Towards Language-Oriented Modeling

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1 Towards Language-Oriented Modeling Benoit Combemale (Univ. Rennes 1, IRISA, DiverSE team)

2 Complex Software-Intensive Systems Multi-engineering approach Domain-specific modeling Software High variability and customization intensive Software as integration systems layer Openness and dynamicity - 2

3 Avionics Mechanical Structure Airlines Human- Machine Interaction Aerodynamics Multiple Environmental Impact Concerns Propulsion System Safety Regulations Communications Navigation Authorities 3

4 Avionics Mechanical Structure Airlines Human- Machine Interaction Aerodynamics Propulsion System Heterogeneous Modeling Environmental Impact Safety Regulations Communications Navigation Authorities 4

«Acceptance Test Manager» Complaint Acceptance Test Manager «Service Provider Manager» Complaint Manager «Recovery Block Manager» Complaint Recovery Block Manager «Service Provider Manager» Complaint

Recovery Block Manager «Service Provider Manager» Notification Alternate Manager Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) Distribution Fault tolerance Roles Security Contexts Use case Views Activities

5 «Acceptance Test Manager» Complaint Acceptance Test Manager «Service Provider Manager» Complaint Manager «Recovery Block Manager» Complaint Recovery Block Manager «Service Provider Manager» Complaint Alternate Manager «Client» User Citizen Manager «Service Provider Manager» Notification Manager «Acceptance Test Manager» Notification Acceptance Test Manager «Recovery Block Manager» Notification Recovery Block Manager «Service Provider Manager» Notification Alternate Manager Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) Distribution Fault tolerance Roles Security Contexts Use case Views Activities Functional behavior borrow return deliver setdamaged res erv Book state e : String User Platform Model Code Model Design Model "Perhaps surprisingly, the majority of MDE examples in our study followed domain-specific modeling paradigms" J. Whittle, J. Hutchinson, and M. Rouncefield, The State of Practice in Model- Driven Engineering, IEEE Software, vol. 31, no. 3, 2014, pp

6 Domain-Specific Languages (DSLs) Tailored for a particular kind of problem, with dedicated notations (textual or graphical), support (editor, checkers, etc.) Promises: more «efficient» languages for resolving a set of specific problems in a domain DSL ~ Modeling Language! - 6

7 «Another lesson we should have learned from the recent past is that the development of 'richer' or 'more powerful' programming languages was a mistake in the sense that these baroque monstrosities, these conglomerations of idiosyncrasies, are really unmanageable, both mechanically and mentally. aka General-Purpose Languages I see a great future for very systematic and very modest programming languages» 1972 aka Domain- Specific Languages ACM Turing Lecture, «The Humble Programmer» Edsger W. Dijkstra 7

8 2011 «Domain-specific languages are far more prevalent than anticipated» 8

Language-Oriented Programming & Modeling Ingénierie Dirigée par les Modèles : des concepts à la pratique, by Jézéquel, J.-M., Combemale, B., Vojtisek, D., Références sciences, ellipses (Eds.). 2012.

9 Language-Oriented Programming & Modeling Ingénierie Dirigée par les Modèles : des concepts à la pratique, by Jézéquel, J.-M., Combemale, B., Vojtisek, D., Références sciences, ellipses (Eds.) Engineering Modeling Languages: Turning Domain Knowledge into Tools, by Benoit Combemale, Robert B. France, Jean-Marc Jézéquel, Bernhard Rumpe, Jim R.H. Steel, and Didier Vojtisek. Chapman and Hall/CRC, pp.398, Companion website: - 9

Language Design and Implementation Editors (textuals, graphicals, ) Checkers (static & dynamics) Documentation generators Test generators Compilers

, Combemale, B., Vojtisek, D., Références sciences, ellipses (Eds.). 2012.

10 Language Design and Implementation Editors (textuals, graphicals, ) Checkers (static & dynamics) Documentation generators Test generators Compilers Translators Simulators Analyzers Refactoring Etc. Code generators Ingénierie Dirigée par les Modèles : des concepts à la pratique by Jézéquel, J.-M., Combemale, B., Vojtisek, D., Références sciences, ellipses (Eds.) Engineering Modeling Languages: Turning Domain Knowledge into Tools, by Benoit Combemale, Robert B. France, Jean-Marc Jézéquel, Bernhard Rumpe, Jim R.H. Steel, and Didier Vojtisek. Chapman and Hall/CRC, pp.398, Companion website:

11 "Software languages are software too" J-M. Favre, D. Gasevic, R. Lämmel, and E. Pek. "Empirical language analysis in software linguistics," In Software Language Engineering, volume 6563 of LNCS, pages Springer,

12 Software Language Engineering (SLE) Application of systematic, disciplined, and measurable approaches to the development, deployment, use, and maintenance of software languages Various shapes and ways to implement software languages External, internal or embedded DSLs, Profile, etc. Grammar, metamodel, ontology, etc. Supported by various kind of "language workbench" Eclipse EMF, Xtext, Sirius, Melange, GEMOC, Papyrus Jetbrain s MPS Spoofax MS DSL Tools Etc. More and more literature, a dedicated Intl. conference (ACM SLE, cf

13 The Kermeta Workbench (since 2005) Modular design of DSLs One meta-language per language concern (merge/weave) Ecore, OCL, Xtend But also: QVTo, fuml, Alf, Ket, Xsd Static introduction mechanism (aspect) Provides a model oriented action language to support common model manipulation tasks to implement (E)Operation s bodies Imperative, statically typed, object-oriented, aspect-oriented (aspect/context, require), model-oriented, DbC, Unit testing Java and Xtend compliant, and based on EMF Run as Eclipse plugin or as standard Java application Efficient implementation of DSMLs Mashup of the meta-languages to efficient bytecode Integrated with third-party tools (EMF compliant) Jean-Marc Jézéquel, Benoit Combemale, Olivier Barais, Martin Monperrus, François Fouquet, Mashup of metalanguages and its implementation in the Kermeta language workbench, SoSyM,

14 The Kermeta Workbench (since 2005) openclass Transition{ operation fire() : String { source.owningfsm.currentstate := target result := output } } Jean-Marc Jézéquel, Benoit Combemale, Olivier Barais, Martin Monperrus, François Fouquet, Mashup of metalanguages and its implementation in the Kermeta language workbench, SoSyM,

15 Breathe Life Into Your Designer! code generation <<dependson>> <<conformsto>> Kermeta Ecore Sirius Metamodeling Languages Legend Operational Semantics Abstract Syntax Concrete Syntax Domain-Specific Actions Execution Functions Execution Data Domain Model (Metamodel) Graphical representation Graphical representation (executable) Modeling Language trace manager, timeline, control panel, omniscient debugger Interpreter DSA Executor amodel Diagram Model Editor Diagram Model Animator (executable) Model - 15

16 The GEMOC Studio Benoit Combemale, Julien Deantoni, Olivier Barais, Arnaud Blouin, Erwan Bousse, Cédric Brun, Thomas Degueule and Didier Vojtisek, "A Solution to the TTC'15 Model Execution Case Using the GEMOC Studio," In 8th Transformation Tool Contest (TTC), Overall Winner

17 Activity Diagram Debugger

18 Reifying Concurrency in xdsml: Limitations Concurrency remains implicit and ad-hoc in language design and implementation: Design: implicitly inherited from the meta-language used Implementation: mostly embedded in the underlying execution environment The lack of an explicit concurrency specification in language design prevents: leveraging the concurrency concern of a particular domain or platform a complete understanding of the behavioral semantics effective concurrency-aware analysis techniques effective techniques for producing semantic variants analysis of the deployment on parallel architectures - 18

19 Reifying Concurrency in xdsml: Approach Concrete Syntax (CS) Mas cs Abstract Syntax (AS) Mas sd Semantic Domain (SD) Concrete Syntax (CS) Mas cs Abstract Syntax (AS) Model of Concurrency Domain-Specific Actions Algorithm Theory Concurrency Theory - 19

Concurrency Constraints Domain-Specific Events Domain-Specific Actions Execution Functions Execution Data Domain Model (Metamodel) Graphical representation Graphical representation (executable)

20 Weave Concurrency Constraints Into Your DSL! code generation <<dependson>> <<conformsto>> MoCCML Kermeta Ecore Sirius Metamodeling Languages Legend Operational Semantics Abstract Syntax Concrete Syntax Model of Concurrency and Communication Concurrency Constraints Domain-Specific Events Domain-Specific Actions Execution Functions Execution Data Domain Model (Metamodel) Graphical representation Graphical representation (executable) Modeling Language omniscient debugger, concurrency explorer. Execution Model MOCC Solver Interpreter DSA Executor amodel Diagram Model Editor Diagram (executable) Model Model Animator Benoit Combemale, Julien Deantoni, Matias Vara Larsen, Frédéric Mallet, Olivier Barais, Benoit Baudry, Robert France, "Reifying Concurrency for Executable Metamodeling," In Software Language Engineering (SLE),

21 Activity Diagram Debugger Benoit Combemale, Julien Deantoni, Matias Vara Larsen, Frédéric Mallet, Olivier Barais, Benoit Baudry, Robert France, "Reifying Concurrency for Executable Metamodeling," In Software Language Engineering (SLE),

Combemale, "Coping with Semantic Variation Points in

22 Coping with Semantic Variation Points Florent Latombe, Xavier Crégut, Julien Deantoni, Marc Pantel, Benoit Combemale, "Coping with Semantic Variation Points in Domain-Specific Modeling Languages", In

23 Arduino Designer (& Debugger)

24 Transformation Lg Debugger TETRABox /tetrabox/ Wimmer, Bousse et al. - 24

25 Farming System Modeling

26 "A clear challenge, then, is how to integrate multiple DSLs." J. Whittle, J. Hutchinson, and M. Rouncefield, The State of Practice in Model- Driven Engineering, IEEE Software, vol. 31, no. 3, 2014, pp

27 Multiplication of DSMLs Increasing number of application domains Avionics Mechanical Structure Airlines Human- Machine Interaction Increasing number of Aerodynamics Heterogeneous Modeling Environmental Impact stakeholders and Propulsion System Safety Regulations concerns Communications Navigation Authorities 4-27

(for language reuse) Thomas Degueule, Benoît Combemale, Arnaud Blouin, Olivier Barais, Jean-Marc Jézéquel, "Melange: a meta-language for modular and reusable development of DSLs," In SLE 2015 xdsml1

28 Towards Language Interfaces A language interface is a contract that exhibits the relevant information from a language specification for a given purpose (i.e., to support specific composition operators) Model type (for language reuse) Thomas Degueule, Benoît Combemale, Arnaud Blouin, Olivier Barais, Jean-Marc Jézéquel, "Melange: a meta-language for modular and reusable development of DSLs," In SLE 2015 xdsml1 subtyping xdsml2 relation structural/ axiomatic behavioral coordination pattern xdsml3 Matias Ezequiel Vara Larsen, Julien Deantoni, Benoit Combemale, Frédéric Mallet, "A Behavioral Coordination Operator Language (BCOoL)," In MODELS 2015 Symbolic event structure (for behavioral coordination) "On Language Interfaces," Thomas Degueule, Benoit Combemale, Jean-Marc Jézéquel. PAUSE: Present And Ulterior Software Engineering, Cf.

Globalization of Modeling Language Context: new emerging DSML in open world impossible a priori unification require a posteriori globalization Objective: socio-technical coordination to support

29 Globalization of Modeling Language Context: new emerging DSML in open world impossible a priori unification require a posteriori globalization Objective: socio-technical coordination to support interactions across different system aspects Language-based support for technical integration of multiples domains Language-based support for social translucence Community: the GEMOC initiative (cf. "Globalizing Domain-Specific Languages," Combemale, B., Cheng, B.H.C., France, R.B., Jézéquel, J.-M., Rumpe, B. (Eds.). Springer, Programming and Software Engineering, Vol. 9400,

30 The GEMOC Initiative An open and international initiative to coordinate (between members) disseminate (on behalf the members) worldwide R&D efforts on the globalization of modeling languages - 30

31 The GEMOC Community - 31

32 The GEMOC Studio Research Consortium Soon! Language Workbench Design and compose your executable DSMLs Modeling Workbench Edit and debug your heterogeneous models - 32

33 Conclusion Separation of Concerns and Abstractions are the key enablers of Software Engineering Modular design through multiple models Abstract design though domain-specific models From MDE to SLE Language workbenches support DS(M)L development Ø towards language-oriented modeling On the globalization of modeling languages Integration of the various heterogeneous models Language interfaces to support structural and behavioral relationships between domains (i.e., DSLs) Ø DSMLs to support the socio-technical coordination - 33

DiverSE s Seminar about Software Language Engineering

DiverSE s Seminar about Software Language Engineering May 28 th, 2015 Rennes, France http://people.irisa.fr/benoit.combemale/sleseminar2015 THE DIVERSE TEAM DiverSE s Seminar about SLE - May 28 th, 2015-2