Beginning Sensor. Networks with Arduino. and Raspberry Pi. Apress- Charles Bell

Transcription

1 Beginning Sensor Networks with Arduino and Raspberry Pi Charles Bell Apress-

2 Contents About the Author About the Technical Reviewer Acknowledgments Introduction xv xvii xix xxi Chapter 1: Introduction to Sensor Networks 1 Anatomy of a Sensor Network 1 Examples of Sensor Networks 1 The Topology of a Sensor Network 6 Communication Media 7 Wired Networks 7 Wireless Networks 8 Hybrid Networks 8 Types of Sensor Nodes 8 Basic Sensor Nodes 8 Data Nodes 9 Aggregator Nodes 9 Sensors 10 How Sensors Measure 11 Storing Sensor Data 13 Examples of Sensors 14 Summary 17 vii

3 Chapter 2: Tiny Talking Modules: An Introduction to XBee Wireless Modules 19 What Is an XBee? 19 XBee Primer 20 Choosing XBee Modules 20 Interacting with an XBee-ZB Module 22 Pin Layout 25 Configuring Modules 26 For More Information 35 An XBee Wireless Chat Room 36 Loading the Firmware for the Modules 36 Capturing Serial Numbers 38 Configuring the Coordinator 39 Configuring the Router 39 Let the Chat Begin 40 For More Fun 42 Building an XBee-ZB Mesh Network 42 Loading the Firmware for the Modules 43 Configuring the XBee Modules 43 Forming Test Messages 43 Testing the Network 44 For More Fun 48 Component Shopping List 48 Troubleshooting Tips and Common Issues 49 Things to Check 49 Common Issues 50 Summary 50 Chapter 3: Arduino-Based Sensor Nodes 51 What Is an Arduino? 51 Arduino Models 52 Arduino Clones 57 viii

4 So, Which Do I Buy? 63 Where to Buy 63 Arduino Tutorial 64 Learning Resources 65 The Arduino IDE 65 Project: Hardware "Hello, World!" 68 Hosting Sensors with Arduino 73 Project: Building an Arduino Temperature Sensor 74 Hardware Setup 75 Software Setup 76 Writing the Sketch 76 Test Execution 80 Project: Using an Arduino as a Data Collector for XBee Sensor Nodes 81 XBee Sensor Node 81 Arduino with XBee Shield 87 Testing the Final Project 94 For More Fun 95 Component Shopping List 95 Summary 96 Chapter 4: Raspberry Pi-based Sensor Nodes 97 What Is a Raspberry Pi? 97 Noble Origins 98 Models 99 A Tour of the Board 100 Required Accessories 102 Recommended Accessories 103 Where to Buy 106 Raspberry Pi Tutorial 109 Getting Started 109 Installing a Boot Image 109 ix

5 Booting Up 111 GPIO Pin Mapping 114 Required Software 117 Project: Hardware "Hello, World!" 118 Hosting Sensors with Raspberry Pi 123 Project: Building a Raspberry Temperature Sensor Node 123 Hardware Setup 123 Testing the Hardware 125 Software Setup 126 Testing the Sensor 129 For More Fun 130 Project: Building a Raspberry Barometric Pressure Sensor Node 130 Hardware Setup 132 Testing the Hardware 133 Software Setup 133 Testing the Sensor 135 For More Fun 136 Project: Creating a Raspberry Pi Data Collector for XBee Sensor Nodes 137 XBee Sensor Node 137 Hardware 137 Software 139 Testing the Final Project 142 For More Fun 142 Component Shopping List 143 Summary 144 Chapter 5: Where to Put It All: Storing Sensor Data 145 Storage Methods 145 Local Storage Options for the Arduino 146 Nonvolatile Memory 146 SD Card 147

6 Project: Saving Data in Nonvolatile Memory 147 Project: Writing Data to an SD Card 158 Local Storage Options for the Raspberry Pi 167 Project: Writing Data to Files 168 Remote Storage Options 169 Storing Data in the Cloud 169 Storing Sensor Data in a Database 188 Component Shopping List 188 Summary 189 HChapter 6: Turning Your Raspberry Pi into a Database Server 191 What Is MySQL? 191 Getting Started with MySQL 194 How and Where MySQL Stores Data 195 The MySQL Configuration File 199 How to Start, Stop, and Restart MySQL 199 Creating Users and Granting Access 200 MySQL and Python MySQL Utilities 201 Building a Raspberry Pi MySQL Server 204 Partitioning and Formatting the Drive 204 Setting Up Automatic Drive Mounting 207 Project: Installing MySQL Server on a Raspberry Pi 208 Advanced Project: Using MySQL Replication to Back Up Your Sensor Data 214 Gomponent Shopping List 222 Summary 222 Chapter 7: MySQL and Arduino: United at Last! 223 Introducing Connector/Arduino 223 Hardware Requirements 224 What About Memory? 227 How to Get MySQL Connector/Arduino 227 Limitations 229 xi

7 Building Connector/Arduino-Enabled Sketches 229 Database Setup 229 Setting Up the Arduino 231 Starting a New Sketch 232 Testing the Sketch 234 Troubleshooting Connector/Arduino 240 MySQL Server Configuration 240 MySQL User Account Problems 242 Networking Configuration 243 Connector Installation 244 Other 244 None of These Solved My Problem What Next? 245 A Tour of the MySQL Connector/Arduino Code 246 Library Files 246 Field Structure 247 Public Methods 248 Example Uses 249 Project: Building a MySQL Arduino Client 252 Hardware Setup 252 Software Setup 254 Setting Up the Sensor Database 254 Writing the Code 254 Test Execution 257 For More Fun 259 Project Example: Inserting Data from Variables 259 Project Example: How to Perform SELECT Queries 260 Displaying a Result Set in the Serial Monitor 260 Writing Your Own Display Method 261 Example: Getting a Lookup Value from the Database 263 Component Shopping List 265 Summary 265 xii

8 Chapter 8: Building Your Network: Arduino Wireless Aggregator + Wireless Sensor Node + Raspberry Pi Server 267 Data-Aggregate Nodes 267 Local-Storage Data Aggregator 268 Project: Data-Aggregate Node with Local Storage 269 Remote-Storage Data Aggregator 288 Project: Arduino Data-Aggregate Node with Database Storage 289 Project: Raspberry Pi Data-Aggregate Node with Database Storage 299 Component Shopping List 306 Summary 307 Chapter 9: Planning Wireless Sensor Networks 309 Sensor Networks Best Practices 309 Considerations for Data-Aggregate Nodes 309 Considerations for Sensor Network Databases 312 Other Considerations 316 Choosing Sensor Nodes 321 Wired Or Wireless? 321 Arduino or Raspberry Pi? 321 Alternative Hosts 324 Project: Home Temperature-Monitoring Network 329 Planning Considerations 329 Planning the Nodes 329 Cost Considerations 330 What About Implementation? 331 Conclusion 331 For More Fun 332 Optional Component Shopping List 332 Summary 332 Appendix: Shopping List 335 Index 339 xiii