Project Overview. EU Marie Curie International Research Staff Exchange Programme

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1 DEW-COOL-4-CDC H2020-MSCA-RISE-2016/H2020-MSCA-RISE-2016 EU Marie Curie International Research Staff Exchange Programme Low Energy Dew Point Cooling for Computing Data Centres DEW-COOL-4-CDC Project Overview Professor Xudong Zhao Director of Research School of Engineering and Computer Science University of Hull, UK Xudong.zhao@hull.ac.uk 25 th May 2017, Hongkong, China

2 Partnership

per annum Globally: > 1.3% of world electricity consumed on data centres PUE: - 1.9-2.

3 Background Data centres Emerging global business Europe: > 1100 established data centres, > 100 TWh electricity per annum China: > 3000 established data centres, > 550 TWh electricity per annum Globally: > 1.3% of world electricity consumed on data centres PUE: , indicating more than 50% of electricity used in non-computing facilities - future target:

Background Air conditioning consuming more than 30-40% of electricity that need to be cut down significantly Problems remaining with the existing cooling technologies Available low energy cooling

capacity; (3) more suitable for dry and hot climatic regions.

4 Background Air conditioning consuming more than 30-40% of electricity that need to be cut down significantly Problems remaining with the existing cooling technologies Available low energy cooling technologies Evaporative cooling including conventional dew point cooling Ejector cooling Absorption/adsorption cooling Problems in existence (1) low cooling effectiveness; (2) low heat transfer capacity; (3) more suitable for dry and hot climatic regions. These lead to the problems of large size, high cost and climate selectivity [10, 11] (1) needing high temperature heat source; (2) having difficulties in using the CDC waste heat; (3) unstable cooling output; (4) low pressure leading to low COP ( ) [12, 13, 14]. These lead to the problems of large size, high cost and difficulties for integration into CDCs (1) requiring extra heat sources with relatively high temperature; (2) relatively low COP ( ); (3) having difficulties in using the CDC waste heat [15, 16, 17]. These lead to the problems of large size, high cost and difficulties with integration into CDCs

5 5. Intelligent control Exhaust air Supply air 1. Dew point air cooler Data equipment Data equipment Data equipment PCM composite Micro-channel heat pipe Aim Overall Aim: To develop design theory, computerised tool and technology prototypes for a novel CDC dew point cooling system, thus achieving 60% to 90% of electrical energy saving and have a comparable initial price to traditional CDC air conditioning systems. Fresh air Return air Supply air Sun 3. MCLHP heat recovery system Heat exchanger Bed Intake air Rare-earth water lift Pump Fig. 1 Dew point cooler Supply air 2. Sorption/ regeneration cycle Regeneration air 4. Heat storage/ exchanger A unique high performance dew point air cooler An energy efficient solar/cdc-waste-heat driven sorption/regeneration cycle A high efficiency micro-channel loop heat pipe (MCLHP) based CDC heat recovery system A high performance heat storage/exchanger unit Internet-based intelligent monitoring and control system First such a kind of design theory and computerised tool.

6 Specific Technical Objectives 1. To develop the CDC dew point cooling system design framework and database 2. To develop, optimise and characterise a specialist CDC dew point air cooler 3. To develop, optimise and characterise a novel solar/cdc-waste-heat-driven adsorbent sorption/regeneration cycle 4. To develop, optimise and characterise an unique micro-channel loop heat pipe (MCLHP) based CDC waste heat recovery system 5. To develop, optimise and characterise a paraffin/expanded-graphite based heat storage/exchanger unit 6. To develop, optimise and characterise an internet-based intelligent monitoring and control system appropriate to CDC cooling systems 7. To develop a design theory and computerised tool for CDC dew point cooling systems based on the above outcomes 8. To carry out case studies for four selected CDCs 9. To carry out dissemination, exploitation and communication activities 10. To carry out the project management and staff-exchange coordination activities. Change the way you think about Hull 17 Jan

7 Work Packages WP No Work Package Title WP leader Participants Start Month End month 1 To develop a CDC dew point cooling system design framework and database UHULL All others To develop, optimise and characterise a specialist CDC dew point air cooler UHULL MUNT, TSING, SINO To develop, optimise and characterise a novel solar/cdc-waste driven adsorbent sorption/regeneration cycle To develop, optimise and characterise a micro-channel loop heat pipe (MCLHP) based CDC heat recovery system GDUT UHULL, MUNT 1 30 GDUT TSING, UHULL To develop, optimise and characterise a high performance heat storage/exchanger CNRS His-E, SJTU, TUT To develop an internet-based intelligent monitoring and control system APIN TUT To develop the design theory and associated computerised tool for CDC dew point cooling systems CABR All others To carry out case studies targeted to the selected computing & data centres NPS All others Dissemination, communication and exploitation NPS All others Project management and staff-exchange coordination UHULL All others 1 48

8 Work Package 1 Work Package Number 1 Work Package Title To develop the CDC dew point cooling system design framework and database Objectives: To investigate the CDC space layout and load profile; To investigate the general profile of the CDC dew point cooling system; To develop a database for CDC cooling system design. Deliverables: 1.1: CDC space layout and load analysis report, by Month 6; 1.2: Dew point CDC cooling systems analysis report, by Month 6; 1.3: CDC cooling system design database, by Month 6.

