A STUDY OF INTERCROPPING OF MAIZE WITH SWEET BASIL AND BORAGE

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1 INTERCROPPING OF MAIZE WITH SWEET BASIL AND BORAGE Crctări Agronomic în Moldov Vol. XLVII, No. 2 (158) / 2014 A STUDY OF INTERCROPPING OF MAIZE WITH SWEET BASIL AND BORAGE M. BAGHERI 1, F. ZAEFARIAN 1, B. BICHARANLOU 2, H. GHANIZADEH 3* *E-mil: h.ghnizdh@mssy.c.nz Rcivd Novmr 4, 2013 ABSTRACT. Intrcropping is on of th nvironmntl frindly wys to improv th us of rsourcs nd wd control. A fild xprimnt ws prformd on miz intrcroppd with swt sil nd org undr wd fr nd infsttion conditions. Th xprimntl dsign ws fctoril sd on rndomizd complt lock dsign with thr rplicts. Fctors includd wd infsttion lvls (wd fr nd wd infsttd) nd intrcropping rtios (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25: 75, nd 0:100, miz: swt sil or org). Th intrcroppping trtmnts dcrsd wds iomss comprd to th monoculturs of org nd swt sil. Th wds iomss nd dnsity in miz monocultur ws lowr thn th monoculturs of th othr two plnts. Undr sol crop condition, th plnts yild ws highr thn intrcropping trtmnts. Wd intrfrnc dcrsd th yild of plnts, whil this dcrs ws lss in intrcropping trtmnts. Ar-tim quivlnt rtio vlu showd tht th rtios of 50:50 miz: swt sil, miz: org nd 25:75 miz: org providd th yild dvntgs of 11%, 11% nd 36% undr wd infsttion, rspctivly. Also, r-tim quivlnt rtio vlus wr highr in wd infsttion comprd to wd fr trtmnts. Th lvs ssntil oil of swt sil undr intrcropping trtmnts, spcilly in wdy condition, ws furthr thn monocropping trtmnts. Intrcropping of miz with swt sil ws mor succssful thn intrcropping with org in rducing wds iomss nd dnsity. In gnrl, th intrcropping of miz with swt sil ws mor fficint comprd to intrcroppping with org. Ky words: Ar-tim quivlnt rtio; Essntil oil; Plnt hight; Wds popultion. INTRODUCTION Intrcropping is dfind s n nvironmntl frindly mthod (Mffi nd Muccirlli, 2003; Agngnhu t l., 2008). Nowdys, 1 Dprtmnt of Agronomy nd Plnt Brding, Fculty of Crop Scincs, Sri Agriculturl Scincs nd Nturl Rsourcs Univrsity, Sri, Mzndrn, Irn 2 Dprtmnt of Plnt Pthology, Dmghn Brnch, Islmic Azd Univrsity, Dmghn, Irn 3 Institut of Agricultur nd Environmnt, Mssy Univrsity, Privt Bg 11222, Plmrston North, Nw Zlnd 13

2 M. BAGHERI, F. ZAEFARIAN, B. BICHARANLOU, H. GHANIZADEH this mthod hs com on of th populr mthods in griculturl systm du to th mor fficint us of rsourcs nd nd its rol in rduction in wds intrfrnc nd othr psts (Chn t l., 2012; Lithourgidis t l., 2011). It should kpt in mind tht intrcropping hs long history in food production in th world. Mdicinl plnts r considrd s sourc of hlth products, ssntil oils nd othr nturl rom chmicls in th ntionl nd intrntionl mrkts (Sujth t l., 2011). Ths plnts hv spcil position in Irnin trditionl mdicin. In ddition, mny studis hv mphsizd th us of mdicinl plnts in intrcropping systms, such s okr (Almoschus sculntus L.) (Muonk nd Mh, 2007), chilli pppr (Cpsicum frutscns Linn.) (Uddin nd Odiyi, 2011), sffron (Crocus stivus L.), thr spcis of chmomil (Mtricri chmomill, Tnctum prthnium nd Anthmis noilis) (Ndri-Drghshhi t l., 2012). In ddition to consrv th iodivrsity, prsnc of mdicinl plnts in intrcropping will lso nhnc yild quntity. For xmpl, intrcropping ppprmint (Mnth piprit) plnts with soyn producd significntly highr mount of ssntil oil whn comprd to monocultur plnts nd th oil yild incrsd y 50% (Mffi nd Muccirlli, 2003). In mny studis, on of th most common rsons for th doption of intrcropping is yild nficil which is justifid y th grtr rsourc xploittion y intrcrops thn monocultur (Poggio, 2005). Th mor fficint xploittion of rsourcs in intrcropping hppns cus th componnt crops us th rsourcs ithr t diffrnt tims or otin rsourcs from diffrnt prts of soil or ril nvironmnt (Echrt t l., 2011). Rgrding yild dvntg, in fild study Esmili t l. (2011) rportd tht th totl sd yild of rly (Hordum vulgr) nd nnul mdic (Mdicgo scutllt) ws improvd in som of th intrcropping rtios whn comprd to th monocultur of ithr crop. Anothr dvntg of intrcropping systms is wd supprssion (Bnik t l., 2006). Th rduction of wd growth y crop intrfrnc is vil ltrntiv to rduc th rlinc on hricid ppliction in wd mngmnt (Poggio, 2005), s prsistnt ppliction of hricids hs cusd mny svr prolms such s volving hricid rsistnt wds nd nvironmntl pollutions which hs com thrt for humn hlth nd th sustinl dvlopmnt of gricultur (Chn t l., 2012). In study of wht-n intrcropping wd supprssion ws succssfully chivd in intrcropping trtmnts. Th wd control dvntg in this study ws rportd to du to n ffctiv utiliztion of plnt growth rsourcs (Eskndri, 2011). In wht-chickp intrcropping study, it ws lso osrvd tht intrcrops 14

