Making Science Graphs and Interpreting Data
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1 Making Science Graphs and Interpreting Data
2 Eye Opener: 5 mins What do you see? What do you think? Look up terms you don t know
3 What do Graphs Tell You? A graph is a way of expressing a relationship between two different variables. There are several types of graphs Bar Graph (Histogram) Pie Chart Scatterplot Line Graph
4 Variables Every scientific investigation has variables: Variable: factor that changes in an experiment. Independent variable: variable that is manipulated (changed) in an experiment. Dependent variable: variable that is measured
5 Vocabulary scale: the relation between the units you are using and their representation on the graph. x-axis: horizontal axis (usually represents the independent variable) y-axis: vertical axis (usually represents the dependent variable) line of best fit: line that best represents the trend between the data points trend: a general tendency or direction clump (data): grouping data points together
6 Bar Graph A bar graph is used to compare a set of measurements, amounts, or objects. Height of bars are proportional to size Qualitative, nominal (categorical) data only; discrete & defined objects only No scale
7 Bar Graph (Histogram) Special type of bar graph: represents continuous categories Data is often clumped to reduce number of data points X and y axis has scale
8 Pie Chart A circle graph or pie chart is a divided circle that shows how a part of something relates to the whole. Qualitative, nominal data Appropriate for six categories or fewer
9 How to create a Pie Chart Creating a Pie Chart 1. Draw a circle with a protractor. 2. Convert the measures of the variables into percentages, and divide the circle accordingly. **Relate the percentages to degrees of the circle (360 ) 1. It is best to order the segments clockwise from biggest to smallest, so that the pie chart looks neat and the variable are easy to compare. 3. Write percentage and category labels next to each segment, so that users are not required to refer to the key each time they want to identify a segment.
10 Scatterplot Show relationship between pairs of quantitative data Dot represents an individual or object Analyze the pattern of the dot distribution to determine trends
11 Line Graphs Most scientific graphs are made as line graphs. The lines on scientific graphs are usually drawn either straight or curved. These "smoothed" lines do not have to touch all the data points. They are called lines of best fit. Do not drawn in connect-thedot fashion.
12 Directly Proportional and Inversely Proportional Graphs Directly Proportional Inversely Proportional As the independent variable increases, the dependent variable increases as well. As the independent variable increases, the dependent variable decreases.
13 How to Construct a Line Graph 1. Identify the variables a. Independent variable -Goes on the X axis (horizontal) -Dependent variable - Goes on the Y axis (vertical) 2. Determine the scale of the Graph a. Determine a scale that best fits the range of each variable a. Range the difference between your max data point min data point
14 How to Construct a Line Graph 3. Number and Label Each Axis 4. Plot the Data Points 5. Draw the Graph a. draw a curve or line that best fits the data points. b. Most graphs of experimental data are not drawn as connect the dots. 6. Title the Graph a. Your title should clearly tell what the graph is about. b. If your graph has more than one set of data, provide a key to identify the different lines.
15 Components of a Line Graph IMPORTANT COMPONENTS OF A GRAPH 1. Title: Tells the viewer what the graph is about. 2. X-Axis - Independent variable - Evenly spaced units 3. Y-Axis - Dependent variable - Evenly spaced units 4. Key: If there is more than one line on the graph, a key is needed.
16 Predicting Data on a Graph Graphs are a useful tool in science. The visual characteristics of a graph make trends in data easy to see. One of the most valuable uses for graphs is to "predict" data that is not measured on the graph. Extrapolate: extending the graph, along the same slope, above or below measured data. Interpolate: predicting data between two measured points on the graph.
17 Graphing Practice Problem #1a Time (seconds) Distance (meters) A. Graph the data. B. What does the graph represent?
18 Graphing Practice Problem #1b A. What type of motion does this graph represent? B. Put the data from this graph into a table.
19 Graphing Practice Problem #1c A. Describe what happens during the time represented by this graph. B. Put the data from this graph into a table.
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