9 Work Package 2 Work Package Number 2 Work Package Title To develop, optimise and characterise a CDC dew point air cooler Objectives: To select and characterise the adsorbent materials and associated bed structure; To characterise and optimise the sorption and regeneration processes; To develop the macroscopic energy and thermal equations for the use in the cooling system design; and To carry out the the sorption/regeneration cycle prototype construction & testing and model/equations validation/refinement. Deliverables: 2.1: Second level computer numerical model and associated macroscopic energy and thermal equations for the CDC dew point air cooler, by Month 24; 2.2: The prototype dew point air cooler, test results and validated/refined computer numerical models and macroscopic equations, by Month 30.

10 Work Package 3 Work Package Number 3 Work Package Title To develop, optimise and characterise a novel adsorbent sorption/regeneration cycle Objectives: To select and characterise the adsorbent materials and associated bed structure; To characterise and optimise the sorption and regeneration processes; To develop the macroscopic energy and thermal equations for the use in the cooling system design; and To carry out the the sorption/regeneration cycle prototype construction & testing and model/equations validation/refinement. Deliverables: 3.1: Report on selection/characterisation of the adsorbent materials and associated bed structure, by Month 6; 3.2: Sorption/regeneration cycle modelling results and associated macroscopic equations, by Month 24; 3.3: The prototype sorption/regeneration cycle, test results and validated/refined computer models and macroscopic equations, by Month 30.

11 Work Package 4 Work Package Number 4 Work Package Title To develop, optimise, and characterise the MCLHP based CDC waste heat recovery system Objectives: To carry out computer numerical simulation and optimisation of the micro-channel loop heat pipe (MCLHP), and develop the relevant microscopic heat transfer and fluid flow equations; To carry out computer modelling and optimisation of the MCLHP based CDC waste heat recovery system, and develop the relevant macroscopic thermal and energy conversion equations; To carry out prototype construction/testing and model/equations validation/refinement. Deliverables: 4-1: Computer numerical model, modelling results and associated macroscopic heat transfer and fluid flow equations relating to MCLHP, by Month 18; 4-2: Computer model, modelling results and associated macroscopic energy and thermal equations relating to the MCLHP based CDC heat recovery system, by Month 24; 4.3: MCLHP-based CDC heat recovery system prototype, testing results and validated/refined models and macroscopic equations, by Month 36.

12 Work Package 5 Work Package Number 5 Work Package Title To develop, optimise and characterise a paraffin/graphite based heat storage/exchanger Objectives: To develop a computer numerical model for the heat storage/exchanger and carry out the unit simulation and optimisation; To develop the macroscopic heat transfer and fluid flow equations relating to the unit; To carry out the prototype construction/testing and model/equations validation/refinement. Deliverables: 5-1: A computer numerical model and associated macroscopic heat transfer and fluid flow equations for the heat storage/exchanger, and modelling results, by Month 24; 5-2: Heat storage/exchanger prototype, testing results, and validation/refined model and equations, by Month 30.

13 Work Package 6 Work Package Number 6 Work Package Title To develop and characterise an internet-based intelligent monitoring and control system Objectives: To develop the control theory & approach and associated computer set-up; To carry out the prototype testing of the internet-based intelligent monitoring and control system. Deliverables: 6-1: Report for the control theory & approach and associated computer set-up, by Month 18; 6-2: The internetbased intelligent monitoring and control prototype system and associated testing results, by Month 30.

14 Work Package 7 Work Package Number 7 Work Package Title To develop the CDC cooling system design theory and associated computerised tool Objectives: To develop a commuting sub-model for connection between the new model and established CDC design framework; To develop a CDC cooling load calculation theory / sub-model; To develop theories and sub-models for the individual technologies; To develop the theory and model for the technologies integration, optimization and characterization; To develop a socio-economic performance assessment model. Deliverables: 7.1: Commuting model for connection between the new model and established CDC database, by Month 36; 7-2: Sub-models for CDC cooling load calculation, by Month 36; 7-3 Sub-models for 5 individual technologies, by Month 36; 7-4: Theory and model for the integrated dew point CDC cooling system, by Month 36; 7-5: Socio-economic model for the dew point CDC cooling system, by Month 36.

Work Package 8 Work Package Number 8 Work Package Title To carry out case studies for the selected data centres Project title Participants Case image Key features

will be responsible for this, with the strong support from UHULL, DCA, CNRS, and PSNC PSNC will be responsible for this, with the strong support from UHULL, DCA,

support from TUT, SJTU, GDUT, and XPU Floor areas: 1984 m 2 ; Cooling loads:1.

2M kwh/yr; Indoor heat generation: HPC servers, Service servers, Disc storage, Network devices; Cooling mode: dew point cooling system.