3 INTERCROPPING OF MAIZE WITH SWEET BASIL AND BORAGE supprssd wds in ddition to incrs totl productivity pr unit r nd lnd us fficincy improvmnt (Bnik t l., 2006). Frnndz-Apricio t l. (2010) rportd tht Oronch crnt infction ws controlld in f n, p, lntil, nd chickling p whn intrcroppd with rsm clovr. Swt sil nd org r on of th most importnt mdicinl plnts tht hv spcil plc in Irnin trditionl mdicin. On th othr hnd, thr is littl it informtion on intrcropping of ths plnts. Thrfor, th ojctivs of this study wr to: 1) dtrmin wd supprssion ility of intrcropping; 2) dtrmin yild dvntgs of intrcropping systms; 3) study of ssntil oil prcnt nd yild of swt sil nd org intrcroppd with miz. MATERIAL AND METHODS Th study ws conductd in 2011 t fild loctd in th wst of Shirvn, Northrn Khorsn, Irn (37 25 N, E, nd ltitud 1075 m..s.l). Th mn nnul rinfll ws mm, mn nnul ir tmprtur ws 13 C (Tl 1). Th soil chrctristics r givn in Tl 2. Tl 1- Monthly nd nnul mn tmprtur, rinfll nd wind spd rcordd t xprimntl sit during growing sson Months Air tmprtur ( C) Rinfll (mm) Wind spd (m.s -1 ) Jun July August Sptmr Octor Mn nnul Tl 2 - Slctd proprtis of th soil (0-30 cm) t xprimntl sit EC Orgnic Cly Silt Snd ph (ds/m) mttr (%) (ppm) (ppm) (%) (%) (%) (%) Phosphorus; 2 Potssium; 3 Nitrogn P 1 K 2 N 3 Th xprimnt ws conductd during Jun to Octor of Th xprimntl trtmnts wr rrngd in fctoril dsign sd on rndomizd complt lock with thr rplicts. Th fctors includd diffrnt rtios of intrcropping of miz with swt sil nd org (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 nd 0:100 miz: org (Borgo officinlis L.) or swt sil (Ocimum silicum) nd wd infsttion lvls (wd control nd wd intrfrnc). Sd of crops wr plntd in plots with n r of 12 m 2 includd six rows with 4 mtrs long nd 50 cm prt, t th sm dy on Jun 1, Th intr-row plnt spcing for miz (Z mys L. cv. S.C. 704), swt sil nd org wr 20, 5, 15

