Time Synchronization and Standards for the Smart Grid

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1 Time Synchronization and Standards for the Smart Grid Tom Nelson National Institute of Standards and Technology 2011 NIST - ATIS - Telcordia Workshop on Synchronization in Telecommunication Systems (WSTS '11) May 10, 2011

2 The Smart Grid Smart Grid community: Over 3000 utilities including investor owned, munis, rural cooperatives; Equipment suppliers; IT/communications; Consumers; Regulators; Independent system operators, Combining electrical and information infrastructure requires interoperability Interoperability requires reliable standards and validated performance a clear role for NIST 2 Graphics courtesy of EPRI

3 Why is the Smart Grid Needed? Communication necessary for intelligent control Shift peak demands for electricity consumption, thereby utilizing existing generation capacity more efficiently Reduce electric restoration time High use of renewables 20% 35% by 2020 Distributed generation and microgrids Bidirectional metering selling local power into the grid Distributed storage Networked sensors and automated controls throughout grid

4 Industry/Investment Priority Estimated $1.5 trillion investment over ~20 years New generation, transmission, distribution, operations, Smart Grid equipment market of $70B by 2013 (Energy Insights projection) Ecosystem of utilities, vendors, regulators, customers ($$$) Example: Smart Meters $40 - $50 billion dollar deployment nationwide Underway now ARRA will accelerate Rapid technology evolution Absence of firm standards (role for NIST) Source: Congressional Research Service Report 4

5 Government Roles in Smart Grid Federal Federal Energy Regulatory Commission State Public Utility Commissions 5

6 The NIST Role Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007 Title XIII, Section Smart Grid Interoperability Framework In cooperation with the DoE, NEMA, IEEE, GWAC, and other stakeholders, NIST has primary responsibility to coordinate development of a framework that includes protocols and model standards for information management to achieve interoperability of smart grid devices and systems 6

7 National Institute of Standards and Technology Role: Coordination of Interoperability Standards in United States Department of Energy (DOE) lead agency for U.S. Government $3.4 billion of Stimulus-funded Smart Grid Investment Grants NIST coordinates development of interoperability standards by private-sector Standards Category Developing Organizations $ Million Geographic Coverage of Selected Projects Integrated/Crosscutting 2007 U.S. Energy Independence 2,150 and Security Act, Title VIII, Sec Federal Advanced Energy Metering Regulatory Commission 818 (FERC) State Public Utilities Commissions (California, Texas, ) Infrastructure Distribution 254 Smart Grid community: Utilities (over 3000 including investor owned, cities, rural Transmission cooperatives); Equipment suppliers; 148 IT/communications; Consumers; Customer Systems 32 Manufacturing 26 Total 3,429 18M smart meters; 1.2M in-home displays 206,000 smart transformers; 877 networked phasor measurement units; 671 automated substations 177,000 load control devices; 170,000 smart thermostats; 100 PEV charging stations 7 Graphics courtesy of EPRI Smart Grid = Electrical Grid plus Intelligence

NIST Framework and Roadmap, Revised version Jan 19, 2010 Smart Grid Vision / Model 75 key standards identified IEC, IEEE, 16 Priority Action Plans to fill gaps (one completed) Cyber security

8 NIST Framework and Roadmap, Revised version Jan 19, 2010 Smart Grid Vision / Model 75 key standards identified IEC, IEEE, 16 Priority Action Plans to fill gaps (one completed) Cyber security strategy Companion document NISTIR 7628 Next steps keep standards acceleration going strong! Public comments reviewed and addressed Release Conceptual Reference Model 8

9 9 NIST Smart Grid Conceptual Model

10 Smart Grid Interoperability Panel and Governing Board Public-private partnership, started in Nov Over 500 organizations, 1700 members Supports NIST in coordinating smart grid standards Governing Board elected SGIP Chair elected Committees established, PAP meetings ongoing Electronic collaboration tools, newsletters/communications Open, transparent process Stakeholder Category Members (22) including utilities, suppliers, IT developers At large Members (3) Ex Officio (non-voting) Members SGIPGB One Organization, One Vote (Over 450; over 1500 persons participating including from international organizations) Standing Committees (Architecture, Conformance and Security) SGIP Working Groups (DEWG, PAP, Other) Smart Grid Identified Standards Use Cases Priority Action Plans Requirements Standards Descriptions Conceptual Model Smart Grid Interoperability Panel and Governing Board Products (IKB) 10

11 Priorities for Standardization Cybersecurity and physical security. Communicating and coordinating across inter-system interfaces. Wide-area situational awareness. Smart grid-enabled response for energy demand. Electric storage. Electric vehicle transportation. 11

12 What is a SynchroPhasor? 1 PPS (UTC Reference) 2 A φ A φ IRIG-B t Phasor Representation With Respect to the 1 PPS UTC Reference GPS used to Reference All Grid Synchrophasors to UTC 12

13 Phasor Measurement Units - PMUs PMUs measure Voltage Phasors Current Phasors Frequency Rate of Frequency Change Timestamps all Measurements Transmits data Immediately 13

14 Phase Angle in Power Flow Relative frequency governs phase angle Line impedance Z V V1 e jθ P V2 e jφ P Unsafe Safe P = V1 V2 sin(θ φ) / Z Line Angle θ φ

15 Applications of Phasor Measurements Improved Operational Observability Event and System Analysis State Measurement Dynamic System Probe Measurement based Controls Voltage controls Transient angle controls Future Developments More inter-utility data exchange Adaptive Relaying (Self Healing Grid) 15 15

