UNIT 3. If the user has control over the multimedia presentation then it becomes a nonlinear and Interactive Multimedia presentation.

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1 UNIT 3 MULTIMEDIA SYSTEM DESIGN DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGIES: Multimedia: It is an ideal language for communication It is any integrated combination of text, art/images, sound, animation and video delivered by computer or other electronic or digitally manipulated means. A Multimedia system is characterized by computer controlled, integrated production, manipulation, presentation, storage and communication of independent information, which is encoded at least through a continuous and a discrete medium. If the user has control over the multimedia presentation then it becomes a nonlinear and Interactive Multimedia presentation. Applications that involve more than conventional data types Multimedia is a computer-based interactive communication process that incorporates text, graphics, sound, animation, and video Hypertext: Text which contains links to other texts/web pages or other media. It allows a nonlinear way of navigation through the content. Hypermedia: Media having links to other media. All the web based applications and web sites are hypermedia based.

2 APPLICATIONS: CBT and WBT Digital video editing and production systems Electronic Newspapers/Magazines Games Home shopping Interactive TV Multimedia courseware Video/Audio conferencing Video-on-demand Virtual reality Digital Libraries Games ADVANTAGES: Increase in Retention rate Reduced production costs Ease of use and development Better way of communication Increase in cognition levels Can be used by a wide section of target users Utilizes the power of E-delivery platforms Convergence of computers, telecom, and TV Collaboration, virtual environments, and web casting Challenges and complexity

3 For example video conferencing requires a combination of technologies, including communications, high-resolution display systems, and storage and rapid dissemination of multidimensional objects consisting of text, image, voice, audio, and full-motion video components. The system will have to understand and know how to interpret and combine data elements of various types and be able to present it to the user in the desired mode set by the user. Groupware systems( to allow a number of office workers to work together on the same information) High bandwidth requirements. Multimedia meant a combination of text with document images New application areas include Medical applications Real-estate on-line video clips with property descriptions multimedia help and training material security systems for employee identification ELEMENTS: Fascimile Document images Photographic images Geographic information systems maps Voice commands and voice synthesis Audio messages Video messages Full-motion stored and live video

4 Holographic images fractals DOCUMENT IMAGING The fundamental concepts of storage, compression, and decompression and display technologies used for multimedia systems were developed for document image management. Document imaging makes it possible to store, retrieve, and manipulate very large volumes of drawings, documents and other graphical representations of data. A compression efficiency of over 20:1 is considered highly desirable for document images for most office systems. For high-resolution images, processing of the order of 10 pixels/ns is considered adequate for monochrome still images IMAGE PROCESSING AND IMAGE RECOGNITION: Image processing involves image recognition, image enhancement, image synthesis, and image reconstruction. Image enhancement includes image calibration, real-time alignment, gray-scale normalization, RGB hue intensity adjustment, Color separation, Frame averaging. Image animation scanned images can be displayed sequentially at controlled display speeds Image annotation as a text file stored along with the image. The annotation is overlaid over the original image for display purposes. OCR is used for data entry by scanning typed or printed words in a form. Handwriting recognition ability to recognize writer-independent continuous cursive handwriting accurately in real time. Two factors are important; strokes or shapes being entered and the velocity of input or the vectoring that is taking place. The strokes are parsed and processed by a shape recognizer that tries to determine the geometry and topology of the strokes. It attempts to compare it to existing shapes, such as predefined characters. Then the word may be checked against a dictionary.

5 Non-textual image recognition: uses facial expressions, posture, and gestures which represent important input. FULL MOTION DIGITAL VIDEO APPLICATIONS Full-motion video clips should be sharable but should have only one sharable copy It should be possible to attach full-motion video clips to other documents such as memos, chapter text, presentations, and so on. Users should be able to take sections of a video clip and combine the sections with sections from other video clips to form their own new video clip All the normal features of a VCR metaphor, such as, rewind, FF,play and search etc should be available.