4 M. BAGHERI, F. ZAEFARIAN, B. BICHARANLOU, H. GHANIZADEH nd 33 cm, rspctivly. In wd control trtmnts, plots wr kpt fr of wds y implmnting hnd hoing during th growing sson. Wd ws smpld y throwing qudrt (0.5 m y 0.5 m) rndomly t two smpling points in ch plot t th tim of miz hrvsting. Th wds wr idntifid, countd, thn ovn-drid t 75 C for 72 h nd xprssd s g m -2. Miz hrvstd s forg on Sptmr 1 st. Th smpls wr dividd to stm, lvs nd r, thn, th frsh wight ws msurd. Th smpls wr ovn drid t 75 C for 72 h nd wighd. Swt sil ws hrvstd with hnd t two stgs t th tim of 10% looming. First nd scond cutting ws crrid out on August 17 th nd Sptmr 30 th, rspctivly. Borg flowrs wr hrvstd from July 25 th to Octor 7 th. Sum of ll hrvstd flowrs during growing sson ws plcd s totl yild of org. Th frsh wight of org nd swt sil smpls ws msurd thn; smpls wr drid t 25 C undr th shd in ordr to mintin th ssntil oil contnt. Swt sil lf oil xtrction ws don using th hydro-distilltion mthod y plcing 50 g of swt sil lvs nd 600 ml of wtr in Clvngr typ pprtus for 3h. Thn, ssntil oil prcnt nd oil yild ws clcultd. As th siz of th org smpls ws vry smll th ssntil oil xtrction for org ws not possil. In ordr to vlut th yild dvntg of intrcropping systms compr to monocultur, r-tim quivlnt rtio (ATER) ws clcultd using th qution low: ATER = [{(Ymi Ym) tm}+{(ypi Yp) tp}] T whr Ymi is yild of miz in intrcropping, Ym is yild of miz in monocultur, Ypi is yild of swt sil nd/or org in intrcropping, Yp is yild of swt sil or org in sol crop, tm is prsnc durtion of miz, tp is prsnc durtion of swt sil or org, nd T is totl durtion of intrcropping. Th grtr ATER vlu indicts fficint us of r nd tim (Ghosh t l., 2006). SAS (vrsion 9.2) nd MSTATC progrms wr usd to conduct n nlysis of vrinc (ANOVA) nd mns comprison, rspctivly. Trtmnt mn diffrncs wr sprtd y lst significnt diffrnc (LSD) tst t th 5% lvl of proility. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Wd dnsity nd iomss Th dominnt wds in this xprimnt wr Chnopodium lum nd Solnum nigrum. In ddition to ov-mntiond wds, Lctuc scriol, Amrnthus rtroflxus, Convolvulus rvnsis, nd Hliotropium sp. wr lso osrvd in this xprimnt. Th dnsity of Chnopodium lum ws grtr thn th othr wds. Mximum wd iomss (316.5 g) nd wd dnsity (18.3 m -2 ) ws rcordd in swt sil monocultur. Th wd iomss nd dnsity in miz monocultur wr lowr thn th monocultur of two othr plnts (Tl 3). Similrly, in study of intrcropping okr nd cucumr it ws notd tht th monocultur of plnts could not ffctivly control wds (Ofosu-Anim nd Limni, 2007). Th 75: 25, nd 50: 50, miz: swt sil hd th lowst totl wd iomss nd dnsity. In ddition, comprd to miz monocultur, ths rtios rducd th Chnopodium 16

5 INTERCROPPING OF MAIZE WITH SWEET BASIL AND BORAGE lum iomss y 55.02% nd 57.17%, rspctivly, nd rducd y 90.67%, 91.11% comprd to swt sil monocultur, rspctivly (Tl 3). Th lowst iomss of Solnum nigrum (0 nd 6.5 g) osrvd in 50:50, miz: org/swt sil (Tl 3). Th highst dnsity of totl wds nd Chnopodium lum ws rcordd in swt sil monocultur nd 50:50, rtio of miz: org. Whil, th lowst dnsity of Chnopodium lum nd Solnum nigrum ws osrvd undr 50:50, miz: swt sil (Tl 3). In fct, ll intrcropping proportions rducd th wd iomss comprd to monocultur of org or swt sil (Tl 3). Ths rsults r in grmnt with th osrvtions of Agngnhu t l. (2008) for wht/f n intrcropping. Thy rportd tht wd iomss in wht/f n intrcropping ws lowr thn wht sol crop. For xmpl, wd iomss dcrsd y 28.71% in wht/f n 100:62.5 comprd to wht sol crop. Bnik t l. (2006) lso notd tht intrcropping of wht-chickp t 20 cm spcing without wding rducd wd iomss nd wd popultion y 69.7% nd 70%, rspctivly, comprd to wdy monocultur of wht t 20 cm spcing. Tl 3 - Effct of intrcropping rtios on wd iomss (g) nd dnsity (m -2 ) in wd infsttion trtmnts Intrcropping rtios Wd iomss (g) Wd dnsity (m -2 ) C. S. Othr C. S. Othr Totl lum nigrum wd lum nigrum wd 17 Totl Miz monocultur c 0.0 c 75.5 df 8.7 c c 11.7 Swt sil monocultur c c 18.3 Borg monocultur c c c 11.0 c c 15.3 Miz 75:sil cd 0.0 c 38.3 f 3.3 d 2.0 cd 0.0 c 5.3 cd Miz 50:sil d 0.0 c 32.9 f 3.0 d 1.0 d 0.0 c 4.0 d Miz 25:sil cd c 2.0 cd Miz 75:org d 13.7 c 0.0 c 90.9 d 7.3 cd 2.7 c 0.0 c 10.0 c Miz 50:org d d Miz 25:org c 13.9 c c 11.7 c 1.7 cd Significnc lvl *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** Cofficint of vrition (%) Lst significnt diffrnc (5%) **, *** indictd significnt t P 0.01, nd P 0.001, rspctivly. Mns in column with th sm lttr r not significntly diffrnt t 5%, sd on LSD tst.