Cooling loads: 3,485M kwh/yr; Indoor heat generation: IT Servers, UPS, lighting; Cooling mode: dew point cooling system (1,656kW cooling output) Deliverables: 8.

15 Work Package 8 Work Package Number 8 Work Package Title To carry out case studies for the selected data centres Project title Participants Case image Key features Maritime Data Centre, East Yorkshire, HULL, UK PSNC Data Centre, Poland China Petroleum Data Centre Harbin Data Centre of China Mobile, Heilongjiang, China NPS will be responsible for this, with the strong support from UHULL, DCA, CNRS, and PSNC PSNC will be responsible for this, with the strong support from UHULL, DCA, CNRS and NPS His-E will be responsible for this, with the strong support from UHULL, CABR, TUT, SJTU, and GDUT CABR will be responsible for this, with the strong support from TUT, SJTU, GDUT, and XPU Floor areas: 1984 m 2 ; Cooling loads:1.6m kwh/yr; Indoor heat generation: IT Servers, UPS, lighting Cooling mode: Air-Air CDC (dew point) Air Conditioner Floor areas: 2,000 m 2 ; Cooling loads: 3.2M kwh/yr; Indoor heat generation: HPC servers, Service servers, Disc storage, Network devices; Cooling mode: dew point cooling system. Floor areas: 1200m 2 ; Cooling loads: 3M kwh/yr; Indoor heat generation: IT Servers, UPS, lighting; Cooling mode: dew point cooling Floor areas: 66,3000m 2 ; Cooling loads: 3,485M kwh/yr; Indoor heat generation: IT Servers, UPS, lighting; Cooling mode: dew point cooling system (1,656kW cooling output) Deliverables: 8.1: Case 1 (Maritime data centre, UHULL) study report, by Month 48; 8.2: Case 2 (PSNC data centre, Poland) study report, by Month 48; 8.3: Case 3 (His-E for China Petroleum Corp. computing centre, China) study report, by Month 48; 8.4: Case 4 (Harbin datacentre, Harbin) study report, by Month 48.

16 Work Package 9 Work Package Number 9 Work Package Title Dissemination, communication and exploitation Task 9.1: Dissemination material development (Led by NPS, involving UHULL, CABR, MUNT, DCA, PSNC and others - Month 1 48): This task will involve development of (1) website; (2) articles; and (3) videos. Details of this work are presented in Sections 2.3 and 2.4. Task 9.2: Activities organisation (Led by NPS, involving UHULL, CABR and others - Month 1 48): This task will involve organisation of the planned events: (1) European Researcher s Night Events; (2) public communication activities; (3) workshops/conferences; and (4) professional connections. Details are presented in Sections 2.3 and 2.4. Task 9.3: Scientific publications and conference presentation (Led by UHULL, involving others - Month 1 48): This task will involve publication of the book and papers, and presentation of the scientific findings at conferences. It is expected that 1 book, 1 design software, 36 journal papers and 60 conference papers will be published, detailed in Section 2.3. Task 9.4: People training (Led by UHULL, involving others Month 1 48): This task will involve training of the university youths, junior researchers, PhDs and engineers through the staff-exchange-based research and innovation programme. Details are presented in Section 2.3. Task 9.5: IPR, licensing agreement and business model (Led by MUNT, involving SINO, His-E, NPS, CABR and others - Month 1-48): IPR issues will be managed by MUNT, involving the efforts of other partners. Licensing agreements will be developed by relevant academic and industrial partners who are involved in technology transfer and up-take, under the strong support from MUNT. Details are presented in Section Deliverables: D9.1: Summary report for a range of dissemination materials, by Month 48; D9.2: Summary report for a number of activities, by Month 48; D9.3: Papers published in journals and conferences, by Month 48; D9.4: People training report, by Month 48; D9.5: Report for IPR, licensing agreement and business, by Month 48.

17 Work Package 10 Work Package Number 10 Work Package Title Project management and staff-exchange coordination Task 10.1 Plan of visiting (exchange) activities (based on illustration given in Table 3-2). Task 10.2 Organisation of the annual project meetings and conferences (based on illustration given in Sections 2.3 and 2.4). Task 10.3 Administrative and financial coordination (UHULL and Steering committee members) (Section 3.2.1). Task 10.4 Project progress assessment and risk management (all team leaders) (Section 3.2.2) Deliverables: D10.1: Staff-exchange plan, by Month 12; D10.2: Annual meetings/conferences plan, by Month 12; D10.3: Overall administrative /financial monitoring report, by Month 48; D10.4: Progress and risk management report, by Month 48.

18 Thank you for your attention

Investigation on the Energy Saving Potential of Using a Novel Dew Point Cooling System in Data Centres

Investigation on the Energy Saving Potential of Using a Novel Dew Point Cooling System in Data Centres energies Article Investigation on Energy Saving Potential Using a Novel Dew Point Cooling System in Data Centres Yin Bi 1,2, Yugang Wang 1,3, Xiaoli Ma 1, * and Xudong Zhao 1, * ID 1 School Engineering