPInet specification (described later). Additional activities include planning for the Phoenix meeting February 4-5, 2009 where the contractor developing the NASPInet specification will brief the NASPI community on progress and status, and providing additional clarity and outreach around NASPInet and its characteristics Research Initiatives Task Team The scope of the Research Initiatives Task Team (RITT) is to establish contact with various organizations involved in PMU research, development, and demonstration activities, and maintain regular contact to remain cognizant of current activities and future plans. In 2008, the RITT focused on the following work items: 1) Deploy research repository that enables researchers to post, and users to query, research initiatives relevant to synchrophasor technology (available on the NASPI website), 2) Determine what data researchers typically need to conduct their research projects, 3) Publicize and promote research activities, and 4) Host webcasts on specific topics of interest to the NASPI community. In addition, the RITT was instrumental in coordinating the October 2008 NASPI work group meeting held in Charlotte NC that focused on synchrophasor research and development activities Business Management Task Team The scope of the Business Management Task Team (BMTT) includes the oversight of all business functions necessary to implement the work group vision. These include managing the contractual needs, the business environment, and the communications of the Working Group both internally and externally. With the enhanced NERC project management team, it was decided to disband the BMTT in Equipment Placement Task Team The scope of the Equipment Placement Task Team (EPTT) is gathering installation statistics for PMUs and PDCs, including current status and implementation plans. The EPTT developed a list of desired PMU placement based on the following criteria: 1) Buses associated with flow-gates or rated paths, particularly if constraints or transmission loading relief procedures have been invoked, 2) Major generating stations (e.g., >1500 MW) 3) Major load centers, and 4) Correlation with other issues, such as those defined by regional or interregional studies, oscillatory observability, or correlation to disturbance monitoring equipment locations. With uncertainty regarding the future of potential standards or other requirements for the placement of monitoring devices, it was decided to suspend the EPTT until more clear objectives for equipment placement can be established. 3. Other Recent Accomplishments One of the key technical challenges facing NASPI is determining the future data and network architecture options for post-2010, when the initial phase of support from the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) super PDC will require transition to a long-term sustainable solution. The DMTT presented a vision for a massively distributed architecture based on a publish-subscribe model that includes the functionally of phasor gateways. This vision was articulated in a NASPInet requirements document, the basis for a DOE solicitation to develop a detailed NASPInet specification awarded in the fall of As envisioned in NASPInet, the functionality of PDCs and phasor gateways are clarified as follows: Phasor data concentrator (PDC) functionality o Correlate data by time tag, broadcast combined data for processing o Data traffic must conform to the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) standard C o Verifies the integrity and completeness of o data stream and ensures delivery Captures data on a continuous basis and archives long-term data o Software is contained within the organizational unit's network o Handles temporary capture of data of unspecified time duration o Must be capable of handling data from a large number of PMUs 3

4 Phasor gateway functionality o Primary instrumentation data collection point for NASPInet o Manage data flow according to service class (described later) o Handle compliance with naming conventions o Support C for phasor data traffic but allow new protocols for other traffic, e.g., administrative, access control o Address end-to-end Quality of Service and traffic flow management o Manages NASPInet cyber-security requirements, including trust management o Handle emergency mode management and operations o Implement failure and event notification o Data and task logging The DMTT also included in the NASPInet requirements a proposed classification of applications shown in Table 1. Class A B C D E Table 1. Application Service Class Description Feedback Control Open Loop Control Post Event Analysis Visualization Research/Experimental Class A applications might include wide area control applications, feedback modulation control, or other remedial action or special stability controls. The communication requirements will include low latency and fast data rates. Additional requirements include availability and integrity assurances. Class B applications, which might include state estimator enhancement, latency and data rate requirements will be less strict than Class A due to the relatively slower processing rate of these applications. However, time alignment and