6 M. BAGHERI, F. ZAEFARIAN, B. BICHARANLOU, H. GHANIZADEH Th othr wds wr osrvd only undr 25:75 miz: sil, 50:50, nd 25:75 rtios of miz: org (Tl 3). Th intrcropping rtios of 75:25, 50:50, nd 25:75, miz: swt sil rducd th totl iomss of wds y 87.9%, 89.58%, nd 9.08% comprd to swt sil monocultur, rspctivly. Furthrmor, intrcropping miz: org rtios of 75:25, 50:50 nd 25:75 dcrsd th totl wds iomss y 63.81%, 49.6%, nd 18.38%, rspctivly, comprd to org monocultur. Lss wd iomss nd dnsity undr intrcropping could du to high intr-spcific comptition twn intrcrop crops which incrsd comptitiv ility of crops towrds wds (Bnik t l., 2006). Gnrlly, intrcropping of miz with swt sil ws mor succssful thn intrcropping with org in rducing wd iomss. Miz yild Frsh nd dry yild of sol plnts wr mor thn thir intrcrops in oth wd infsttion lvls (Tl 4). Similrly, Dhim t l. (2007) rportd tht th yild of crl (wht, rly, triticl, nd ot) with vtch pur stnd ws mor thn th intrcropping of crl with vtch. Also, Ghosh t l. (2006) sttd tht th highst sd yild of soyn nd pigon p ws osrvd in monocultur nd th sd yild of intrcrop soyn nd pigon p rducd y 16 nd 26%, rspctivly. Highr yild of monocultur comprd to intrcrop my du to miniml disruption of th plnts hitt (Bnik t l., 2006). Also, frsh nd dry wight of lvs, stm, nd r in sol cultur of miz wr mor thn intrcrops. Incrsing th proportions of swt sil nd/or org dcrsd th wight of lvs, stm, nd fruit of miz (Tl 4). Undr wd infsttions, 75 (miz): 25 (swt sil/org) trtmnts didn t hv ny significnt diffrncs with monocultur of miz in componnts frsh yild (Tl 4). Whn high fficint us in th rsourcs occurrd y th intrcrop componnts, yild dvntg of intrcrops cn chivd (Huggrd-Nilsn t l., 2001). In this rgrd, Rzvni t l. (2011) rportd tht miz yild in 75:25 miz: soyn ws highr thn othr trtmnts including sol cultur of miz. Aynhnd nd Bhrooz (2011) lso rportd tht th highst miz forg yild ws otind in 75: 25, miz: mrnth. Th highst prcntg of frsh (18.69%) nd dry wight (19.08%) of miz lvs wr rltd to pur stnd undr wd infsttion. Excpt 25:75 miz: org rtio, wd intrfrnc incrsd th stm dry wight nd dcrsd th r dry wight in othr trtmnts (Tl 4). Incrsing rtio of swt sil nd org incrsd th miz r dry wight. This incrsing ws vidnt in intrcrop with org (Tl 4). Ofosu-Amin nd Limni (2007) rportd tht prcntg of fruit st in cucumr incrsd in intrcropping with okr. Thy xprssd tht prcnt fruit st ws significntly lowr (40%) in sol crop s comprd to intrcropping with okr. Whil, prcntg fruit st in okr sol crop, ws highr thn intrcroppd trtmnts. 18

7 INTERCROPPING OF MAIZE WITH SWEET BASIL AND BORAGE 19

8 M. BAGHERI, F. ZAEFARIAN, B. BICHARANLOU, H. GHANIZADEH Swt sil yild Th swt sil dry yild in 25: 5, miz: swt sil ws highr thn swt sil pur cultur undr wd infsttion (Fig. 1). This incrmnt indictd yild dvntgous of intrcropping comprd to monocultur. In study, Jn t l. (2010) citd tht dry mttr ccumultion nd yild in ssmum (Ssmum indicum) in 4:1 intrcroppd rtio with grngrm (Vign rdit) wr highr thn othr trtmnts. In th othr trtmnts, incrsing th miz proportions dcrsd swt sil yild (Fig. 1 nd ). Mximum frsh nd dry wights of swt sil wr osrvd in wd fr trtmnts. Wd infsttion dcrsd totl dry wight of swt sil y14.18% nd 55.4% t first nd scond growing priod, rspctivly (Tl 5). Highr rduction in scond growing priod might cus of th lck of ility of swt sil to r-growth quickly du to th prsnc of wds. Th frsh nd dry yild (frsh wight (FW), stm dry wight (SDW), lf dry wight (LDW), nd totl dry wight (TDW) of swt sil wr mor in pur cultur of swt sil in first hrvst nd dcrsd y incrsing miz proportions in intrcrop. Whrs, t scond hrvst, mximum swt sil dry yilds (SDW, LDW, nd TDW) wr otind in 25:75, miz: swt sil (Tl 5). Mhptr (2011) rportd tht intrcropping of si grss (Eulliopsis int) with lckgrm (Vign mungo) producd 19.7% to 22.5% highr dry lf yild comprd to monocropping systm. Frsh yild (kg.h -1 ) c cd d Wd fr Wd infsttion LSD (5%) = 5905 cd Dry yild (kg.h -1 ) c c Wd fr Wd infsttion LSD (5%) = d c sol M75-S25 M50-S50 M25-S sol M75-S25 M50-S50 M25-S75 Trtmnts Trtmnts Figur 1- Intrction of intrcropping rtios nd wd lvls on frsh yild () nd dry yild () of swt sil oth totl hrvstd. Sol: sol cropping of swt sil; M75-S25: miz 75% + swt sil 25%; M50-S50: miz 50% + swt sil 50%; M25- S75: miz 25% + swt sil 75%. Mns with th sm lttr r not significntly t P 0.05 on LSD tst. 20

