Testing and Calibration of Phasor Measurement Units

Transcription

1 Testing and Calibration of Phasor Measurement Units Richard Pirret Fluke Calibration NCSLI Conference National Harbor, MD August 25, Fluke Corporation NCSLI PMU

2 Grids world s most complex machines 2011 Fluke Corporation NCSLI PMU

3 Complexity escalates in Smart Grid DC-3 F-16 Control cables Fly-by-wire Few concentrated sources Many distributed sources Slowly varying loads Time-variant sources and loads Analog / manual control Real-time computer control >>1 second time resolution << 1 µs time resolution See Electric Power Research Institute , July 2012, Fluke Corporation NCSLI PMU

4 What s a Phasor? Rotating Phase Vector Alternative representation of a sine wave Expression of V or I in a power system At 60 Hz, phasor sweeps 22 o in 1 ms c/o Charles Proteus Steinmetz, Fluke Corporation NCSLI PMU

5 What s a SynchroPhasor? Time-stamped V and I phasor data North American SynchroPhasor Initiative Fluke Corporation NCSLI PMU

6 What s a PMU? Phasor Measurement Unit Specialized Test and Measurement Standalone or integrated Using GPS-derived time, synchronously captures V and I phasors at strategic points in power grids At 60 Hz, phasor sweeps only o in 1 µs Synchrophasor data is: Concentrated / forwarded Re-assembled by time Displayed / applied ~2000 deployed 2010 Future growth due to infrastructure funding and new applications 2011 Fluke Corporation NCSLI PMU

7 PMUs enable SynchroPhasor Apps Analysis Power system dynamic modeling Post-mortem fault analysis Control Variable / intermittent source integration (e.g. wind and solar) Real-time wide-area system control Protection Load demand variation (load shedding) Adaptive protection 2011 Fluke Corporation NCSLI PMU

8 NASPI Roadmap for SynchroPhasor Apps 2011 Fluke Corporation NCSLI PMU

9 Barriers to PMU adoption Risk-aversion Uptime and reliability are King Capital expense Installation Commissioning Distrust of the PMU data PMUs are NEW! Installation variables; CTs, PTs Interoperability; no two work alike Operating Expense Calibration 2011 Fluke Corporation NCSLI PMU

10 PMU calibration today Few qualified sites Complex test setup Highly proficient operator Manual operation Two to six weeks Fluke Calibration, under a grant from NIST, is developing an automated PMU Cal System 2011 Fluke Corporation NCSLI PMU

11 IEEE C , Section Compliance Certification Documentation shall be provided by any vendor claiming compliance with this standard that shall include the following information: 1. Performance class (M=Measurement, P=Protection) 2. Measurements that meet this class of performance 3. Test results demonstrating performance 4. Equipment settings that were used in testing 5. Environmental conditions during the testing 2011 Fluke Corporation NCSLI PMU

12 Schematic of PMU under test PMU Stimulus PMU Outputs Output of the PMU is compared and evaluated against the applied stimulus How? TVE! 2011 Fluke Corporation NCSLI PMU

13 Evaluation criteria, TVE Total Vector Error 1. Source V th aka V true 2. Capture V ob aka V Meas 3. Calculate V dif 4. Calculate TVE 5. Compare to test threshold Target uncertainty of Cal System is: 1/10 of standard, 1/40 of typical PMU spec 2011 Fluke Corporation NCSLI PMU

14 Revised steady-state tests Normative IEEE C :2012 Limits Informative IEEE PC Guidelines Test Parameters Errors; TVE, Frequency, ROCOF Steady-state compliance tests Signal frequency (range) Signal magnitude: voltage Signal magnitude: current Phase angle Harmonic distortion Out of band interfering signals (M only) 2011 Fluke Corporation NCSLI PMU

15 New! Dynamic tests Normative IEEE C :2012 Limits through Informative IEEE PC Guidelines Test Parameters Dynamic compliance tests Measurement bandwidth; simultaneous modulation of amplitude and phase Ramp of system frequency Step changes, amplitude or phase Measurement reporting latency 2011 Fluke Corporation NCSLI PMU

16 Simulation Model per Annex C PMU Settings Input Signal Settings Steady State Ramp Amplitude & Phase Modulation Step Simulation Settings Analysis Settings 2011 Fluke Corporation NCSLI PMU

17 NIST grant benefits to the Cal community Access to a PMU Simulation via NASPI Phasor Tool Repository Interoperability across PMUs derived from new standards and procedures IEEE C37.118:2012 Normative standard updated, published in two parts Measurement; Dynamic tests added Data Transfer Ratification September 2011, publication January 2012 IEEE C Informative Guideline created Publication late 2012 Pathway to worldwide standard adoption to IEC via IEC TC to IEC An inter-comparison of PMU measurement performance using the calibration facilities of Fluke, NIST, EPRI and selected universities A commercially-available, automated PMU calibration system 2011 Fluke Corporation NCSLI PMU

18 User benefits of a PMU Cal system User Calibration / Standards Labs NMIs 3rd Party Manufacturers PMU Vendors ABB SEL Macrodyne GE MultiLin Qualitrol Utilities Generation Transmission Distribution Application Certify compliance for: Utilities Manufacturers Governments Design verification First article test Production test Calibration Type testing Installation/Commissioning Troubleshooting Benefits Accuracy Traceability Repeatability Max. report utility Low capital expense Low operating expense Interoperability Min. test time Min. user interaction Min. user expertise Min. report time 2011 Fluke Corporation NCSLI PMU

19 NIST / Fluke project timeline Feb 2010 July 2010 Dec 2010 Aug 2011 Sept 2011 Q Q NIST grant announced Requirements survey Product requirement spec System demo at NCSLI First system to NIST Beta sites, intercomparisons Commercial availability Automated PMU calibration system: IEEE C compliant Fast, automated Accurate, traceable Fully documented 2011 Fluke Corporation NCSLI PMU

20 Testing and Cal of PMUs Phasor Measurement Units are essential to the stability and reliability of the Smart Grid New test and calibration standards will drive interoperability and promote adoption of PMUs Automated calibration processes will reduce development and maintenance costs and encourage PMU adoption PMU Cal represents a new client base and workload for NCSLI members Fluke Corporation NCSLI PMU