MAINTAINING MISSION CRITICAL SYSTEMS IN A 24/7 ENVIRONMENT

Transcription

1 MAINTAINING MISSION CRITICAL SYSTEMS IN A 24/7 ENVIRONMENT Peter M. Curtis EEE PRESS SERIES I 0N POWER ENGINEERING IEEE IEEE PRESS BICENTENNIAL 1 8 O 7 WILEY 2 O O 7 BICENTENNIAL WILEY-INTERSCIENCE A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION

2 Contents Foreword Preface Acknowledgments xv xvii xix 1. An Overview of Reliability and Resilience in Today's Mission Critical Facilities Introduction Risk Assessment Capital Costs Versus Operation Costs Change Management Testing and Commissioning Documentation and Human Factor Education and Training Operation and Maintenance Employee Certification Standard and Benchmarking Policies and Regulations Executive Summary Introduction Industry Regulations and Policies U.S. Patriot Act The National Strategy for the Physical Protection of Critical Infrastructures and Key Assets U.S. Security and Exchange Commission (SEC) Sound Practices to Strengthen the Resilience of the U.S. Financial System Federal Real Property Council (FRPC) Base! II Accord 21

3 vi Contents Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) NFPA Mission Critical Facilities Engineering Introduction Companies' Expectations: Risk Tolerance and Reliability Identifying the Appropriate Redundancy in a Mission Critical Facility Improving Reliability, Maintainability, and Proactive Preventative Maintenance The Mission Critical Facilities Manager and the Importance of the Boardroom Quantifying Reliability and Availability Review of Reliability Versus Availability Design Considerations for the Mission Critical Data Center Mission Critical Facility Start-Up The Evolution of Mission Critical Facility Design Mission Critical Electrical Systems Maintenance Introduction The History of the Maintenance Supervisor and the Evolution of the Mission Critical Facilities Engineer Internal Building Deficiencies and Analysis Evaluating Your System Choosing a Maintenance Approach Standards and Regulations Affecting How Safe Electrical Maintenance Is Performed Maintenance of Typical Electrical Distribution Equipment Infrared Scanning Kilovolt Class Equipment Volt Switchgear Motor Control Centers and Panel Boards Automatic Transfer Switches Automatic Static Transfer Switches (ASTS) Power Distribution Units /480-Volt Transformers Uninterruptible Power Systems A Final Point on Servicing Equipment Being Proactive in Evaluating the Test Reports Data Center Reliability 51

4 Contents VÜ 5. Standby Generators: Technology, Applications, and Maintenance Introduction The Necessity for Standby Power Emergency, Legally Required, and Optional Systems Standby Systems that Are Legally Required Optional Standby Systems Understanding Your Power Requirements Management Commitment and Training Lockout/Tagout Training Standby Generator Systems Maintenance Procedures Maintenance Record Keeping and Data Trending Load Bank Testing Documentation Plan Proper Documentation and Forms Record Keeping Emergency Procedures Cold Start and Load Acceptance Nonlinear Load Problems Conclusions Fuel Systems and Design and Maintenance for Fuel Oil 69 Howard L. Chesneau, Edward English III, and Ron Ritorto 6.1 Fuel Systems and Fuel Oil Fuel Supply Maintenance Items Fuel Supply Typical Design Criteria Bulk Storage Tank Selection Codes and Standards Recommended Practices for all Tanks Fuel Distribution System Configuration Day Tank Control System Automatic Transfer Switch Technology, Application, and Maintenance Introduction Overview 90

5 viii Contents 7.3 Transfer Switch Technology and Applications Types of Transfer Switches Bypass-Isolation Transfer Switches Breaker Pair ATSs Control Devices Time Delays In-Phase Monitor Programmed (Delayed) Transition Closed Transition Transfer (Parallel Transfer) Test Switches Exercise Clock Voltage and Frequency Sensing Controls Optional Accessories and Features ATS Required Capabilities Close Against High In-Rush Currents Withstand and Closing Rating (WCR) Carry Füll Rated Current Continuously Interrupt Current Additional Characteristics and Ratings of ATSs NEMA Classification System Voltage Ratings ATS Sizing Seismic Requirement Installation, Maintenance, and Safety Installation Procedures Maintenance Safety Maintenance Drawings and Manuals Testing and training General Recommendations The Static Transfer Switch Introduction Overview Major Components Typical Static Switch One Line Normal Operation STS and STS/Transformer Contigurations STS Technology and Application General Parameters STS Location and Type 118

