Unit 1 Lesson 4 Representing Data. Copyright Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

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2 Florida Benchmarks SC.6.N.1.1 Define a problem from the sixth grade curriculum, use appropriate reference materials to support scientific understanding, plan and carry out scientific investigation of various types, such as systematic observations or experiments, identify variables, collect and organize data, interpret data in charts, tables, and graphics, analyze information, make predictions, and defend conclusions.

3 Florida Benchmarks SC.6.N.3.4 Identify the role of models in the context of the sixth grade science benchmarks. MA.6.S.6.2 Select and analyze the measures of central tendency or variability to represent, describe, analyze, and/or summarize a data set for the purposes of answering questions appropriately.

4 Florida Benchmarks MA.6.A.3.6 Construct and analyze tables, graphs, and equations to describe linear functions and other simple relations using both common language and algebraic notation. LA The student will record information (e.g., observations, notes, lists, charts, legends) related to a topic, including visual aids to organize and record information and include a list of sources used.

5 Crunching Data! How do scientists make sense of data? Scientists often create a data table for recording and organizing their data. Data are the facts, figures, and other evidence gathered through observations and experimentation.

6 How do scientists make sense of data? Information recorded in data tables include times, amounts, and frequencies, or the number of times something happens. Units of measure should be recorded in column headings in a data table. A title must always be added to describe the data in the table.

7 How do scientists make sense of data? Constructing a graph of data allows a scientist to recognize patterns. A bar graph is used to display and compare data in a number of separate categories. The length or height of each bar represents the number in each category.

8 How do scientists make sense of data? A line graph is often used to show continuous change over time. A circle graph, or pie chart, is used when you are showing how each group of data relates to all of the data.

9 Graph It! What do graphs show? Graphs are visual representations of data. All graphs should have a title. Graphs make it easier to understand data than a data table alone.

10 What do graphs show? In some graphs, data displayed on the horizontal axis are the values of the independent variable. The independent variable is the variable that is manipulated, or changed, in an investigation.

11 What do graphs show? The data displayed on the vertical axis are the values of the dependent variable. The dependent variable is the variable that changes as a result of the manipulation of one or more independent variables.

12 How are graphs constructed? Making a bar graph requires several steps. Draw a horizontal axis and a vertical axis. Write the names of the categories to be graphed along the horizontal axis.

13 How are graphs constructed? Label the vertical axis with the name of the independent variable with the units. Create a scale along the axis by marking off equally spaced numbers that cover the range of the data collected.

14 How are graphs constructed? For each category, draw a solid bar using the scale on the vertical axis to determine the height. All bars should be the same width. Add a title that describes the graph.

15 Model It! What types of models can be used to represent data? A model is a representation of an object or a process that allows scientists to study something in greater detail. Models can represent things that are too small or too large to see fully. Models can also represent the past, present, and future.

16 What types of models can be used to represent data? Physical models are models that you can touch. Physical models often look like the things they represent. Examples of physical models include toy cars, models of buildings, maps, and globes.

17 What types of models can be used to represent data? Mathematical models are made up of mathematical equations and data. Mathematical models can be simple or complex. A computer may be needed to process the models.

18 What are some benefits and limitations of models? Models allow scientists to change variables without affecting or harming the subject they are studying. All models are limited because they are simplified versions of the systems they try to explain. All models can change as new data, concepts, or technology are added.

19 What are some benefits and limitations of models? What are the benefits and limitations of the model of Earth below?