data availability remain critically important. Post event analysis (Class C) will require high integrity (unaltered) data at high sample rates (e.g., 30 samples per second), but the communication latency and speed at which this data is ultimately delivered can be relaxed considerably. There is also no requirement for redundant or high-availability communications. Visualization (Class D) requirements for latency and data rates are not as critical. Data should be timealigned, but accuracy tolerances are significantly relaxed from those of the other application classes. Data availability is desirable but also less important than the preceding data classes. Class E is defined as research for prototyping or demonstrating the synchrophasor technology. Detailed performance requirements can then be developed for each application class. For example, considering measurement sample rate (e.g., 30 samples per second vs. 1 sample per second) and required latency, Table 2 illustrates different requirements between these application classes. Table 2. Example Application Requirements Class Data Rate Required Latency A Fast Fast B Slow Medium C Fast Slow D Slow Medium The measurement hardware and associated data networks can then be specified to support these application classes, and future users would understand for example that a network built to Class B specifications would not support Class A applications. Detailed specifications for each of these class applications will be developed by a solicitation that was awarded by DOE in the fall of Path Forward In coordination with NERC, DOE will continue to provide leadership and support to the NASPI activities. DOEs role will be focused in the following areas: Support longer range research and development activities that provide advanced applications to exploit the full capability of synchrophasor technology Foster and monitor utility research, development, and demonstration activities Collaborate with the three Interconnections and NERC in the national interest of the electric grid With support from CERTS, DOE is revising the technology research roadmap, originally developed in 2006 [4]. This research roadmap will contain two categories: necessary enhancement to the synchrophasor technology itself, and advanced applications that utilize the synchrophasor technology. These research areas are summarized below: Measurement infrastructure o Accelerate development of performance standards o Support establishment of independent testing facilities o Disseminate performance information on commercially-available devices 4

5 o Support design of future NASPInet network architecture o Support through pilot demonstration projects initial development of NASPInet o Track technology trends to identify emerging R&D needs Applications o Support research on analysis methods and techniques for regional real time reliability management applications o Support research to develop and test new metrics for reliability management that rely on synchrophasor measurements o Develop and demonstrate prototypes for regional reliability management applications o Support industry-led identification of best operating practices and standards o Facilitate regional demonstrations of widearea real-time controls 5. Acknowledgements The author wishes to acknowledge Phil Overholt at the U.S. Department of Energy for his sustained leadership and support of this activity, and Stan Johnson at the North American Electric Reliability Corporation for his role facilitating industry collaboration. Additionally, the author wishes to thank the many members of the NASPI working group, and especially the leadership team, for their tireless efforts in developing and deploying synchrophasor technology in the North American electric power grid. 6. Acronyms BMTT Business Management Task Team CERTS Consortium for Electric Reliability Technology Solutions DMTT Data and Network Management Task Team DOE U.S. Department of Energy EIPP Eastern Interconnection Phasor Project EPTT Equipment Placement Task Team ERO Electric Reliability Organization IEC International Electrotechnical Commission IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers NASPI North American SynchroPhasor Initiative NERC North American Electric Reliability Corporation (Council prior to January 2007) NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology OITT Operations Implementation Task Team PDC Phasor Data Concentrator PITT Planning Implementation Task Team PMU Phasor Measurement Unit PSTT Performance and Standards Task Team RITT Research Initiatives Task Team RTDMS Real-Time Dynamics Monitoring System TVA Tennessee Valley Authority WAMS Wide Area Measurement System 7. References [1] Dagle, J.E., North American SynchroPhasor Initiative, HICSS-41, January [2] Widergren, S.E., Z. Huang, and J.E. Dagle, Electric System-wide Measurements: North American Directions, HICSS-40, January [3] Donnelly, M.K., M. Ingram, and J.R. Carroll, Eastern Interconnection Phasor Project, HICSS-39, January [4] Consortium for Electric Reliability Technology Solutions (CERTS) Phasor Technology Research Roadmap for the Grid of the Future, Eastern Interconnection Phasor Project Executive Steering Group, February