6 Users should be able to search to the beginning of a specific scene, that is, the fullmotion video clip should be indexed. Users should be able to place their own indexing marks to locate segments in the video clip. It should be possible to view the same clip on a variety of display terminal types with varying resolution capabilities without the need for storing multiple copies in different formats. It should be possible for users to move and resize the window displaying the video clip. The users should be able to adjust the contrast and brightness of the video clip and also adjust the volume of the associated sound. Users should be able to suppress sound or mix sound from other sources. When video clips are spliced, then sound components are also spliced automatically. ELECTRONIC MESSAGING: Message store and forward facility Message transfer agents to route messages to their final destinations across various nodes in a multilevel network. Message repositories (servers) where users may store them just as they would store documents in a filing cabinet Repositories for dense multimedia components such as images, video frames, audio messages and full-motion video clips. Ability for multiple electronic hypermedia messages to share the same multimedia components residing in various repositories on the enterprise network. Dynamic access and transaction managers to allow multiple users to access, edit, and print these multimedia messages.

7 Local and global directories to locate users and servers across an enterprise network Automatic database sync of dynamic electronic messaging databases. Automatic protocol conversions and data format conversions Administrative tools to manage enterprise wide networks. A UNIVERSAL MULTIMEDIA APPLICATION: An application that manipulates data types that can be combined in a document, displayed on a screen, or printed with no special manipulations that the user needs to perform Full motion video messages Viewer interactive live video Audio and video indexing

8 MULTIMEDIA SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE High resolution graphics display VGA mixing VGA mixing with scaling Dual-buffered VGA mixing/scaling The IMA architectural framework It is based on defining interfaces to a multimedia interface bus. The multimedia interface bus would be the interface between systems and multimedia sources and would provide streaming I/O services, including filters and translators. NETWORK ARCHITECTURE FOR MULTIMEDIA SYSTEMS: The network congestion can be attributed to a combination of the following causes Increased computing power of the desktop systems, workstations, and PC s and their ability to run multiple applications concurrently.

9 Business needs for more complex networks for a larger variety of data transmissions including voice, data, and video messages Increased traffic loads on existing backbone networks. Use of client server architectures for a wide range of applications Graphics-intensive applications Voice and video based multimedia applications that require large volumes of data storage. Number of users accessing the network Task based multilevel networking Higher class of service require more expensive components in the workstations as well as in the servers supporting the workstation applications. If we adjust the class of service to the specific requirements of the user it is task based multi-level networking High speed server to server links duplication and replication Networking standards ATM, FDDI

10 A COURSE ON DEMAND SYSTEM

11 A COURSE ON DEMAND SYSTEM

12 EVOLVING TECHNOLOGIES OFMULTIMEDIA SYSTEMS: Multimedia (Multum + Medium) is media that uses multiple forms of information Content and information processing (e.g. text, audio, graphics, animation, video, interactivity) to inform or entertain the (user) audience. Multimedia also refers to the use of (but not limited to) electronic media to store and experience multimedia content. The term "rich media" is synonymous multimedia. Multimedia means that computer info can be represented through audio, graphics, image, video and animation in addition to traditional media(text and graphics) MULTIMEDIA IS COMBINATION OF CONTENT FORMS:

13 DEFINING OBJECTS FOR MULTIMEDIA SYSTEMS: WHY FOCUS ON OBJECTS? In some way everything can be an object. The classification process is based on the features and behaviors that make up a class of objects A more specialized class inherits the features and behaviors of all classes above in a hierarchy People naturally organize information into classes and hierarchies of general classes and more specialized subclasses generalization / specialization hierarchies People also naturally recognize that things can be divided into parts called wholepart hierarchies Generalization/Specialization hierarchies and whole-part hierarchies allow us to understand things and define things and communicate about things in terms of other things we know Generalization/Specialization hierarchy is often described as a series of is a relationships We also understand things, define things, and communicate about things using the concept of an object and its parts whole-part relationships

14 WHOLE/PART

15 GENERALIZATION/SPECIALIZATION: WHAT IS AN OBJECT? A person or thing through which action, thought, or feeling is directed. Anything visible or tangible. material product or substance. (Coad & Yourdon, 1991, p. 52) James Martin defines an object in relation to concepts. From a very early age, we form concepts. Each concept is a particular idea or understanding we have about our world. These concepts allow us to make sense of and reason about the things in our world. These things to which our concepts apply are called objects

16 Grady Booch uses a variety of approaches. tangible and/or visible thing something that may be apprehended intellectually something toward which thought or actions is directed an individual, identifiable item, unit, or entity, either real or abstract, with a welldefined role in the problem domain anything with a crisply defined boundary Others conclude that anything can be considered an object an object is a thing that can be distinctly identified at the appropriate level of abstraction almost anything can be considered to be an object a specific person, organization, machine, or event can be regarded as an object. WHAT IS AN OBJECT? All of these definitions acknowledge that an object is something that people think about, identify, act upon, or apply concepts to. Because different people have perceptions of the same object, what an object is depends upon the point of view of the observer. We describe an object on the basis of the features and behaviors that are relevant to us. WHAT IS AN OBJECT IN AN COMPUTER SYSTEM? Just about anything that can be considered to be an object can be identified as an object in a computer system. Peter Coad uses a concept he calls object think. proposes that an object simply knows things and knows how to do things.

17 A generalization/specialization hierarchy of types of objects in a computers: TYPES OF OBJECTS If anything can be considered to be an object at some level of abstraction then anything applying to computer systems can be considered to be an object. The types of objects in computer systems might be classified as user interface objects, operating system objects and task-related objects. USER INTERFACE OBJECTS User interface objects are objects that physically appear on the screen and endusers directly interact with them. They have attributes, they exhibit behaviors, they interact with each other and most important we interact with them. Developers can use OO technology to develop a graphical user interface for their system.

18 COMMON USER INTERFACE OBJECTS

19 OPERATING ENVIRONMENT OBJECTS: Operating environment object is another type. Client and Server in client/server architecture is OO. A server object provides services for others and client object requests services form others. To those developers who work on operating systems, OO mean operating system object. TASK RELATED OBJECTS: Task-related objects are used to actually complete work. those things a computer application deals with or creates. Document Objects: documents are objects that know things and know how to do things. i.e. word processing applications Multimedia Objects: Multimedia systems are another important type of application which contain sound, video, images. Problem Domain Objects: They are things typically involved in information processing systems customers, products, order or employees often correspond to the types of things identified when modeling data

20 MULTIMEDIA OBJECT: OBJECTS FOR MULTIMEDIA SYSTEMS: 1. Text 2. Images 3. Audio & Voice 4. Full motion stored & live video 1.TEXT Simplest data type which requires least amount of storage Basic Building block of a document Used as a field in a database which can be indexed, searched and sorted Used for storing names, addresses, descriptions, definitions and a variety of data attributes message use this object for name & location of the sender and receiver and the message Attributes includes paragraph styling, character styling, font name and size

21 Advanced version of text is Hypertext which has links to some other text or documents Hypertext Integral component of hypermedia documents. Hypermedia document contains other sub objects such as images, sounds and full motion video in addition to text IMAGES: Sub object of the hypermedia document Image hierarchy is shown below

22 Visible Images Includes Drawings ( Engg. Drawing, space map, blue print, town layout), Documents (Scanned as images), Paintings (both scanner or computer created paint applications), Photograph ( Scanned or directly captured by camera) In all the above cases, images are exist in bitmap form in which every pixel captured by the input device. All input devices (Scanner or video camera) use scanning methodology to capture color & intensity of pixels in a predefined grid. Grid can range from 340*240 for full motion frame Compression technology is used to reduce the overall size of an image During compression, we need to store the type of compression also. Then only decompression will be done on receiving end Compression depends on both type and source of the image Ex.: Image scanned from scanner may be stored in CCITT Group 4 format Image captured from video camera may stored in JPEG format Non Visible Images Images that are not stored as images but they are displayed as images Example : Pressure gauge, Temperature gauge & other metering displays Abstract Images The computer generated images based on some arithmetic calculations Example : Fractals result of computer generated algorithms to represent the pattern Uses mathematical functions to give rise to the visible images

23 Discrete function result in still images Continuous function result in an animation form Audio & Voice Stored audio & voice objects contain compressed audio information Different forms Sound, Music, Voice commands, Speech and Telephone conversation It s a 3-dimensional object ( time) For audio to sound, we need to maintain frequency and pitch Playing audio faster than recording. Because for recording we consider frequency and pitch Audio objects need to store information about sound clips such as length, its compression algorithm, playback characteristics and any sound annotations Full motion & Live Video Full motion stored video pre stored video clips Live video played lively Occupies large amount of space Need compression algorithm to reduce it Video clips - presented continuously without any break Mostly video clips played with audio No. of technologies including database storage, network media & protocols, Decompression engines & Display engines for playback of compressed video MULTIMEDIA DATA INTERFACE STANDARDS: Standardization is more important in various layers. Then only the technologies provided from one layer is not affect other layers.

24 For each layer, there is a well defined set of interfaces. File formats for Multimedia Systems Standard file formats and file interchange formats is very dynamic MS Windows & IBM OS/2 led to the first round of standardization on file formats Other standards have been presented since Device Independent Bitmap (DIB) contains bitmap, color and color palette information RIFF DIB (RDIB) Resource Interchange File Format (RIFF) is the standard file format defined for MS Windows and OS/2. It allows more complex set of bitmaps than DIB Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) The interface standard for file transfer between a computer and a musical instrument such as digital piano RIFF MIDI A MIDI format within a RIFF envelop provides a more complex interface Palette File Format (PAL) Defining a palette of 1 to 256 colors in a representation as RGB values Rich Text Format (RTF) Allows embedding graphics and other file formats within a document. Waveform Audio File Format (WAVE) A digital file representation of digital audio Windows Metafile Format (WMF) Used by MS Windows as an interchange format Apple s Movie Format (MMM) Used for digital video animation Digital Video Command Set (DVCS) the set of digital video commands simulating VCR controls

25 Digital Video Media Control Interface (DV-MCI) Microsoft s high level control interface for VCR controls including play, rewind, record and soon Vendor Independent Messaging (VIM) file format for cross-product messages Apple s Audio Interchange File Format File format for compressed audio and voice data SDTS GIS Standard Spatial Data Transfer Standard (SDTS) is designed to provide a common storage format for geographic data Video Processing Standards Apple s Quicktime, Intel s DVI (Digital Video Interface) and Microsoft s AVI (Audio Video interleave) standards are the earliest formats for video processing Intel s DVI DVI was defined to provide a processor independent specification for a video interface that could accommodate most compression algorithms for fast multimedia displays It requires displays from low resolution text to fast full motion video GUI displays to support from workstation PCs to dedicated chips to support DVI Apple s Quicktime the Quicktime standard developed by Apple Computer to support for multimedia applications Quicktime is a graphics standard for time based graphics data types Quicktime s architecture contains the followings Movie toolbox Image compression manager Component manager System software, File formats

26 Compression / Decompression algorithms Human Interface standards Microsoft s AVI Similar to Quicktime, It offers low-cost, low-resolution video processing for the desktop user. Unlike Quicktime, it integrates with OS Early standards started out playing 15 frames/sec of video in a 160*120 pixel window AVI is scalable and allows users to set parameters such as window size, frame rate, quality and compression algorithm through a number of dialog boxes. MULTIMEDIA DATABASES Multimedia System provides the following benefits, Reduce the time & space needed to the file for storing and retrieving Eliminating the losses of data (or) information by maintaining the index provided by DBMS Providing simultaneous document access to multiple users for display on screen as well as on printer Improve the information flow within the organization Provide the correct and fast responses to request for information Reducing time and money spent on photocopying by reducing the need for distributing multiple paper copies 1. Multimedia Storage & Retrieval Characterized by number of considerations such as Massive storage volumes Large object size Multiple related objects

27 Temporal requirements for retrieval Massive data volumes Normally less than 20% of information is automated (soft copy) & greater than 80% of information resides on paper (hard copy) Paper records, films or tapes are difficult to integrate, control, search, access and distribute So, indexing is needed. But indexing is also complex for massive data volumes *Storage Technologies * Information on paper, film, audio (or) video tapes are easily managed by using some computerized information system * Then only these information can be easily accessible by many people simultaneously. Quickly and easily * In earlier days, Microfiche (piece of film contains information of small size) & microfilm are used as a medium for storage of paper documents. But recovery for these medias take more time and cause loss of information * They need special machine to read the information from it * They doesn't provide easy or fast random access for documents * Two major mass storage technologies currently for storage of multimedia documents are * Optical disk storage systems * High speed magnetic storage * Optical disk storage is much simpler than magnetic disk storage

28 * Multimedia Object Storage * It is mostly used to access various components of a hypermedia document or hypermedia database record randomly * It provides very dense storage (lot of information with small space between them). Ex. 12 optical storage can store 6.5GB of information * Full motion audio & video in compressed form is also available. A compressed 8-bit sound clip requires 50Kbytes/sec. For 16-bit sound clip, it requires 250Kbytes/sec. * Similarly video clip at less than EGA solution requires 1.5Mbits/sec. For XGA, it increases to 1Mbytes/sec. * Speed of retrieval is another consideration * Retrieval speed is a direct result of the storage latency (time it takes to retrieve the data from the storage media), size of the data relative to display resolution (compression efficiency), transmission media & speed and decompression efficiency * Indexing is essential for fast retrieval of information. * Multimedia Document Retrieval * Identifying multimedia document is done by identifying storage and position on the storage * Multimedia documents are accessed to perform various operations on multimedia objects * Indexing is mainly used to retrieve the multimedia document to avoid more searching time 2. Database Management Systems for multimedia systems * DBMS for multimedia system have an ability to handle different types of data (text, image, audio & video) * It is fully distributed to access for many users