9 INTERCROPPING OF MAIZE WITH SWEET BASIL AND BORAGE Tl 5 - Effct of wd lvls nd intrcropping rtios on frsh wight, stm dry wight, lvs dry wight nd totl dry wight of swt sil t two growing priod Fctors First hrvst yild (kg.h -1 ) Scond hrvst yild (kg.h -1 ) FW 1 SDW 2 LDW 3 TDW 4 FW SDW LDW TDW Wd (W) Wd fr Wd infsttion Significnc lvl ** N.S. N.S. N.S. *** *** *** *** Lst significnt diffrnc (5%) Intrcrop rtios (R) Swt sil monocultur Miz 75: swt sil d 101 d 86 d 204 d 1874 d 176 c 218 c 394 c Miz 50: swt sil c 500 c 554 c 990 c c Miz 25: swt sil Significnc lvl *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Lst significnt diffrnc (5%) Wd Intrcropping N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. *** ** *** *** rtios Cofficint of vrition (%) Frsh wight, 2 stm dry wight, 3 lf dry wight, 4 totl dry wight; **, *** indictd significnt t P 0.01, nd P 0.001, rspctivly; N.S. indictd non-significnt diffrnc. Mns in column with th sm lttr r not significntly diffrnt t 5%, sd on LSD tst. Borg yild Th highst frsh nd dry yild of org wr osrvd in org pur stnd (Tl 6). Iql t l. (2007) osrvd tht intrcropping of sorghum, ssm, nd soyn with cotton significntly rducd cotton sd yild in rng of 8% to 23%. Wd intrfrnc dcrsd th frsh nd dry yild of org flowr y 60.93% nd 55.2% in monocultur, rspctivly. This rduction ws vrgly 33.82% nd 41.21% for frsh nd dry yild in org intrcroppd with miz, rspctivly. Unlik th othr plnts, rduction in dry yild of org flowr ws mor vidnt thn frsh yild in intrcropping trtmnts (Tl 6). Th highst org iomss ws rcordd in monocultur undr th wd fr condition. Similr to th yild, incrsing in miz dnsity dcrsd org dry wight (Tl 6). 21

10 M. BAGHERI, F. ZAEFARIAN, B. BICHARANLOU, H. GHANIZADEH Tl 6 - Intrction of intrcropping rtios nd wd lvls on frsh, dry yild (kg h -1 ) nd totl dry wight of plnt (g. plnt -1 ) in org Wd lvls (W) Intrcropping rtios (R) Frsh yild (kg.h -1 ) Dry yild (kg.h -1 ) Plnt dry wight (g.plnt -1 ) Sol crop of org Wd fr 75: d 6. 9c 47.8 f miz: org 50: c cd 25: c Sol crop of org c Wd 75: d 6.6 c f infsttion miz: 50: c 27.4 c 63.9 d org 25: c Significnc lvl (W R) *** ** ** Cofficint of vrition (%) Lst significnt diffrnc (5%) **, *** indictd significnt t P 0.01, nd P 0.001, rspctivly. Mns in column with th sm lttr r not significntly diffrnt t 5%, sd on LSD tst. Yild dvntg In fct, yild dvntg cn xpctd t th mturity tim of th intrcrops whn componnts r diffrnt, hnc comptition coms lss (Ghosh t l., 2006). Whn lnd occuption tim y intrcrop componnts is diffrnt, r-tim quivlnt rtio (ATER) provids ttr stimts thn lnd quivlnt rtio (LER) (Awl t l., 2007). ATER of ch plnt nd totl ATER in wd infsttion trtmnts wr highr thn wd fr ons. This incrs indictd dvntgs of intrcropping comprd to monocultur undr wdy condition (Tl 7). ATER vlus sd on frsh yild wr highr in intrcropping of miz with org comprd to intrcropping with swt sil. Whrs, sd on dry yild ATER vlus wr furthr in miz intrcroppd with swt sil systm thn miz intrcroppd with org (Tl 7). As th vlus of ATER in miz sd on frsh nd dry yild wr similr, chngs in ATER vlus of totl wr rltd to ATER of swt sil nd org (Tl 7). Totl ATER vlus sd on frsh yild wr ffctd (p 0.01) y intrction of wd infsttion lvl nd intrcropping rtios (Tl 7) nd it ws highr in 50:50, miz: swt sil/ org, nd 25: 75 miz: org in wd infsttion (Fig. 2). Ths vlus indictd tht 50:50 rtio of miz: swt sil or org otind 11% nd 36% yild dvntgs in frsh yild of intrcropping, comprd to monocultur (Fig. 2). Asim t l. (2008) rportd th 5-13% yild 22