16 Existing Transmission Standards and Technologies Domain Control Centers Substations Outside the Substation Security Standard/Specification/Technology IEC Common Information Model (CIM) IEC Inter-Control Center Protocol (ICCP) NRECA MultiSpeak IEEE C37.1 SCADA and Automation Systems IEEE C37.2 Device Function Numbers IEC Protocols, Configuration, Information Models IEEE 1646 Communications Performance Distributed Network Protocol (DNP3) IEEE C COMTRADE IEEE C Phasor Measurement IEC (in development) IEEE 1588 Precision Time Protocol Network Time Protocol IEEE 1686 IED Security IEC Utility Communications Security NERC Critical Infrastructure Protection (CIP) Standards 16

17 Priority Action Plans Priority Action Plans (PAPs) Smart meter upgradeability standard (PAP 00, completed by NEMA in 2009) Harmonization of IEEE C with IEC and Precision Time Synchronization (PAP 13) Develop common specification for price and product definition (PAP 03) Transmission and distribution power systems model mapping (PAP 14) Develop common scheduling communication for energy transactions (PAP 04) Develop common information model (CIM) for distribution grid management (PAP 08) Guidelines for use of IP protocol suite in the Smart Grid (PAP 01) Guidelines for the use of wireless communications (PAP 02) Standard demand response signals (PAP 09) Standard for energy use information (PAP10) Energy storage interconnection guidelines (PAP 07) Interoperability standards to support plugin electric vehicles (PAP 11) DNP3 Mapping to IEC Objects (PAP12) Standard meter data profiles (PAP 05) Harmonize power line carrier standards for appliance communications in home (PAP15) Wind Interconnection Standards (PAP 16) 17

18 PAP13: Harmonization of IEEE C with IEC and Precision Time Synchronization Objectives: Develop contributing technical work to integrate IEEE C and IEC under a Dual Logo Standard. Develop, in cooperation with SDO working groups, guidelines for application and role-based time synchronization. Develop standard profiles for EEE 1588 (Power Profile). Resolve differences between time stamp format and time semantic of C and (perhaps add a second timestamp to message) 18

19 Smart Grid Time Synchronization Requirements 1 Application Substation Automation Fault Detection / Recording Event Ordering Process Bus Synchronizati on Energy Management Systems Local Data Acquisition Description / Needs Fault measurements (i.e. digital protective relays) Chronological list of device change-of- state Synchronization across process bus Log of SCADA information for postdisturbance analysis Measurement and aggregation of data within process bays Absolute Accuracy Relative Accuracy Minimum Data Sampling Interval Precision Required 1 ms 1 ms 50 ms 1 ms 1 ms 1 ms event based 1 ms 1 μs 1 μs varies <1 μs 1 ms 1 ms 1 ms 1 μs 1 μs varies <1 μs 19 1 Fletcher, J. and Moyne, Smart Grid Time Synchronization Requirements, draft report to NIST

20 Smart Grid Time Synchronization Requirements 1 Application Description / Needs Transmission and Distribution Automation Synchronized line testing requiring End-to-End Line coordinated actions Testing to be taken at both ends of the line Wide Area Data Acquisition Meter Synchronization Measurement and aggregation of data across a distributed network (i.e. PMUs) Synchronization of meters for pricing (i.e. revenue meters) Absolute Accuracy Relative Accuracy Minimum Data Sampling Interval Precision Required N/A 1 ms N/A 1 ms 26 μs 26 μs >1 ms >1 ms 33 ms (PMU transmission of synchrophasor data) 1 μs 20 1 Fletcher, J. and Moyne, Smart Grid Time Synchronization Requirements, draft report to NIST

SynchroMetrology Testbed Combine NIST Capabilities in Time Metrology and in Waveform Metrology Develop Laboratory to Perform Calibrations of PMUs Provide

21 SynchroMetrology Testbed Combine NIST Capabilities in Time Metrology and in Waveform Metrology Develop Laboratory to Perform Calibrations of PMUs Provide Assistance to Manufacturers and Utilities on Design and Use of PMUs and PMU Calibrators Developing Dynamic Tests Extend to conformance/interoperability testing 21

22 NIST 1588 Testbed Assess the quality of various distributed time synchronization topologies and configurations. Evaluate for latest IEEE1588 capabilities for power industry applications, time synchronization performance, including accuracy, scalability, convergence times Network traffic TVE distance security and integrity reliability Take into account : interoperability / synchronization of different time sync sources, test and verify compliance to Smart Grid industry requirements, such as the IEEE 1588 profile (C37.238). 22. Develop recommended practices for implementation of standards such as the IEEE 1588 profile.

23 Smart Grid Timing Needs Backup time system in case GPS is unavailable (is IEEE 1588 good enough for this?) Alternative to GPS for wide area time synchronization Smart Grid will be deployed at the speed of value

24 Smart Grid Links NIST Smart Grid Home Page NIST Smart Grid TWiki NIST Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid Interoperability Standards, Release 1.0 Harmonization of IEEE C37.118/ IEC and Precision Time Synchronization NIST Smart Grid Security Strategy and Requirements EPRI Roadmap Report DOE Smart Grid Site Link me leases/smartgrid_interoperability_fi nal.pdf C27118HarmSynch ts/nistir-7628/draft-nistir-7628.pdf t%20to%20nistlaugust10%20(2). pdf 24

25 25 Questions?

NIST Smart Grid Interoperability Framework

NIST Smart Grid Interoperability Framework Jerry FitzPatrick National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Gaithersburg, MD 20899 fitzpa@nist.gov 2010 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting