Fundarnentals of. Sharnkant B. Navathe College of Computing Georgia Institute of Technology

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1 Fundarnentals of n I 5th Edition Ramez Elmasri Department of Computer Science and Engineering The University of Texas at Arlington Sharnkant B. Navathe College of Computing Georgia Institute of Technology Boston San Francisco NewYork London Toronto Sydney Tokyo Singapore Madrid Mexico City Munich Paris CapeTown Hang Kong Montreal

2 >duction and Conceptual Modeling M iter 1 Databases and Database Users 3 I lntroduction 4! An Example 6 3 Characteristics of the Database Approach 9 Actors on the Scene 14 Workers behind the Scene 16 Advantages of Using the DBMS Approach 17 A Brief History of Database Applications 23 When Not to Use a DBMS 26 Summary 27 iview Questions 27 ercises 28!lected Bibliography 28 iter 2 Database System Concepts and Architecture 29 I Data Models, Schemas, and lnstances 30! Three-Schema Architecture and Data lndependence

3 stabase Languages and Interfaces 36 \e Database System Environment 40 entralized and ClienWServer Architectures for DBMSs 44 lassification of Database Management Systems 49 Jmrnary 52 Review Questions 54 Exercises 54 Selected Bibliography 55 chapter 3 Data Modeling Ucing the Entity-Relationship (ER) Model Using High-Level Conceptual Data Models for Database Design An Example Database Application Entity Types, Entity Sets, Attributes, and Keys Relationship Types, Relationship Sets, Roles, and Structural Constraints Weak Entity Types Refining the ER Design for the COMPANY Database ER Diagrams, Narning Conventions, and Design lssues Example of Other Notation: UML Class Diagrams Relationship Types of Degree Higher Than Two Summary 90 Review Questions 91 Exercises 92 Laboratory Exercises 99 Selected Bibliography 101 chapter 4 The Enhanced Entity-Relationship (EER) Model Subclasses, Superclasses, and lnheritance Specialization and Generalization Constraints and Characteristics of Specialization and Generalization Hierarchies Modeling of UNION Types Using Categories An Example UNlVERSlTY EER Schema, Design Choices, and Formal Definitions 117

4 ..-. Contents a. kv~ 4.6 Example of Other Notation: Representing Specialization and Generalization in UML Class Diagrams Data Abstraction, Knowledge Representation, and Ontology Concepts Summary 129 Review Questions 129 Exercises 130 Laboratory Exercises 137 Selected Bibliography 138 npart 2 Relational Model: Concepts, Constraints, Languages, Design, and Programming H chapter 5 The Relational Data Model and Relational Database Constraints Relational Model Concepts Relational Model Constraints and Relational Database Schemas Update Operations, Tranactions, and Dealing with Constraint Violations Summary 161 Review Questions 162 Exercises 162 Selected Bibliography 166 chapter 6 The Relational Algebra and Relational Calculus Unary Relational Operations: SELECT and PROJECT Relational Algebra Operations from Set Theory Binary Relational Operations: JOlN and DIVISION Additional Relational Operations Examples of Queries in Relational Algebra The Tuple Relational Calculus 195

5 .,.<,.I/ i Contents 6.7 The Domain Relational Calculus Summary 206 Review Questions 207 Exercises 208 Laboratory Exercises 213 Selected Bibliography 215 chapter 7 Relational Database Design by ERand EER-to-Relational Mapping Relational Database Design Using ER-to-Relational Mapping Mapping EER Model Constructs to Relations Summary 230 Review Questions 230 Exercises 231 Laboratory Exercises 232 Selected Bibliography 233 chapter 8 SQL-99: Schema Definition, Constraints, Queries, and Views SQL Data Definition and Data Types Specifying Constraints in SQL Schema Change Statements in SQL Basic Queries in SOL More Complex SQL Queries INSERT, DELETE, and UPDATE Statements in SQL Specifying Constraints as Assertions and Triggers Views (Virtual Tables) in SOL Additional Features of SQL Sumrnaly 280 Review Questions 280 Exercises 282 Laboratory Exercises 285 Selected Bibliography 289

6 Contents -.8, %I> chapter 9 lntroduction to SQL Prograrnrning Techniques Database Programming: lssues and Techniques Embedded SQL, Dynarnic SQL, and SQLJ Database Programming with Function Calls: SQLlCLl and JDBC Database Stored Procedures and SQLIPSM Summary 318 Review Questions 318 Exercises 319 Laboratory Exercises 319 Selected Bibliography 321 n part 3 Database Design Theory and Methodology H chapter 10 Functional Dependencies and Norrnalization for Relational Databases Informal Design Guidelines for Relation Schemas Functional Dependencies Normal Forms Based on Primary Keys General Definitions of Second and Third Normal Forms Boyce-Codd Normal Form Summary 360 Review Questions 361 Exercises 362 Laboratory Exercises 367 Selected Bibliography 367 chapter 1 1 Relational Database Design Algorithrns and Further Dependencies Properties of Relational Decompositions Algorithms for Relational Database Schema Design 376

7 Contents 11.3 Multivalued Dependencies and Fourth Normal Form Join Dependencies and Fifth Normal Form lnclusion Dependencies Other Dependencies and Normal Forms Summary 397 Review Questions 397 Exercises 398 Laboratory Exercises 400 Selected Bibliography 401 chapter 12 Practical Database Design Methodology and Use of UML Diagrams The Role of Information Systems in Organizations The Database Design and lmplementation Process Use of UML Diagrams As an Aid to Database Design Specification Rational Rose, a UML-Based Design Tool Automated Database Design Tools Summary 446 Review Questions 447 Selected Bibliography 449 Ipart 4 Data Storage, Indexing, Query Processing, and Physical Design I chapter 13 Disk Storage, Basic File Strudures, and Hashing lntroduction Secondary Storage Devices Buffering of Blocks Placing File Records on Disk 465

8 11'11 Contents ;: xx Operations on Files Files of Unordered Records (Heap Files) Files of Ordered Records (Sorted Files) Hashing Techniques Other Primary File Organizations Parallelizing Disk Access Using RAID Technology New Storage Systems Summary 493 Review Questions 494 Exercises 495 Selected Bibliography 498 chapter 14 lndexing Structures for Files Types of Single-Level Ordered lndexes Multilevel lndexes Dynamic Multilevel lndexes Using B-Trees and B*-Trees lndexes on Multiple Keys Other Types of lndexes Summary 531 Review Questions 532 Exercises 533 Selected Bibliography 535 chapter 15 Algorithms for Query Processing and Optimization Translating SQL Queries into Relational Algebra Algorithms for External Sorting Algorithms for SELECT and JOlN Operations Algorithms for PROJECT and SET Operations lmplementing Aggregate Operations and OUTER JOlNS Combining Operations Using Pipelining Using Heuristics in Query Optimization Using Selectivity and Cost Estimates in Query Optimization Overview of Query Optimization in Oracle 576

9 15.10 Semantic Query Optimization Summary 577 Review Questions 578 Exercises 578 Selected Bibliography 579 chapter 16 Physical Database Design and Tuning Physical Database Design in Relational Databases An Ovewiew of Database Tuning in Relational Systems Summary 592 Review Questions 592 Selected Bibliography 592 m part 5 Transaction Processing Concepts 1111 chapter 17 lntroduction to Transaction Processing Concepts and Theory lntroduction to Transaction Processing Transaction and System Concepts Desirable Properties of Transactions Characterizing Schedules Based on Recoverability Characterizing Schedules Based on Serializability Transaction Support in SQL Summary 622 Review Questions 623 Exercises 624 chapter 18 Concurrency Controi Techniques Two-Phase Locking Techniques for Concurrency Control Concurrency Control Based on Timestamp Ordering Multiversion Concurrency Control Techniques Validation (Optimistic) Concurrency Control Techniques 643

10 Contents kk 18.5 Granularity of Data ltems and Multiple Granularity Locking Using Locks for Concurrency Control in Indexes Other Concurrency Control Issues Summary 651 Review Ouestions 652 Exercises 653 Selected Bibliography 654 chapter 19 Database Recovery Techniques Recovery Concepts Recovery Techniques Based on Deferred Update Recovery Techniques Based on Immediate Update Shadow Paging The ARlES Recovery Algorithm Recovery in Multidatabase Systems Database Backup and Recovery from Catastrophic Failures Summary 675 Review Ouestions 676 Exercises 677 Selected Bibliography 680 Object and Object-Relational Databases M chapter 20 Concepts for Object Databases Ovewiew of Object-Oriented Concepts Object Identity, Object Structure, and Type Constructors Encapsulation of Operations, Methods, and Persistence Type and Class Hierarchies and lnheritance Complex Objects Other Objected-Oriented Concepts Summary 707 Review Ouestions 708 Exercises 708