11 INTERCROPPING OF MAIZE WITH SWEET BASIL AND BORAGE dvntgs sd on ATER vlus in intrcropping of cotton with cowp. In intrcropping of soyn with sorghum, Eg (2010) rportd tht ATER vlus wr ov 1 in ll trtmnts. Bsd on dry yild, ATER ws only ffctd (p 0.01) y simpl ffcts of intrcropping rtios nd wd lvls (Tl 7). Th ATER vlus sd on dry yild wr ov 1 in 50:50, nd 25:75, miz: swt sil (Tl 7). In intrcropping of miz with org ATER ws lowr thn 1 in ll trtmnts. Ths vlus indictd tht intrcropping miz with swt sil hd high fficincy in us of growth rsourcs whn comprd to pur stnd (Vishwnth t l., 2011). Tl 7 - Effct of intrcropping rtios nd wd lvls on ATER prticl of plnts nd ATER totl Fctors ATER miz ATER swt sil ATER org ATER totl frsh dry frsh dry frsh dry frsh dry Wd (W) Wd fr Wd infsttion Significnc lvl ** * ** * ** N.S. *** ** Lst significnt diffrnc (5%) Intrcropping rtios (R) Monocultur Miz 75: ssil c 0.12 c c 0.7 c Miz 50: ssil Miz 25: ssil c 0.07 c c 1.1 Miz 75: org c 0.09 c 0.7 c 0.71 c Miz 50: org c Miz 25: org c 0.08 c Significnc lvl ** *** *** *** *** *** ** ** Lst significnt diffrnc (5%) Wd Intrcropping N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. ** N.S. rtios Cofficint of vrition (%) *, **, *** indictd significnt t P 0.05, P 0.01, nd P 0.001, rspctivly; N.S. indictd non-significnt diffrnc. Mns in column with th sm lttr r not significntly diffrnt t 5%, sd on LSD tst. 23

12 M. BAGHERI, F. ZAEFARIAN, B. BICHARANLOU, H. GHANIZADEH ATRE sd on frsh yild Wd fr Wd infsttion LSD (5%) = 0.24 c c cd d cd cd cd 0.0 sol M75-S M50-S M25-S M75-B M50-B M25-B Trtmnts Figur 2 - Intrction ffct of intrcropping rtios nd wd on ATER sd on frsh yild of plnts. Sol: sol cropping; M75-S: miz 75% + swt sil 25%; M50-S: miz 50% + swt sil 50%; M25-S: miz 25% + swt sil 75%; M75-B: miz 75% + org 25%; M50-B: miz 50% + org 50%; M25-B: miz 25%+ org 75%. Mns with th sm lttr r not significntly t P 0.05 on LSD tst. Essntil oil of swt sil lvs Th highst mount of swt sil oil (0.76%) ws chivd in 75:25 rtios undr wd-fr condition t th first hrvst (Fig. 3). Th ssntil oil of intrcroppd swt sil undr wd infsttion ws mor thn wdy sol swt sil in th first hrvst (Fig. 3). Our rsults r in grmnt with th rsults of Mffi nd Muccirlli (2003). Thy notd tht ppprmint intrcroppd with soyn producd mor ssntil oil nd oil yild whn comprd to sol crop of ppprmint. At th scond hrvst, th mount of swt sil ssntil oil undr wdfr conditions ws highr thn wd infstd ons in ll trtmnts xcpt 25:75, miz: swt sil (Fig. 3c). Similr to miz (25): swt sil (75) t th scond hrvst, th mount of ssntil oil of swt sil in th rtios of 50:50 nd 25:75 miz: swt sil undr wd infsttion ws mor thn thos of wd fr trtmnts in th first hrvst (Fig. 3 nd c). Similrly, Alizdh t l. (2010) sttd tht th mount of ssntil oil undr wd intrfrnc conditions ws highr thn wd-fr trtmnts. Also, Singh t l. (2010) notd tht prsnc of cowp s grn mnur incrsd th oil yild of mnthol mint y 25.2% ovr th control without grn mnur. At th first hrvst, th highst mount of swt sil oil yild ws vidnt in monocultur of swt sil undr wd-fr nd thr ws no 24