29 * Various forms of DBMS for multimedia systems are * Extending the existing RDBMS to support various multimedia objects * Extending RDBMS beyond binary objects to the concepts of classes and inheritance * Converting Object-oriented database to support the standard SQL language * Converting the database & application into an object-oriented database & using an object oriented language for development * RDBMS support for multimedia databases to handle combined object of text, graphics, still video, audio & full motion video with recorded audio & annotated voice components. * RDBMS Extension for multimedia * Most of the relational databases have adapted a data type known as Binary Large Object (BLOB) for binary & text * BLOBs are used for image objects & other binary data types * RDBMS tables include the location information for the BLOBs which may be stored outside the database on separate image or video servers * RDBMS provides the complete set of data to the user * Object oriented database derived from the extension of RDBMS * ODBMS supports both inheritance & encapsulation * Object Oriented Databases for multimedia * Provides faster route to the multimedia support * The class definition concept of OODBMS is applicable for multimedia data * Once the class is defined, all the objects within it given the attributes of the class.

30 * Object databases has the capabilities such as message passing,extensibility & support of hierarchical structure are important for multimedia systems. * In message passing, one object is interact with other & the process of handling of data from one component of the application to another. * Extensibility means set of operations, structures & constraints that are available for operations are not fixed and developers can define new operations which can be added as needed to the applications. * Transaction of an object database is difficult to manage * Object oriented software technology derives its strength from 3 key concepts that are important for multimedia systems * Encapsulation is the ability to deal with software entities as units * Association is the ability to define a software entity in terms of its differences from another entity * Classification is the ability to represent with a single software entity a no. of data items that have the same behavior & the same state attributes * Benefit of object orientation is to organize the software in a modular and reusable form * Class libraries can also be used to support functions such as data conversions, presentation of data to the user environment * Encapsulation is useful where one part of the application doesn t need to know the functioning of another part. It hides inner functioning of each component * Encapsulation provides autonomy ( the interface to a variety of external programs can be built in one class of objects & storage of data in another class of objects) * Inheritance mechanism allows building objects with characteristics similar to the parent * So we can create the new classes of objects by inheriting the attributes & methods of existing classes

31 . Database Organization for multimedia applications Various key issues of data organization for multimedia systems are Data independence Common distributed data architecture Distributed database servers Multimedia object management Data Independence An access by the number of databases requires the data to be independent from the application. So, that any new application can access the data without related to a previous application Features of data independent designs are Storage design is independent of specific applications Explicit data definitions are independent of application programs Users need not know the data formats (or) physical storage structure Integrity assurance is independent of application programs Recovery is independent of application programs Data independence feature is already provided by RDBMS It is independent for multimedia database. * Common Distributed Database Architecture * The isolation of data from an application & distributed application access to employ common distributed database architecture. * Features are listed below * Multiple independent data structures in system (server) * Uniform distributed access by clients

32 * A single point for recovery of each database server * Convenient data reorganization to suit requirements * Tunability & creation of object classes * Expandability * Distributed database servers * It is a dedicated resource on a network accessible by the no. of applications * It is built for growth of applications & distributed access to the data * Multimedia Object Management Hypermedia documents & hypermedia database records may contain linked multimedia objects * The object management system must be capable of indexing, grouping & storing multimedia objects in hierarchical optical storage systems * Multimedia object management is also needed to maintain multiple copies *Transaction Management for Multimedia Systems * Multimedia transactions are very complex. The transaction that starts when the user request to display, edit or print a hypermedia document * The transaction is complete when the user release the document & stores back the edited version or discards the copy in memory or local storage * The hypermedia documents consist of all multimedia objects & during transaction, user may add new data elements * Transaction is managed by the server that provides storage for data * Transaction is complex when data is retrieved from multiple data servers accessed simultaneously by large no. of users. Conflicts occurs when two users access same record. To avoid this conflict, multi-phase commit method is used. * A hypermedia document cannot be presented to the user until all of its components are available for display.