6 Contents ix Advantages and Disadvantages of the Primary and Secondary STS/Transformer Systems Monitoring and Data Logging and Data Management STS Remote Communication Security i Human Engineering and Eliminating Human Errors Reliability and Availability Reparability and Maintainability Fault Tolerance and Abnormal Operation Testing Conclusion The Fundamentals of Power Quality and their Associated Problems Introduction Electricity Basics Basic Circuit Transmission of Power Life Cycle of Electricity Single- and Three-Phase Power Basics Unreliable Power Versus Reliable Power Understanding Power Problems Power Quality Transients RMS Variations Causes of Power Line Disturbances Power Line Disturbance Levels Tolerances of Computer Equipment CBEMA Curve ITIC Curve Purpose of Curves Power Monitoring Example Power Monitoring Equipment The Deregulation Wildcard Troubleshooting Power Quality An Overview of UPS Systems: Technology, Application, and Maintenance Introduction Purpose of UPS Systems 160

7 X Contents 10.3 General Description of UPS Systems What Is a UPS System? How Does a UPS System Work? Static UPS Systems Online Double Conversion UPS Power Path Components of a Static UPS System Power Control Devices Line Interactive UPS Systems Rotary Systems Rotary UPS Systems UPSs Using Diesel Redundancy and Configurations Redundancy Isolated Redundant Tie Systems Batteries and Energy Storage Systems Battery Flywheel Energy UPS Maintenance and Testing Steady-State Load Test Harmonie Analysis Filter Integrity Transient Response Load Test Module Fault Test Battery Run Down Test Static UPS and Maintenance Semi-Annual Checks and Services UPS Management Additional Topics Offline (Standby) Data Center Cooling: Systems and Components 193 Don Beaty 11.1 Introduction Building Cooling Overview 193

8 Contents xi 11.3 Cooling Within Datacom Rooms Cooling Systems Airside Waterside Air-and Liquid-Cooling Distribution Systems Components Outside the Datacom Room Refrigeration Equipment Chillers Heat Rejection Equipment Energy Recovery Equipment Components Inside Datacom Room CRAC Units Raised Access Floors 229 Dan Catalfu 12.1 Introduction What Is an Access Floor? What Are the Typical Applications for Access Floors? Why Use an Access Floor? Design Considerations Determine the Structural Performance Required Determine the Required Finished Floor Height Determine the Understructure Support Design Type Required Determine the Appropriate Floor Finish Airflow Requirements Safety Concerns Removal and Reinstallation of Panels Removing Panels Reinstalling Panels Stringer Systems Protecting the Floor from Heavy Loads Grounding the Access Floor Fire Protection Zinc Whiskers Panel Cutting Safety Requirements for Cutting Panels Guidelines for Cutting Panels Cutout Locations in Panels; Supplemental Support for Cut Panels Saws and Blades for Panel Cutting 251

9 xii Contents Interior Cutout Procedure Round Cutout Procedure Installing Protective Trim Around Cut Edges Access Floor Maintenance Standard High-Pressure Laminate Floor Tile (HPL) Vinyl Conductive and Static Dissipative Tile Cleaning the Floor Cavity Removing Liquid from the Floor Cavity Troubleshooting Making Pedestal Height Adjustments Rocking Panel Condition Panel Lipping Condition (Panel Sitting High) Out-of-Square Stringer Grid (Twisted Grid) Tipping at Perimeter Panels Tight Floor or Loose Floor: Floor Systems Laminated with HPL Tile Fire Protection in Mission Critical Infrastructures 261 Brian K. Fabel 13.1 Introduction Philosophy Alarm and Notification Early Detection Fire Suppression Systems Design System Types Fire and Building Codes Fire Detection Fire Suppression Systems Watermist Systems Carbon Dioxide Systems Clean Agent Systems Inert Gas Agents IG IG Chemical Clean Agents Fire Extinguishers 293

10 Contents xiii Bibliography 295 Appendix A: Critical Power 297 Appendix B: BITS Guide to Business-Critical Power 393 Appendix C: Syska Criticality Levels 459 Glossary 473 Index 481