13 INTERCROPPING OF MAIZE WITH SWEET BASIL AND BORAGE significnt diffrnc twn th rtios of 27:75, miz: swt sil nd th monocultur of swt sil (Fig. 3). This incrs ws rltd to high yilding in 25:75 rtios (Fig. 1). Similrly to th first priod, th highst yild of ssntil oil ws rltd to wd fr trtmnts t scond growth tim (Fig. 3d). Th most oil yild ws otind from swt sil sol crop in wd control condition (Fig. 3,d). Rjswr Ro (2002) lso notd tht th intrcropping of miz mint (Mnth rvnsis L.f. piprscns Mlinv. Ex Holms) with ros-scntd grnium (Plrgonium sp.) dcrsd th ssntil oil of mint y 59.1% du to rduction in iomss yild comprd to monocultur of miz mint. In ddition, diffrncs in totl ssntil oil yild of ros-scntd grnium wr not significnt in sol nd intrcropping systms, cus iomss yild of ths cropping systms did not hv significnt vritions. Mirhshmi t l. (2009) lso rportd tht ssntil oil yild of jown (Crum copticum) intrcroppd with fnugrk (Trigonll fonum-grcum) ws lowr thn sol crop of jown. Essntil oil prcnt Essntil oil prcnt c c c wd fr wd infsttion LSD (5%) = Swt sil M75-S25 M50-S50 M25-S75 intrcropping rtios cd d cd Swt sil M75-S25 M50-S50 M25-S75 c intrcropping rtios c wd fr wd infsttion LSD (5%) = c cd Essntil oil yild (kg.h -1 ) Essntil oil yild (kg.h -1 ) d d Swt sil M75-S25 M50-S50 M25-S75 d cd c Intrcropping rtios Intrcropping rtios wd fr wd infsttion LSD (5%) = Swt sil M75-S25 M50-S50 M25-S75 c wd fr wd infsttion LSD (5%) = d c c Figur 3 - Intrction of intrcropping rtios nd wd lvls on ssntil oil prcnt (, c), nd ssntil oil yild (, d) of swt sil in first hrvst (, ) nd scond hrvst (c, d). Swt sil: sol cropping of swt sil; M75-S25: miz 75%+ swt sil 25%; M50-S50: miz 50%+ swt sil 50%; M25-S75: miz 25%+ swt sil 75%. Mns with th sm lttr r not significntly t P 0.05 on LSD tst. 25

14 M. BAGHERI, F. ZAEFARIAN, B. BICHARANLOU, H. GHANIZADEH CONCLUSIONS Th rsults indictd tht intrcropping incrsd yild nd ssntil oil prcntg of swt sil. Th wd iomss nd popultions undr intrcropping systms wr lowr thn sol crops. Thus, intrcropping improvd us fficincy of growth rsourcs. Among intrcroppd trtmnts, intrcropping of miz with swt sil ws mor succssful thn intrcrop with org. In gnrl, intrcropping of 50:50, miz swt sil could proposd s n fficint systm. REFERENCES Asim M., Umr E.M., Krim A., Yild nd comptition indics of intrcropping cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) using diffrnt plnting pttrns. Trim Bilmri Drgisi 14(4): Aggnhu G., Ghizw A., Sino W., Yild potntil nd lnd-us fficincy of wht nd f n mixd intrcropping. Agronomy for Sustinl Dvlopmnt 28: Alizdh Y., Koochki A., Nsiri Mhllti, M., Invstigting of growth chrctristics, yild, yild componnts nd potntil wd control in intrcropping of n (Phsolus vulgris L.) nd vgttiv swt sil (Ocimum silicum L.). Journl of Agrocology 2(3): (In Prsin with English Astrct). Awl M.A., Prmnik M.H.R., Hossn M.A., Intrspcis comptition, growth nd yild in Brly-Pnut intrcropping. Asin Journl of Plnt Scinc 6(4): Aynhnd A., Bhrooz M., Evlution of crl-lgum nd crl-psudocrl intrcropping systms through forg productivity nd comptition ility. Amricn- Eursin Journl of Agricultur nd Environmntl Scinc 10(4): Bnik P., Midy A., Srkr B.K., Ghos S.S., Wht nd chickp intrcropping systms in n dditiv sris xprimnt: Advntgs nd wd smothring. Europn Journl of Agronomy 24: Chn Y.-q., Lun C., Shi X.-p., Xnthium supprssion undr mizsunflowr intrcropping systm. Journl of Intgrtiv Agricultur 11(6): Dhim K.V., Lithourgidis A.S., Vsilkoglou I.B., Dords C.A., Comptition indics of common vtch nd crl intrcrops in two sding rtio. Fild Crop Rsrch 100: Echrt L., Dll Mggior A., Crrudo D., Gonzlz V.H., At P., Crrudo A., Sdrs V.O., Clvino P., Yild rspons to plnt dnsity of miz nd sunflowr intrcroppd with soyn. Fild Crop Rsrch 121: Eg O.M., Effcts of plnt dnsity of intrcroppd soyn with tll sorghum on comptitiv ility of soyn nd conomic yild t Otoi, Bnu Stt, Nigri. Journl of Crls nd Oilsds 1(1): Eskndri H., Intrcropping of wht (Triticum stivum) nd n (Vici f): Effcts of complmntrity nd comptition of intrcrop componnts in rsourc consumption on dry mttr production nd wd growth. Africn Journl of Biotchnology 10(77): Esmili A., Sdghpour A., Hossini S.M.B., Jhnzd E., Chichi M.R., Hshmi M., Evlution of sd yild nd comptition indics for intrcroppd rly (Hordum 26