11 ,!""i;;:' Contents chapter 21 Object Database Standards, Languages, and Design Overview of the Object Model of ODMG The Object Definition Language ODL The Object Query Language OQL Overview of the C++ Language Binding Object Database Conceptual Design Summary 744 Review Questions 745 Exercises 745 Selected Bibliography 746 chapter 22 Object-Relational and Extended-Relational Systems Overview of SQL and Its Object-Relational Features Evolution of Data Models and Current Trends of Database Technology The lnformix Universal Server Object-Relational Features of Oracle lmplementation and Related Issues for Extended Type Systems The Nested Relational Model Summary 774 Selected Bibliography 775 Ipart 7 Further Topics: Security, Advanced Modeling, and Distribution lfhfr chapter 23 Database Security lntroduction to Database Security lssues Discretionary Access Control Based on Granting and Revoking Privileges Mandatory AGC~SS Control and Role-Based Access Control for Multilevel Security 788

12 Contents *I'$ : Wc' 23.4 lntroduction to Statistical Database Security lntroduction to Flow Control Encryption and Public Key lnfrastructures Privacy lssues and Preservation Challenges of Database Security Summary 802 Review Questions 803 Exercises 804 chapter 24 Enhanced Data Models for Advanced Applications Active Database Concepts and Triggers Temporal Database Concepts Spatial and Multimedia Databases lntroduction to Deductive Databases Summary 850 Review Questions 851 Exercises 852 Selected Bibliography 855 chapter 25 Distributed Databases and Client-Server Architectures Distributed Database Concepts Data Fragmentation, Replication, and Allocation Techniques for Distributed Database Design Types of Distributed Database Systems Query Processing in Distributed Databases Overview of Concurrency Control and Recovery in Distributed Databases An Overview of 3-Tier Client-Server Architecture Distributed Databases in Oracle Summary 888 Review Questions 888 Exercises 889 Selected Bibliography 891

13 Emerging Technologies H chapter 26 Web Database Programming Using PHP Structured, Semistructured, and Unstructured Data A Simple PHP Example Overview of Basic Features of PHP Overview of PHP Database Programming Summary 916 Review Questions 917 Exercises 917 Laboratory Exercises 918 Selected Bibliography 919 chapter 27 XML: Extensible Markup Language XML Hierarchical (Tree) Data Model XML Docurnents, DTD, and XML Schema XML Documents and Databases XML Querying Summary 941 Review Questions 942 Exercises 942 Selected Bibliography 943 chapter 28 Data Mining Concepts Overview of Data Mining Technology Association Rules Classification Clustering Approaches to Other Data Mining Problems 967

14 -V." Conents :M 28.6 Applications of Data Mining Commercial Data Mining Tools Summaly 973 Review Questions 973 Exercises 974 Selected Bibliography 975 chapter 29 Overview of Data Warehousing and OLAP Introduction, Definitions, and Terminology Characteristics of Data Warehouses Data Modeling for Data Warehouses Building a Data Warehouse Typical Functionality of a Data Warehouse Data Warehouse versus Views Problems and Open lssues in Data Warehouses Summary 992 Review Questions 992 Selected Bibliography 992 chapter 30 Emerging Database Technologies and Applications Mobile Databases Multimedia Databases Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Genome Data Management 1022 Selected Bibliography 1031 Credits 1034 appendix A Alternative Diagramrnatic Notations for ER Models 1035 appendix B Parameters of Disks 1039

15 Contents appendix C Overview of the QBE Language 1043 C.1 Basic Retrievals in QBE 1043 C.2 Grouping, Aggregation, and Database Modification in QBE 1048 appendix D Overview of the Hierarchical Data Model (located on the Companion Website at appendix E Overview of the Network Data Model (located on the Companion Website at Selected Bibliography 1051 Index 1081