33 KEY TERMS: Document Imaging Gray-Scale normalization IMAGE ANIMATION Optical Character Recognition (OCR) Interactive Multimedia Association(IMA) Cell Switching High-Definition Television(HDTV) KEY TERM QUIZ: technology is adopted by Department of Defence for applications ranging from military personnel records to maintenance manuals and high-speed printing systems. 2. In the overall gray level of an image or picture is evaluated to determine if it is skewed in one direction and if it needs coltection. 3. Computers-created or scanned images can be displayed sequentially at controlled display speeds to provide that simulates real processes technology is used for data entry by scanning typed or printed words in a form. 5. The has a task group to define the architectural framework for multimedia to provide interoperability is a form of fast packet switching based on the use of cells 7. HDTV is an acronym of REVIEW QUESTIONS: 1. What are the stages of a project and their requirements? 2. What is image animation? 3. Define the Image Annotation. 4. What features should be available in Full-Motion Digital Video Applications. 5. What is Full-Motion Video Messages? 6. What are the three classes of single-monitor architecture? 7. Define duplication. 8. What is replication? 9. What are the file formats and define them? 10. Define Extensibility? 11. What are the key issues for data organization? 12. What is Digital Signal Processing? 10. How is multimedia system help in various fields? Explain various data elements of Multimedia Systems.

34 12. Explain briefly about the Document Imaging. 13. What are the capabilities built in the compression board. Explain it. Explain Image Processing and Image Enhancement? 14. What is Optical Character Recognition? 15. Explain about the Handwriting Recognition? 16. Explain briefly about the Full-Motion Video Messages and what is audio and Video indexing. Explain briefly. 17. What is High Resolution Graphics Display? 18. Explain IMA Architectural Framework with a neat diagram. 19. Explain Task Based Multilevel Networking? 20. What are ATM and FDDI and explain briefly about it. 21. What are evolving technologies for multimedia systems? Explain them. 22. Explain Inter task Synchronization and Communication, Text and Hypertext, Audio and Voice. 23. Describe briefly about images. (b) Explain Full Motion and Live Video. 24. Explain (i) PAL (ii) WMF (iii) DVCS (iv) SDTS GIS standard. 25. Explain (i) RTF (ii) MMM (iii) WAVE (iv) Apple's Movie Format (v) WIM. 26. What is Intel's DVI? 27. What are the advantages of DVI chip. 28. Explain Apple's Quick Time. 29. Explain Multimedia Storage and Retrieval, Massive Data Volumes, Storage Technologies and Multimedia Object Storage. 30. Explain about the involvement of DBMS and RDBMS Extensions for multimedia systems. 31. Explain all the Database Organization for Multimedia Applications. Multiple Choice questions: 1) JPEG images a) Can hold more colours than GIF images b) Support background transparency c) Are not supported by Netscape or Microsoft browsers d) Are suitable for black and white line drawings 2) The sizes of graphics files for use on the web are reduced using a) Compression b) Depression c) Impression d) Compilation 3) Output, which is made up of pictures, sounds, and video, is called. a) COM b) Hard copy

35 c) Graphics d) Multimedia 4) JPEG files can be saved numerous times with no resulting loss in image quality. a) True b) False 5) In computer animation each frame in the sequence is called Key-Frame. a) True b) False 6) Changing the frames with respect to time is animation. a) True b) False 7) Technique used to create the illusion of one object changing shape to another a)virtual Reality b)digital Camera c)morphing d)interlacing Two marks: 1. Define multimedia 2. What are the applications of multimedia? 3. Define fractals 4. Abbreviate HDTV, UDTV, ATM, FDDI, CCITT 5. Draw the IMA architecture framework 6. What is the use of OCR? 7. Define holography 8. What are the components of DSP ARCHITECTURE? 9. Draw the image hierarchy 10. List the file storage formats 11. Define cadence 12. What are the elements of multimedia 13. List the applications of multimedia 14. what is image calibration & frame averaging

36 15. Define gray-scale normalization & color separation 16. Define hypertext 17. Define encapsulation 18. Define message passing 19. Mention some of the evolving technologies of multimedia 20. Mention some of the charactertics of speech recognition 21. What are the different types of multimedia formats 22. What are the features available in Quick time architecture Part B 16 Marks 1. Write short notes on multimedia elements 2. Discuss the application of the multimedia in various fields 3. Explain the multimedia system architecture with neat diagram 4. Discuss the evolving technologies for multimedia systems 5. Discuss the database management for multimedia 6. Write short notes on multimedia data interface standards

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