Data Representation. Types of data: Numbers Text Audio Images & Graphics Video
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1 Data Representation
2 Data Representation Types of data: Numbers Text Audio Images & Graphics Video
3 Analog vs Digital data How is data represented? What is a signal? Transmission of data Analog vs Digital Analog: Continuous signal Digital: Discrete signal
4 Analog vs Digital data Analog Digital Threshold
5 Representing Text Document: Paragraphs, sentences, words All made up of characters English language has 26 letters 52 if you consider upper and lower case Punctuation characters Space Character sets: ASCII and Unicode
6 ASCII Character Set
7 ASCII Character Set 256 characters 8 bits = 1 byte ASCII: Character a --> Dec: 97 --> Binary:
8 Unicode Character Set 2 16 : characters ASCII is a subset of Unicode
9 Unicode Character Set Why Unicode?
10
11 Some terminology 1 gigabyte of storage 20 years ago!
12 Some terminology
13 Some terminology Up to this point we have been talking about data in either bits or bytes. 1 byte = 8 bits While this is the correct way to talk about data, sometimes it is a bit inefficient. Therefore, we use prefixes to given an order of magnitude. Much the same way we do with the metric system.
14 Some terminology Kilobyte (KB) = 10 3 = 1000 bytes Megabyte (MB) = 10 6 = 1 million bytes Gigabyte (GB) = 10 9 = 1 billion bytes Terabyte (TB) = = 1 trillion bytes
15
16 Data Compression Why compress data? Storage, transmission within PC/over network
17 Data Compression What is data compression? Reducing physical size of information blocks
18 Data Compression Compression ratio Tells us how much compression occurs. Number between 0 and 1 Lossless versus lossy compression Images, sound files, videos Database of names, numbers compressed = ratio * uncompressed ratio = compressed/uncompressed
19 Text Compression Examine three types of text compression: Keyword encoding Run-length encoding Huffman encoding
20 Keyword Encoding Frequently used words replaced by a single character --> Reversible Word Symbol as ^ the ~ and + that $ must & well % these # The human body is composed of many independent systems, such as the circulatory system, the respiratory system, and the reproductive system. Not only must all systems work independently, but they must interact and cooperate as well. Overall health is a function of the well being of separate systems, as well as how these separate systems work in concert.
21 Keyword Encoding Frequently used words replaced by a single character --> Reversible Word Symbol as ^ the ~ and + that $ must & well % these # The human body is composed of many independent systems, such as ^ the circulatory circulatory system, ~ respiratory system, the system, respiratory + ~ system, and reproductive the reproductive system. system. Not only Not & all only systems must all work systems independently, work independently, but they & interact but they must and cooperate interact and ^ %. cooperate Overall health as well. is a Overall function health of ~ % is being a function of separate of the systems, well being of ^% separate ^ how # systems, separate as systems well as work how in these separate concert. systems work in concert.
22 Keyword Encoding Frequently used words replaced by a single character --> Reversible Word Symbol as ^ the ~ and + that $ must & well % these # The Reduced human from body 352 is to composed 317 of many independent Compression systems, ratio: 317/352 such as ^ = the 0.9 circulatory circulatory system, ~ respiratory system, the system, respiratory + ~ system, and reproductive the reproductive system. Is this efficient? system. Not only Not & all only systems must all work systems independently, work independently, but they & interact but they must and cooperate interact and ^ %. cooperate Overall health as well. is a Overall function health of ~ % is being a function of separate of the systems, well being of ^% separate ^ how # systems, separate as systems well as work how in these separate concert. systems work in concert.
23 Keyword Encoding Frequently used words replaced by a single character --> Reversible Word Symbol as ^ the ~ and + that $ must & well % these # Drawbacks: Symbols used for encoding must not appear in the text The & the needs to be represented by different symbols Would not gain anything by encoding a and I Most frequently used words are often short
24 Run-Length Encoding Also known as recurrence coding Encoding a single character that is repeated over and over again For example: replacing AAAAAAA with a * : *A7 Drawbacks? Uses: DNA sequences, simple images Lossy or lossless compression?
25 Huffman Encoding Variable bit lengths to represent characters: a --> Binary bits Why would character X take up as many bits as a? Represent it using 5 bits instead Saving space: Frequently appearing characters are represented by shorter bit lengths
26 Huffman Encoding Huffman Code Character 00 A 01 E 100 L 110 O 111 R 1010 B 1011 D DOORBELL D= 1011 O= 110 O= If we used fixed size bit string: 64 bits With Huffman encoding: 25 bits Compression ratio: 25/64 = 0.39 What about the decoding process?
27
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