15 INTERCROPPING OF MAIZE WITH SWEET BASIL AND BORAGE vulgr) nd nnul mdic (Mdicgo scutllt). Intrntionl Journl of Plnt Production 5(4): Frnndz-Apricio M., Emrn A.A., Ruils D., Intr-cropping with rsm clovr (Trifolium lxndrinum) rducs infction y Oronch crnt in lgums. Crop Production 29: Ghosh P.K., Mohnty M., Bndyopdhyy K.K., Pinuli D.K., Misr A.K., Growth, comptition, yild dvntg nd conomics in soyn/pigonp intrcropping systm in smi-rid tropics of Indi, I. Effct of susoiling. Fild Crop Rsrch 96: Huggrd-Nilsn H., Amus P., Jnsn E.S., Intrspcific comptition, N us nd intrfrnc with wds in p-rly intrcropping. Fild Crops Rsrch 70: Iql J., Chm Z.A., An M., Intrcropping of fild crops in cotton for th mngmnt of purpl nutsdg (Cyprus rotundus L.). Plnt Soil 300: Jn S., Nth R., Mzumdr D., Bndyipdhyy P., Chkrorty P.K., Pttrn of sorption nd intrcption of photosynthticlly ctiv rdition in ssmum-grngrm intrcropping systm. Rsrch Journl of Agronomy 4(1): 1-9. Lithourgidis A.S., Vlchostrgios D.N., Dords C.A., Dmls C.A., Dry mttr yild, nitrogn contnt, nd comptition in p-crl intrcropping systms. Europn Journl of Agronomy, 34: Mffi M., Muccirlli M., Essntil oil yild in ppprmint/soyn strip intrcropping. Fild Crop Rsrch 84: Mhptr S.C., Study of grsslgum intrcropping systm in trms of comptition indics nd montry dvntg indx undr cid ltritic soil of Indi. Amricn Journl of Exprimntl Agricultur 1(1): 1-6. Mirhshmi S.M., Koochki A., Prs M., Nsiri Mhllti, M., Evlution nfit of Ajown nd Fnugrk intrcropping in diffrnt lvl of mnur nd plnting pttrn. Irnin Journl of Fild Crop Rsrch 7(1): (In Prsin with English Astrct). Muonk C.O., Mh E.U., Productivity of cssv/okr intrcropping systms s influncd y okr plnting dnsity. Africn Journl of Agriculturl Rsrch 2(5): Ndri Drghshhi M., Bnit A., Bhri B., Evluting th possiility of sffron nd chmomil mixd cultur. Africn Journl of Agriculturl Rsrch 7(20): Ofosu-Anim J., Limni N.V., Effct of intrcropping on th growth nd yild of cucumr (Cucumis stivus L.) nd okr (Almoschus sculntus L.) Monch. Intrntionl Journl of Agricultur & Biology 9(4): Poggio S.L., Structur of wd communitis occurring in monocultur nd intrcropping of fild p nd rly. Agricultur, Ecosystms nd Environmnt 109: Rjswr Ro B.R., Biomss yild, ssntil oil yild nd ssntil oil composition of ros-scntd grnium (Plrgonium spcis) s influncd y row spcings nd intrcropping with cornmint (Mnth rvnsis L.f. piprscns Mlinv. Ex Holms). Industril Crops nd Products 16: Rzvni M., Zfrin F., Aghlikhni M., Mshhdi H.R., Znd E., Invstigtion miz nd soyn intrcropping dvntgs in comptition with rdroot pigwd nd jimsonwd. World Acdmy of 27

16 M. BAGHERI, F. ZAEFARIAN, B. BICHARANLOU, H. GHANIZADEH Scinc, Enginring nd Tchnology 81: Singh M., Singh A., Singh S., Tripthi R.S., Singh A.K., Ptr D.D., Cowp (Vign unguiclt L. Wlp.) s grn mnur to improv th productivity of mnthol mint (Mnth rvnsis L.) intrcropping systm. Industril Crops nd Products 31: Sujth S., Bht R., Knnn C., Blsimh D., Impct of intrcropping of mdicinl nd romtic plnts with orgnic frming pproch on rsourc us fficincy in rcnut (Arc ctchu L.) plnttion in Indi. Industril Crops nd Products 33: Uddin R.O., Odiyi J.A., Influnc of intrcropping on incidnc, undnc nd svrity of pst dmg on okr (Almoschus sculntus (Linn.) Monch) (Mlvc) nd chilli pppr (Cpsicum frutscns Linn.) (Solnc). Journl of Agriculturl Scinc 3(3): Vishwnth S., Kopplkr B.G., Anikumr S.N., Dsi B.K., Nik V., Economics nd yild dvntgs of pigonp nd sunflowr intrcropping systm influncd y frtilizr mngmnt. Rsrch Journl of Agriculturl Scinc 2(2):